1、语法专项练习,一、非谓语动词、独立主格结构 二、倒装、强调、省略 三、一致关系 四、虚拟语气、情态动词+完成式,动词：谓语动词有且只有一个。如果再出现动词只能以非谓语形式存在：-ing, -ed, to doTo get a high score, we have to study hard.I came in, followed by two dogs.Seeing is believing.,口诀： 谓语非谓经常混谓语句中就一个其余动词非谓语非谓形式有三种-ing, -ed 和to do现在分词表主动过去分词表被动目的要用不定式主宾要用动名词,非谓语动词与独立主格： 短语，句子（或者句子，
2、短语）,1. 当短语部分有独立主语，并且该主语不同于句子主语，这时短语结构称为独立主格。（它最明显的特点是短语部分有独立的主语）。2. 短语部分没有独立主语，则短语结构称为非谓语动词。 非谓语动词的结构：分词（分词短语） 句子的主语决定非谓语动词中的分词是用主动还是被动形式。如果是句子的主语发出动作，则使用现在分词；如果动作不是由句子的主语发出，则使用过去分词。,独立主格结构1：,名词（代词）+ 分词 现在分词、过去分词 现在分词表示主动的，正在进行的行为；过去分词表示被动的，已经完成的行为。 做题时要通过判断动作与名词（代词）之间的关系来确定是使用现在分词还是过去分词。当动作由名词（代词）发
3、出时使用现在分词，而名词（代词）是受动者时则用过去分词。,独立主格结构 1,1. Silver is the best conductor of electricity, copper _ it closely.A. followed B. following C. to follow D. being followed 2. All things _, the planned trip will have to be called off.A. considered B. be considered C. considering D. having considered,独立主格的结构2：,
4、with + 名词（代词）+ 分词 句子中作状语,独立主格的结构2：,After the Arab states won independence, great emphasis was laid on expanding education, with girls as well as boys _ to go to school.A. to be encouraged B. been encouraged C. being encouraged D. be encouraged,逗号原则：,逗号没有能力连接两个单独的句子。 如何区分短语与句子？一个结构如果有完整的谓语部分就是句子。 何为完
5、整的谓语部分？如果能判断出一个结构的时态就可以称这个结构为完整的谓语部分。 在什么样的情况下一个逗号可以将句子分成两部分，而这两部分都有完整的谓语呢？ 1 两个句子中间有连接词连接； 2 这两个句子是主从句关系（主从句之间一定要有句子引导词来引导）。,Walter offered us a lift when he was leaving the office, but our work _, we declined the offer. A. not being finished B. not having been finishedC. had not been finished D. w
6、as not finished,2. All flights _ because of the snowstorm, many passengers could do nothing but take the train. A. had been canceled B. have been canceledC. were canceled D. having been canceled,虚拟语气(Subjunctive Mood),1. 虚拟语气的基本构成,虚拟语气在英文里的表达：A假设的事实就是反事实。B一种不可实现的愿望，即异想天开。C强制性虚拟语气表示建议、命令、劝告这一类意思上，表示强
7、烈的要求作到、必须做到这样的含义。,虚拟语气表现在动词的基本形式：,2) 对现在情况的虚拟从句谓语的主要形式：一般过去时主句谓语的主要形式：would, could, might + 动词原形If I were Bill Gates, I would not work so hard every day.3) 对将来情况的可能性的虚拟从句谓语的主要形式：should (were to) + 动词原形主句谓语的主要形式：would, could, might + 动词原形If it should/were to snow tomorrow, I would go skiing.,2虚拟语气的考点
8、,1) I wishIf only 后面可以不加主句（If only I were you.）would ratherI would rather (would as soon) that you painted the room green.,2) Its (about/high) time that 从句用一般过去时Its time you went to bed.Its high time we took action.,3) as if/as though 表示“似乎，好像”，它有可能是真实的，也可能是虚拟的，根据上下文来决定。It looks as if it is going to
9、 rain. （真实情况）He talks as if he were the boss. （他实际上不是老板）,4) 表示建议、命令、劝告、决心等 + that + (should) + 动词原形advise (advice) decide (decision) demand determine (determination) order prefer (preference) propose (proposal) request require (requirement) resolve (resolution) We demanded that we (should) be inform
10、ed of any change in the plan.Our demand was that we (should) be informed of any change in the plan.,5) It is/was + adj. + that + (should) + 动词原形这类形容词表示必要性、重要性、强制性、合适性、义务性。advisable appropriate compulsory crucial desirable eager essential imperative improper natural necessary obligatory preferable pr
11、oper urgent vitalI dont think it advisable that Tom be assigned to the job since he has no experience.,例题：,1. We demanded that we _ of any change in the plan.A) informed B) would be informed C) be informed D) had been informed2. Its necessary that he _ a recognized qualification.A) has B) have C) ha
12、d D) having,例题：,3. Its high time we _our attention to this problem.A) turned B) turn C) had turned D) would turn4.He must have had an accident, or he _ here then.A) would have been B) had beenC) should have been D) could be,5. I dont think it advisable that Tom _ to the job since he has no experienc
13、e.A) is assigned B) will be assignedC) be assigned D) has been assigned6._ cease advertising, prices would be significantly reduced.A) Were they to B) Could they C) If they D) Would they,7. Five minutes earlier, and we _ the last bus.A) had caughtB) should have caughtC) could have caught D) caught8.
14、 It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios _ after 11 oclock at night.A) were not played B) not to playC) not be played D) did not play,9. You dont have to be in such in a hurry. I would rather you _ on business first.A) would go B) will go C) went D) have gone10. It is important
15、that enough money _ to fund the project.A) be collected B) must be collectedC) was collected D) can be collected,11. I dont think it advisable that Tom _ to the job since he has no experience.A) is assigned B) will be assignedC) be assigned D) has been assigned12. You _ her in her office last Friday; shes been out of town for two weeks.A) neednt have seen B) must have seenC) might have seen D) cant have seen,
