1、102 學年度第 1 學期 腦與心智科學研究所 認知科學課程進度表 (102/9/06)課程名稱：認知科學 Cognitive Science (3 學分，M 字頭課程)教學目標：了解認知科學的基礎內容。本學期十七次演講共分成四個模組。模組 I 為方法學與哲學基礎，模組 II 為外界訊息輸入處理，模組 III為形成內在語言表徵，模組 IV 為內在表徵的運作與輸出。授課對象：腦與心智科學研究所碩士班學生及其他對認知科學有興趣的研究生；大學部高年級學生需經授課老師同意（一二年級同學請勿選修） 。上課時間：星期五下午 13：20 16：20 (5-7 節) * 上課地點：心理系南館地下室 A 教室成
2、績評量：每次上課之後老師會提出一個題目給學生思考。學生需就每個模組的演講中，選擇兩題寫思考心得（每題 A4，single space，12 point，最長限兩頁） ，繳交的期限是該模組課程結束後兩週以內(1:00 pm 之前), 用 CEIBA 上傳。遲交不計分。每個思考心得佔 10分(四個模組總分 80)，上課發言以及出席佔 20 分。思考心得可以用英文或中文書寫(或由授課教師決定)。週次 日期 主題 模組 授課教師1 2013/9/13 Overview and Methodology (I) 胡志偉2 2013/9/20 中秋節 (調整放假) -3 2013/9/27 Philosop
3、hy of Mind (I) Thomas Benda (陽明大學)4 2013/10/4 Consciousness (I) 藍亭(北醫大學)5 2013/10/11 Vision (II) 葉俊毅6 2013/10/18 Executive Function undergraduate students in 3rd or 4th year (with approval from academic advisor).Time: Fri 13:20 pm 16:20 pm.Venue: Psychology Building (South), Rm A.Assignments: Lectur
4、ers will provide a question after each of their classes for students to think further about each topic. For each of the 4 modules, students will select two questions and provide written answers (A4, single space, 12 point, maximum 2 pages each question). Answers for each module must be submitted on
5、CEIBA within two weeks after the last lecture of the module before 1:00pm. Later submissions will not be accepted. Each question is worth 10 points for a total of 80 points for written assignments for the 4 modules. The final 20 points will be based on class participation and attendance.Week Date Ti
6、tle Module Lecturer1 2013/9/13 Overview and Methodology (I) Chih-Wei Hue2 2013/9/20 Mid-Autumn Adjusted Holiday -3 2013/9/27 Philosophy of Mind (I) Thomas Benda (Yang Ming University)4 2013/10/4 Consciousness (I) Timothy Lane (Taipei Medical University)5 2013/10/11 Vision (II) Chun-I Yeh6 2013/10/18
7、 Executive Function b. dualism;c. the identity hypothesis.2. The mind and computabilitya. functionalism;b. the mind as a computer.3. Personal identitya. the importance of the question;b. irreducibility,c. reducibility.Text books:G. Graham. Philosophy of Mind: An Introduction. Oxford: Blackwell Publi
8、shers (1998)Jaegwon Kim, Philosophy of Mind, Westview Press, Boulder, Co. (1998).David Chalmers (ed.), Philosophy of Mind, Oxford University Press, (2002).Sidney Shoemaker, R. Swinburne Personal Identity, Blackwell (1984).John Perry (ed.), Personal Identity. University of California Press (2003).第三講
9、：Consciousness藍亭教授 (Prof. Timothy Lane)北醫大學Course Outline1. Theoretical/Conceptual IssuesA. Who, when, what, and scientific statusB. Science and philosophyC. History of science and consciousnessD. Paradigm cases and their problemsE. Terms and definitionsF. An explanatory gap?G. How and why questions
10、2. Three common intuitionsA. The person who has conscious states must be aware of (or know of) them.B. Persons in persistent vegetative states have neither conscious states nor a selfC. Pain states are paradigmatic conscious states, so they must be fundamentally subjective3. Some doubts about those
11、intuitionsA. Reasons to think we might have conscious experiences that we are unaware of (or dont know about)B. Reasons to think that persons in persistent vegetative states might have conscious experiences and a selfC. Reasons to think that pain is an objective, not a subjective, stateReading for t
12、he class of October 5, 2012Lamme, Victor A. F. 2010 How neuroscience will change our view on consciousness (plus commentaries and authors reply). Cognitive Neuroscience 1, 3: 204-240. Select ReferencesA. Elementary Introduction. Blackmore, Susan2005 Consciousness: A Very Short Introduction. New York
13、: Oxford University Press.B. A philosophical overview: Flanagan, Owen 1992 Consciousness Reconsidered. MIT Press. C. Some textbooks (more scientific):Koch, Christof 2004 The quest for consciousness: a neurobiological approach. Roberts and Company Publishers.Gray, Jeffrey 2004 Consciousness: creeping
14、 up on the hard problem. OUP. Revonsuo, Antti 2010 Consciousness: the science of subjectivity. Psychology Press. D. Some collections (mix of philosophical and scientific): Bayne, Timothy, Axel Cleermans, and Patrick Wilkens, Eds.(2009) The Oxford Companion to Consciousness. Oxford. Block, Ned, Owen
15、Flanagan, and Guven Guzeldere, Eds.1997 The Nature of Consciousness: Philosophical Debates. Cambridge: MIT Press. ISBN: 0-262-02399-7. Chalmers, David J.2002 Part II: Consciousness, IN Philosophy of Mind: Classical and Contemporary Readings. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN: 0-19-514581-X.Lau
16、reys, Steven, Ed. 2006 The boundaries of consciousness: neurobiology and neuropathology. Elsevier. Laureys, Steven and Giulio Tononi, Eds. 2009 The neurology of consciousness. Elsevier. Velman, Max and Susan Schneider, Eds.2007 The Blackwell Companion to Consciousness. Blackwell. ISBN: 1-4051-6000-4
17、. Zelazo, P. D. et al. eds. 2007 The Cambridge Handbook of Consciousness. Cambridge Press. E. A quirky, early (1970s) attempt at approaching consciousness scientifically: Jaynes, Julian 1976 The origins of consciousness in the breakdown of the bicameral mind. Houghton Mifflin. 第四講：Vision葉俊毅教授 (Prof.
18、 Chun-Yi Yeh)台灣大學心理系Vision is the dominant sense modality for humans. One fundamental question in visual research is how information is encoded by neurons in different stages of visual processing: from retina to extra-striate cortex. The talk will focus on the functional anatomy and neurophysiology
19、of the visual system, and the neural basis of visual perception.Outline:1. Early stages of visual processing: retina and visual thalamus2. Primary visual cortex: receptive fields of simple and complex cells 3. Extra-striate cortex: dorsal (where) and ventral (what) pathwaysReadings: 1. Vision: From
20、Eye to Brain, Chapter 10 in Biological Psychology, 6th ed, Breedlove, S.M., Watson, N.V., & Rosenzweig, M.R. (2010), Sinauer Associates (代理商 : 易利圖書有限公司)2. Martinez LM, Alonso JM (2003) Complex receptive fields in primary visual cortex. Neuroscientist 9:317-331.3. Yeh CI, Xing D, Williams PE, Shapley
21、 RM (2009) Stimulus ensemble and cortical layer determine V1 spatial receptive fields. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106:14652-14657.4. Nassi JJ, Callaway EM (2009) Parallel processing strategies of the primate visual system. Nat Rev Neurosci 10:360-372.5. Born RT, Bradley DC (2005) Structure and functio
22、n of visual area MT. Annu Rev Neurosci 28:157-189.6. Tsao DY, Livingstone MS (2008) Mechanisms of face perception. Annu Rev Neurosci 31:411-437.第五講：Executive Function & Attention郭柏呈教授 (Prof. Bo-Cheng Kuo)台灣大學心理系A critical aspect in conducting Cognitive Neuroscience research is to understand the proc
23、esses involved in performing a task used for addressing the research question. Take attention for an example, processes can be alerting, orienting/switching, filtering/selection/inhibition, sustaining, division of attentional resources, resolving conflict, error monitoring, etc. Results from neuroim
24、aging methods can be quite different depending on the processes involved. Take executive functions for another example, considerable confusion exists because different models view this construct differently. In this lecture, I will focus on selective attention and clarify some of the confusion about
25、 executive functions. I will also introduce several paradigms for those who are interested in applying cognitive methodology in their clinical work. A brief description of each construct is as follows.Selective attention can operate on external percepts and internal memory representations to enhance
26、 target processing related to the behavioral goal and excluding distractors from interfering with target selection. Both bottom-up stimulus-driven and top-down control factors influence selective attention. The top-down aspect of selective attention is closely allied to executive system that is quit
27、e hard to define and different models take very different perspectives when referring to executive functions. For an example, Miyake et al. (200) suggested that there are three aspects of executive functions: updating, inhibition, and shifting. In Baddeleys working memory model (2012), a primary fun
28、ction of the central executive component is to monitor and coordinate the operation of the slave systems. Diamond (2013) in a recent review focuses on inhibition and interference control, working memory, and cognitive flexibility. References if you are interested in recent reviews1. Marvin M. Chun,
29、M. M., Golomb, J.D., & Turk-Browne, N. B. A taxonomy of external and internal attention. Annual Review of Psychology, 62, 73-101.2. Diamond, A. (2013). Annual Review of Psychology, 64, 135-168.3. Duncan, J. (2010). The multiple-demand (MD) system of the primate brain: mental programs for intelligenc
30、e behavior. Trends in Cognitive Science, 14, 172-179.4. Squire, R.F., Noudoost, B., Schafer, R. J., & Moore, I. (2013). Prefrontal contributions to visual selective attention. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 36, 451-466.Sample articles related to attention/executive functions1. Baddeley, A. D. (2012)
31、. Working Memory: Theories, Models, and Controversies. In S. T. Fiske, D. L. Schacter & S. E. Taylor (Eds.), Annual Review of Psychology (Vol. 63, pp. 1-29).2. Badre, D., & Wagner, A. D. (2004). Selection, integration, and conflict monitoring: Assessing the nature and generality of prefrontal cognit
32、ive control mechanisms. Neuron, 41, 473-487.3. Dosenback, N. U. F., Fair, D. A., Cohen, A. L., Schlaggar, B. L., & Peterson, S. (2008). A dual-networks architecture of top-down control. Trends in Cognitive Science, 12, 99-105.4. Duncan, J. (2010). The multiple-demand (MD) system of the primate brain
33、: mental programs for intelligence behavior. Trends in Cognitive Science, 14, 172-179.5. Gazzaley, A., & Nobre, A. C. (2011). Top-down modulation: bridging selective attention and working memory. Trends in Cognitive Science, 16, 129-136.6. Gillbert, C. D., & Li, W. (2013). Top-down influences on vis
34、ual processing. Nature Review of Neuroscience, 14, 350-363.7. Moradi, Hipp, C., & Koch, C. (2007). Activity in the visual cortex is modulated by top-down attention locked to reaction time. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 19, 331-340.8. Salthouse, T. A. (2005). Relations between cognitive abilitie
35、s and measures of executive functioning, Neuropsychology, 19, 532-545.9. Theeuwes, J. (2010). Topdown and bottomup control of visual selection. Acta Psychologica, 135, 77-99.10. Wang, L., Liu, X., Guise, K. G., Knight, R. T., Ghajar, J., & Fan, J. (2009). Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 22, 546-5
36、53.Clinically related research (some examples)1. Fruedman, N. P., Miyake, A., Young, S. E., DeFries, J. C., Corley, J. C., & Hewitt, J. K. (2008). Individual differences in executive functions are almost entirely genetic in origin. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 137, 201-225.2. Minzenb
37、erg, M. J., Laird, A. R., Thelen, S., Carter, C. S., & Glahn, D. C. (2009). Meta-analysis of 41 functional neuroimaging studies of executive function in schizophrenia. Archive of General Psychiatry, 66, 811-822.3. Son, S. J., Lee, K. S., Lee, Y., Baek, J. H., Choi, S. H., Na, D. L., Seo, S. W., Oh,
38、B. H., & Hong, C. H. (2012). Association between white matter hyperintensity severity and cognitive impairment according to the presence of the Apolipoprotein E (APOE) 4 allele in the elderly: Retrospective analysis of data from the CREDOS study. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 73, 1555-1562.4. Ward
39、le, M.C., Hart, A. B., Palmer, A. A., & de Wit, H. (2013). Does COMT genotype influence the effects of d-amphetamine on executive functioning? Genes, Brain, and Behavior, 12, 13-20.第六講：Music Perception蔡振家教授 (Prof. Chen-Gia Tsai)台灣大學音樂所Topic Outline 1. Introduction: Music is not an island in the brai
40、n2. Basic elements of Music2.1. Tone and noise / pitch perceptionThe latency and amplitude of this pitch-onset response (POR) vary with the pitch and pitch strength of the tone.Krumbholz et al. (2003). Neuromagnetic evidence for a pitch processing center in Heschls gyrus. Cerebral Cortex 13(7), 765-
41、772.2.2. Interval / scale / groove / harmony / theme & contrastIntermezzo: Return to Innocence (Enigma)Melody repetition and harmonization activated the planum polare (BA 38).Brown et al. (2004). The song system of the human brain. Cognitive Brain Research 20(3), 363-75.3. Meanings of Music3.1. Musi
42、c semantics versus linguistic semanticsBy means of an affective priming paradigm, it was shown that both musically trained and untrained participants evaluated emotional words congruous to the affect expressed by a preceding chord faster than words incongruous to the preceding chord. This behavioral
43、 effect was accompanied by an N400, an ERP typically linked with semantic processing,Steinbeis & Koelsch S. (2011). Affective priming effects of musical sounds on the processing of word meaning. J Cogn Neurosci 23(3):604-21.3.2. Brocas area and harmonic syntaxSammler et al. (2011). Are left fronto-t
44、emporal brain areas a prerequisite for normal music-syntactic processing? Cortex 47(6):659-73.3.3. Autobiographical memory evoked by musical cuesFord et al. (2011). Differential neural activity during search of specific and general autobiographical memories elicited by musical cues. Neuropsychologia 49(9):2514-26.4. Linking Sounds with Actions4.1. Mirror neuron system / auditory dorsal stream (how stream)Chen et al. (2009). The role of auditory and premotor cortex in sensorimotor transformations. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1169:15-34.4.2. Dance & music
