1、Holly-liu: 2012 1 SAT语法考点列表 SAT 语法 句法 词法 主语和谓语 并列 从属 缺主语 多主语 错主语 悬垂 修饰 平行 结构 粘 连 句 平行列举或陈述 平行比较 句间平行 名词和代词 缺谓语 时态错 语态错 常规 特殊主语 倒装 从句 主谓一致 时态选用 时态一致 虚拟语气 不当并列 不当从属 综合 其他 其他 名词与代词的数 精确指代 人称的一致 主宾格代词 关系代词 副词用法 介宾动宾 单词的固定搭配 固定词组 比较级和最高级 动词词形 Holly-liu: 2012 2 1. 主语和谓语 1.1 缺主语 1.2 多主语 1.3 错主 语 悬垂修饰 1.4
2、 主谓一致 1.5 缺谓语 1.6 时态错 1.7 语态错 2. 粘连句 3. 平行结构 3.1 平行列举 或陈述 3.2 平行比较 3.3 句间平行 4. 并列和从属 4.1 不当 并列 4.2 不当 从属 5. 名词与代词 5.1 名词 与代词 的数 5.2 代词的精确指代 5.3 人称的一致 5.4 主宾格代词 5.5 关系代词错用 6. 其他词法 6.1 副词的用法 6.2 介宾和动宾 6.3 单词的固定搭配 6.4 固定词组 6.5 比较级和最高级 6.6 动词 词形 1. 主语和谓语 1.1 缺主语 主语 是一个句子陈述的对象。通常情况下，主语是句子必不可少的成分之一。缺少主语的句
3、子一般较容易发现，但在超长的句子中则比较隐蔽，需要认真辨别。 例： While usually unable to locate the source of it, even on a moonlit night. 32-30 1.2 多主语 例 1： Serving as either business tools or recreational devices, computers, they are increasingly popular. 51-2 (A) computers, they are increasingly popular (B) their popularity ha
4、s increased (C) they have become more popular (D) computers are increasingly popular (E) computers, they are popular 例 2： 77-34-E Local government, enjoying the benefits of taxes collected from business and industry, they tend to shy away from pressure to recycle. 1.3 错主语 悬垂修饰 在含有独立结构的句子中经常会出现悬垂修饰的错
5、误。独立结构是指在句子主干之前或之后存在一个附加结构，如现在分词结构、 过去分词结构、介词结构、同位修饰结构等。这些结构所指向的对象称作“逻辑主语”。如果句子的主语与独立结构的逻辑主语一致，那么句子是正确的；否则便造成了“悬垂修饰”（ dangling modifier）的错误。悬垂修饰 考点在SAT语法中是必考的 ， 特别是 在改进句子题（ IS）中经常出现。 Holly-liu: 2012 3 （ 1）现在分词结构 例 ： Lacking good instruction, my mistakes in creating a graph to illustrate historical
6、trends were numerous. (A) my mistakes in creating a graph to illustrate historical trends were numerous (B) I made numerous mistakes in creating a graph to illustrate historical trends (C) there were numerous mistakes in the graph I created to illustrate historical trends (D) I created a graph to il
7、lustrate historical trends with numerous mistakes (E) The graph I made for illustrating historical trends had numerous mistakes 例： While driving down the road, the house with the large yard and small pond attracted the familys attention 64-5 (A) the house with the large yard and small pond attracted
8、 the familys attention (B) the house having the large yard and a small pond attracted the attention of the family (C) the house with the yard and small pond was attractive to the familys attention (D) the familys attention was attracted by the house with the large yard and small pond (E) the family
9、was attracted to the house with the large yard and small pond （ 2）过去分词 结构 例： Carried by the strong, dry winds of the stratosphere(同温层 ), the 1980 eruption of Mount Saint Helens caused dust that crossed the United States in three days and circled the globe in two weeks. (A) the 1980 eruption of Mount
10、 Saint Helens caused dust that (B) Mount Saint Helens eruption in 1980 caused dust that (C) dust from the 1980 eruption of Mount Saint Helens (D) dust from the 1980 eruption of Mount Saint Helens that (E) there was dust from the 1980 eruption of Mount Saint Helens and it （ 3）介词 结构 例 By simply enteri
11、ng an Internet website or calling a toll-free number, a catalog order can be placed for almost anything from cheesecakes to fully equipped desktop computers. (A) a catalog order can be placed (B) by placing a catalog order (C) they will place your catalog order (D) you can place a catalog order (E)
12、your catalog order can be placed 例 ： Quincy took Dan to Jacks house for a visit, (A) never imagining (B) that ten years would pass (C) before seeing (D) Jack again. No error (E) 1.4 主谓一致 主语和谓语应在数上保持它们的一致性，即复数主语必须用复数谓语；单数主语必须用单数谓语。 解题关键在于：找准 主语 ，明确主语的 单复数形式。 （ 1） 常规的主谓一致 【送分题】 Holly-liu: 2012 4 例 1：
13、 Few issues is (A) as likely (B) to provoke widespread interest as those (C) involving possible danger to (D) the health or safety of children. No error (E) （ 2） 特殊主语的主谓一致 由 and连接的两个名词或代词充当句子的主语，如果它们表示的是两样东西，则需用复数谓语；否则用单数谓语。 例 1： A job directory and a job service centre that provides (A) information
14、 for (B) students in need of (C) employment is (D) available through the schools guidance office. No error (E) 例 2： The convenience and availability of watercolor paint account for its popularity with artists. 71-14 (A) account for its popularity (B) account for their popularity (C) accounts for its
15、 popularity (D) is why it is popular (E) are a reason for its popularity 例 3： Introducing (A) new ideas and replacing old ones (B) is (C) always a highly controversial matter, especially when (D) there is always tension between an older and a younger generation. No error (E) 65-14 主语后 有 定语或插入语时，不要把靠
16、近谓语的名词当成主语。 “就前原则 ” 例 4： The bright (A) fiberglass sculptures of Luis Jimenez has received (B) critical acclaim not only (C) in his home state, New Mexico, but also in (D) New York. No error (E). (OG P161.1) 例 5： The record left by fossils, the ancient remains of plants and animals, provide (A) scie
17、ntists with (B) their primary source of (C) information about (D) prehistoric life. No error (E) 例 6： The main reasons students give for failing to participate in the political process is that they have demanding assignments and work at part-time jobs. 11-6 (A) is that they have demanding assignment
18、s and work at (B) are demanding assignments and they work at (C) are that they have demanding assignments and that they work at (D) is having demanding assignments and having to work at (E) are demanding assignments, in addition to working at 例 7： 75-24 抽象概念的主语通常来说是一个不可数名词 ，所以谓语一般都用单数形式。 例 8： Studyi
19、ng (A) the language and culture of a foreign country are（ B） highly recommended to the tourist who expects (C) to learn from (D) his or her vacation abroad. No error (E) 例 9： 84-27 “one of +复数名词 ”做主语，主语是 one,谓语动词用单数。 例 10： 54-4 例 11： 70-7 Holly-liu: 2012 5 “a number of + 复数名词 ”表示一些，谓语动词用复数； “the nu
20、mber of +复数名词 ”表示什么东西的数量，主语中心词是 “the number”，谓语动词用单数。 例： The number of awards given this year (A) to biochemists accentuate (B) the significant gains (C) being made in (D) the study of the chemistry of living organisms. No error (E) (OG P660 26) （ 3） 倒装句中的主谓一致 例 1： Also supported (A) by the commissi
21、on was (B) the proposed health clinics and the proposed center (C) to distribute information on job-training (D) opportunities. No error (E) (OG P602 28) 例 2： 65-12 在倒装句中还有一种比较常见的结构，即 There be 句型。 例 3： 74-18 （ 4）从 句中的主谓一致 当主谓一致的考点设在从句中时，关键在于找准谓语对应的是哪一个主语 。 例： Innovative use of computers in the class
22、room allows students to undertake (A) projects that encourages (B) them (C) to be both (D) analytical and intellectually adventurous. No error (E) 83-18 1.5 缺谓语 同主语一样， 谓语动词 也通常 是 一个句子必 不可少的部分，缺少谓语（ missing verbs）则 往往 不能称之为 “句子 ”（ sentence），它只是一个句子 “片段 ”（ fragment）。这种错误在简单句中很容易被发现，因而考题往往会出在较长的并列或从属复合
23、句中。 例 1： Although several groups strongly opposed the new hiring policies of the city council, other groups being enthusiastic in their support of the new rules. 63-1 (A) being enthusiastic in their support of (B) were enthusiastic and supportive of (C) enthusiastically supported (D) enthusiasticall
24、y supporting (E) are enthusiastically supportive of 例 2： 54-3 1.6 时态错 （ tense） 时态的考察在任何形式的英语考试中都是重点， SAT 也不例外 。 SAT 语法 中对时态的考查 侧重点 在 时态 的 呼应 上，即前后时态的一致 。 此外，集中出现的考查形式还有单个时态的正确选用以及虚拟语气中的时态等。 英语中的八大基本时态 1. 一般现在时 概念：表示经常或者反复发生的动作、行为及现在 的某种状态。 例： It seldom rains here 2. 现在进行时 Holly-liu: 2012 6 概念：表示现在或
25、说话时正在进行的动作及行为 例： He is listening in the class. 3.一般将来时 概念：表示将来发生的动作或状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。 例 : It will rain tomorrow. 4现在完成时 概念：过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或从过去持续到现在的动作或状态 . 例 : The city has changed a lot in the last several years. 5.一般过去时 概念：过去发生的动作或状态；过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。 例 : I didnt realize you were exhausted.
26、6.过去进行时 概念：表示过去某个时间正在发生或进行的行为或动作。 例 :At that time she was working in a department store. 7.过去将来时 概念：立足于过去某一时刻，从过去看将来 ;通常出现在 宾语从句中，并且要做到时态的主从一致。 例 :He said he would go to Chicago tomorrow morning. 8. 过去完成时 概念：指 “过去的过去 ”，即以过去某个时间为标准，在此以前发生的动作或行为，或在过去某动作之前完成的行为。 例 : As soon as we got to the station, th
27、e train had left. （ 1） 时态选用 例 1： Unfortunately, the opening of the new library complex, previously (A) scheduled for (B) next September, would be (C) delayed for several months because of (D) construction difficulties. No error (E) (48-21) 例 2： One subject of (A) Felipe Alfaus second novel, publishe
28、d more than (B) 40 years after it has been (C) written (D), is the illusory nature of the passage of time. No error (E) (OG P471 16) （ 2） 时态一致 例 1： Jack often referred to (A) art history textbook while he (B) was sculpting; whenever he learned a new method in art class, he seeks out (C) the work of
29、sculptors who had used (D) it in the past. No error (E) 例 2： In the belief that crossword puzzles simulated her mind, Dolores will spend hours on them every week. 61-7 (A) Dolores will spend hours on them every week (B) Dolores would spend hours on them every week Holly-liu: 2012 7 (C) hours of eve
30、ry week are spent on them by Dolores (D) they occupied hours of every week for Dolores (E) every week will find Dolores spending hours on them （ 3）虚拟语气 虚拟语气在条件句中通常 表示假设的 、与事实相反 的情况， 常 用 if 来引导， 且 If表达的含义为 “ 如果 ” ；时态的使用通常是正常时态往前退一个时态 （ 一般现在时 一般过去时； 现在完成 时 过去完成 时 ） 等 ,并且 主 句和从句要保持时态上的呼应 。 如： If I were
31、 you, I would go to Beijing. 例： Some of the workers who resent (A) the supervisors authority would probably (B) feel uncomfortable if (C) they were to acquire the independence that they demand (D). No error (E) 48-22 1.7 语态错 SAT的官方指南中 有几条 关于 语言使用的规则：多用主动语态和行为动词、少用抽象名词等。 SAT语法中经常会出现使用不恰当的 被动语态，其中的 行为
32、动词为弱动词，涉及的动作不强烈，这时使用被动语态就构成“弱被动”（ weak passive）的错误。 例： Mr. Chung would like to retire, but retirement is unable to be afforded by him. 36-1 (A) Mr. Chung would like to retire, but retirement is unable to be afforded by him. (B) Mr. Chung would like to retire, but he cannot afford to do so. (C) Mr. C
33、hung would like to retire, but he is unable to afford that. (D) Retirement is what Mr. Chung would like to do, but he cannot afford it. (E) Retirement appeals to Mr. Chung, but he cannot afford stopping working. 2 粘连句 两个或以上单句组合成一个整句时，需要用 “逗号 +连词 ”或 “分号 ”连接，若无任标点符号，或仅以逗号连接，就构成了粘连句（ run-on sentence）。
34、例 1： In the wild, pygmy chimpanzees are found only in an inaccessible region south of the Zaire River, since such is the case, very few are in captivity. 55-11 (F) since such is the case, very few are in captivity. (G) and very few are in captivity because of that (H) no more than a few are in capti
35、vity as a result (I) the number in captivity is very few for this reason (J) and so no more than a few are in captivity 例 2： The chestnut, like the oak, is called an immoral tree, the reason is that the trunk and roots remain alive even after the tree had been felled. 64-6 (A) tree, the reason is th
36、at the trunk and roots remain (B) tree, which has a trunk and roots that are remaining (C) tree, the trunk of which and the roots remain (D) tree because its trunk and roots remain Holly-liu: 2012 8 (E) tree, whose trunk and roots are remaining 3 平行结构 Parallel Structure 3.1 平行列举 或陈述 对 两 个以上同类概念进行 列
37、举，常见 形式 有 ： not onlybut also /and / but / neither nor / eitheror / , , and 等。 出现 上述 标志 形式 后 ，省略号对应的部分 必须做到 语法形式上的严格统一。 常见的考点有名词结构并列、动词结构并列、介词短语并列、从句并列等。如果列举的部分是几个分句，还要注意这些分句间 表达形式 的一致性（ 用词、语序、时态、语态等）。 这类题目中， not onlybut a lso/ neither nor/ eitheror 等属于送分考点【例 1】；不过要注意个别特殊情况，如： either plan to do or ri
38、sk doing 。而对于用 “and”连接的题目，关键点在于判断出 并列结构的起点 【例 2、 例 3】。 例 1： Most drivers know not only that excessive speeding on highways wastes gasoline, but also that it is dangerous. （ OG P678.13） (A) know not only that excessive speeding on highways wastes (B) know that excessive speeding on highways could be
39、wasteful of (C) are knowledgeable that excessive speeding on highways not only wastes (D) have known that excessive speeding on highways wastes not only (E) know that excessive speeding on highways not only by itself can waste 例 2： The labor union is negotiating (A) a contract with the hospital that
40、 (B) will satisfy (C) the demands of the workers and be acceptable to (D) all levels of management. No error (E) （ OG P601 13） 例 3： Each time Mary turns on her computer, she has (A) to enter a company code, then her initials, and then enters a password (B) before (C) she can begin working (D). No er
41、ror (E). 3.2 平行比较 此种题型在考试当中几乎每次 都可以见到，考点集中在同类比较 。常见 标志 词 有 ： adj. 或 adv.比较级 +than / morethan / as as/ like /unlike/ compare to/ compare with 等 。平行比较问题的核心是 确定比较的对象 ，判定二者是否属于同类事物。如不同类，则是错误的。如 ：The climate of Shanghai is more humid than Beijing. 气候和地区不属于同类，形成 illogical comparison, 原句错误，应改为： The climate
42、 of Shanghai is more humid than that of Beijing. 用“that”代替 “the climate”。 例 1： In (A) the United States, the industrial use of (B) plastic is (C) greater than steel (D), aluminum, and copper combined. No error (E) (OG P777 28) 例 2： In a recent year, more tourists from the United States visited museu
43、ms in Great Britain than Canada. (A) Canada (B) Canada did (C) compared to Canada (D) Canadian ones Holly-liu: 2012 9 (E) in Canada 3.3 句间平行 两个 以上 句子之间的平行， 各个句子 之间用 “逗号 +连词 ”或 “分词 ”隔开， 常见并列标志为： and、 but、 分号等 。句子之间直接以逗号连接，则构成粘连句【见第 2 部分】。各单句间除了正确的连接手段外，还要注意句子 间表达形式的一致性（用词、语序、时态、语态等，同 3.1） 例 1： Drivi
44、ng less (A) frequently is one way to save energy; to turn off all (B) appliances when they are (C) not being used is another (D). No error (E) (OG P720 18) 例 2： Without the invention of the compass, Mike might not have sailed around the world; Lewis and Isaac might not have traveled to Bonn; nor mig
45、ht Kevins search for the cities of gold have occurred, either. (A) nor might Kevins search for the cities of gold have occurred, either (B) nor might Kevin search for the cities of gold (C) and Kevins search for the cities of gold might not have taken place (D) and Kevin might not search for the cit
46、ies of gold (E) and Kevin might not have searched for the cities of gold 例 3： When we read, we first form innumerable impressions and then those impressions are evaluated as we read on. 62-13 4 并列和从属 4.1 不当并列 “ 不当并列 ” ， 即不恰当的并列，表现为：将本来应处理为 定语、 状语 等成分的内容 直接 写作一个完整的单句，使之 与主句并列。这样的句子，虽然意思 上 可以理解，但是很不自然
47、（ awkward）。 例 1： Scientists are seeking better ways to predict damage from earthquakes, and they are using supersensitive recorders to study how rock breaks and moves in an earthquake. 64-8 (A) Scientists are seeking better ways to predict damage from earthquakes, and they (B) Scientists who seek be
48、tter ways to predict damage from earthquakes, they (C) Scientists seeking better ways to predict damage from earthquakes (D) Seeking better ways for the prediction of damage from earthquakes, scientists who (E) Seeking to better predict damage from earthquakes is why scientists 例 2： During the labor
49、 dispute, barrels of potatoes were emptied across the highway, and they thereby blocked it to all traffic. (F) highway, and they thereby blocked it to all traffic (G) highway and therefore blocking it to all traffic (H) highway, by which all traffic was therefore blocked (I) highway, and therefore this had all tra
