1、1,Chapter 6 MEMORY,普通心理学专业课,2,永远的战士,49岁的健康、英俊的中年人 谈吐用现在时而非过去时 认为自己19岁，处于1945年顺向性遗忘症（anterograde amnesia） 对大脑受损之后的事件失去记忆 倒退性遗忘症（retrograde amnesia）,3,Memory,记忆是人脑对过去经验的保持和提取,4,Outlines,Memory and its Biological Basis Memory and Information Processing Memory as a Constructive and Reconstructive Proces
2、s Retrieval and Forgetting How to Improving Memory? Challenges to the Information-Processing Model,5,1 The Nature of Memory,6,1.1 Biological Basis,定位说 非定位说(脑均势说） 突触生长说 记忆分子说（DNA/RNA） 记忆的电生理基础（反响回路） 脑内代谢物与记忆,7,1.2 Memory and Information Processing,Sensory registers 不到1秒 Short-term memory(STM)/Working
3、 memory 2030秒 Long-term memory(LTM) 可毕生不忘,8,记忆的信息加工模型,感觉 登记,STM,LTM,刺激,注意,精细复述,提取,遗忘?,维持复述,遗忘,遗忘,行为反应,9,Working Memory,STM,is also called working memory, it functions like a mental sketch pad on which people make mental notes, solve problems, and hold relevant information in consciousness for a brie
4、f period. Working memory can also exist in LTM.,10,1.3 Three changes of memory models,Modules, a set of memory systems. Remembering without involving retrieval into consciousness. Not all information follows the path of the model, further, the model is not unidirectional.,11,2 Sensory Registration,1
5、2,2.1 The Evidence,George Sperlling(1960) Tachistoscope: flashing for 15-500ms. Whole report/Partial report Less than 4 of the 12 letters(33%)roughly 3 out of the 4 items(75%) Partial report design: focusing attention on one part of the image while it was still in iconic storage .,13,Partial Report,
6、视觉呈现,音调指示,反应,M Q T Z,高音,R F G A,中音,N S L C,低音,N, S, L, C,14,2.2 Representation,Mental representation 心理表征 a mental model of a stimulus or category of stimuli. Sensory Representation Verbal Representations,15,表象,16,Sensory Representation,Iconic storage For a brief period after an image disappears fro
7、m vision, people retain a mental image of what they have seen (Foley Neisser, 1967, 1976) The duration of icons varies from approximately half a second to two seconds, depending on the individual, the content of the image, and the circumstances. Presenting another image or even a flash of light dire
8、ctly after the first image disappears erases the original icon. Echoic storage Two types of echoic memory systems: speech/nonspeech sounds,17,Sensory Representation,Mental manipulation(Kosslyn, 1983; Tye, 1991). Cooper & Shepard(1973): rotating of a capital R PET scan study Eidetic imagery/photograp
9、hic memory,18,Verbal Representation,Multiple sensory and verbal representations=parallel processing of information by modules in the brain,19,3 Short-Term Memory,Characteristics of STM Controlling Information in STM,20,3.1 Characteristics of STM,Active workspace (Peterson & Peterson, 1959) Rapidly a
10、ccessed Preserved in the sequence presented Limited in capacity Miller(1956): 5-9 items Hermann Ebbinghaus(1885): Seven-item limit nonsense syllables (pir, vup) AVL, acoustic/verbal/linguistic Conrad(1964): V-B, U,21,3.2 Controlling Information in STM,Rehearsal Maintenance Rehearsal: repeating the i
11、nformation again and again to prevent it from fading. Elaborative rehearsal: Thinking about, or elaborating, the information meaning while rehearsing. =transferring to LTM. Chunking,22,Miller(1956)：神奇的7+-2,DJIBMNYSEWSJSEC因人、因事而异,23,Chunking,DJIBMNYSEWSJSECDJ IBM NYSE WSJ SECdj: Dow-jones ibm: Intern
12、ational Business Machines nyse: New York Stock Exchange wsj: Wall Street Journal sec: Securities and Exchange Commission/Samsung Electronic Co.,24,4 Long-Term Memory,The Serial Position Effect Long-Term Memory Systems Encoding and LTM How Information Is Stored in LTM Hierarchical Organization of LTM
13、,25,4.1 The Serial Position Effect,Free recall tasks recalling as many as possible Serial position effect Ss were more likely to remember the earlier and later items on the list than the words in the middle (Atkinson & Schiffrin,1968). Primacy effect/Recency effect Primacy-rehearsal: STMLTM Recency-
14、STM,26,4.2 LTM system,Explicit MemoryImplicit Memory,27,Explicit Memory,Also called declarative memory, refers to knowledge that can be consciously brought to mind and declared. Semantic memory Episodic memory(Tulving, 1972, 1983) Personal Event/ Public Event (Weaver, 1994) Flashbulb memory,28,Impli
15、cit Memory,Cannot be brought to mind consciously but is expressed in behavior (Roediger, 1990) Procedural memory Priming effects Results of Conditioning,29,LTM System,LTM,Explicit Memory,Implicit Memory,Episodic Memory,Semantic Memory,Procedural Memory,Priming Effects,Results of Conditioning,30,Prim
16、ing Effects,Definition 先前接触的相同或类似的信息，促进了新信息的加工 Bowers & Schacter(1990)：24词的词表 BEASON CHECK PENNY READY CHEESE PENGUIN 词干补词任务（12个老词干，63个新词干） 词表用词量：控制组12，实验组30。,31,4.3 Encoding and LTM,Rehearsal and Levels of Processing Multiple Representations and Representational Modes Mnemonic Devices,32,Rehearsal
17、and Levels of Processing,Craik & Lockhart (1972) Craik & Tulving(1975) Structural Level (physical characteristics of the stimulus) Phonemic Level (simple characteristics of the language ) Semantic Level (meaning of the stimulus),33,Representational Modes,Paivio(1975) :Dual-code hypothesis 斑马台灯，图片和文字
18、，反应时 大多记忆内容以意义编码为主 Bower(1972) 对偶学习 视觉表征与否（建立意义） 记忆效果相差1.5倍,34,表象,35,4.4 How Information Is Stored In LTM,Networks of Association Node Hierarchical Network Model Quillian(1968); Collins & Quillian(1969) Spreading Activation Collins & Loftus (1975) Starting of Activation: perception & thought Nisbett
19、 & Wilson (1977) Ocean-Moon Tide,36,5 Memory as a Constructive & Reconstructive Process,Flashbulb memories Schemas and the Construction of Memory Schemas in Eyewitness Testimony,37,Schemas and the Construction of Memory,Schema 特定情境或方面的有关知识。它组织信息并且指导获得新的信息。 Schemas affect the way people remember Infl
20、uencing coding 不同人的视角不同 Influencing reconstruct data in memory Schemas and Retrieval Default values/Slots Frederic Bartlett(1932),38,Memory and Eyewitness Testimony,Loftus, Elizabeth F(1975, 1979) Leading questions and eyewitness report Presupposition How fast(stop sign)? Did you see a stop sign?“11
21、月7日你在干什么？”,39,6 Retrieval and Forgetting,Recall/Recognition Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon,40,Encoding Specificity Principle,Tulving & Thompson(1973) 编码和随后提取的方式匹配，影响记忆提取 Retrieval cues Contexts Godden & Baddeley(1975): Divers State-dependent memory Physical or emotional state can also provide retrieva
22、l cues,41,Forgetting,Ebbinghaus(1885) forgetting curve Why do people forget? Decay Theory Interference Theory proactive/retroactive interference Motivated forgetting(repression) Childhood Amnesia,42,7 How to Improving memory?,Attention Elaboration and Encoding Chunking and Memory Span Imagery and En
23、coding method of loci peg methods (mental pegs such as numbers) Context and Retrieval Preacting SQ3R survey, question, read, recite, and review,43,Challenges to the Information-Processing Model,Computers do not feel, wish, or desire. The role of consciousness The external validity of experimental study The role of cultural context of memory,
