1、考研英语常考语法难点讲义,南京跨考2013 仇永香,第一讲 While 的用法,（1）基本词性词义 n. 一会儿，一段时间，wait for a whileV. 消磨（时光），轻松度过，while awayHe whiled away the whole afternoon surfing the internet.Conj. 当的时候 we must strike while the iron is hot.I will take care of the baby while you are away.而，然而， 表对比。做并列连词Some people waste food while o
2、thers still suffer starvation.The son was having a good meal at home, while the parents were working in the field. I like the banana while he likes pineapple.,(2) 重点词义 Conj. 虽然但是，尽管但是 多放于句首, 引导让步状语从句 While he loves his students, he is very strict with them. While these experiments are interesting an
3、d useful, it is important to remember that they may not always tell us much.只要， 引导条件状语从句 While there is life there is hope. While there is a will there is a way. (3) 真题链接One Italian example would be the Berluconi group, while abroad Maxwell and Murdoch come to mind. （05年翻译）While the quality of legal
4、 journalism varies greatly, there is an undue reliance amongst many journalists on interpretation supplied to them by lawyers.,4.联想记忆：(1) While 与when 的区分 when 后面引导的从句，谓语动词可以是延续性动词也可为短暂性动词，且 可做并列连词，表示 ：“这时” 但是在接下来几种情况下，只能用when.A: be about towhen正打算这时(发生了另外一件事) B：was / were doingwhen 正在这时（发生了另外一件事） C：
5、had donewhen 刚要做这时（发生了另外一件事） eg. When we were about to set out when it began to rain.He had hardly sat down when his mobile phone rang. While 后面引导的谓语动词必须为延续性动词，强调主从句的两个动词同时发生； The baby fell asleep in the sofa while his mother was cooking in the kitchen.(2) While 表示 “然而 时”, 与but 的区分Honey is sweet, bu
6、t the bee stings.I ought to have helped her but I never could.While作并列连词用，意思为“而，然而”，表对比。而but表转折。 注意用心比较体会while与but的句中用意.,5.Writing tips: some people/students prefer sth while others would rather doThere are many reasons for this: first of all, parents tend to be conservative and satisfied with what
7、they have, while children are always keen to experience something new, and are quick to adopt new fashion and ways of thinking. Parents, because they have a better understanding of the dangers in society, criticize their youngsters behavior and are reluctant to let them have their own way.,94单选 1.By
8、 the time you arrive in London, we _ in Europe for two weeks. A. shall stay B. have stayed C. will have stayed D. have been staying 2. I appreciated _ the opportunity to study abroad two years ago. A. having been given B. having given C. to have been given D. to have given 3. Living in the central A
9、ustralian desert has its problems, _ obtaining water is not the least. A. of which B. for what C. as D. whose 4. The heart is _ intelligent than the stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain. A. not so B. not much C. much more D. no more 5. _ the fact that his initial experiments had failed
10、, Prof. White persisted in his research. A. Because of B. As to C. In spite of D. In view of,6. Jean Wagners most enduring contribution to the study of Afro-American poetry is his insistence that it _ in religious, as well as worldly, frame of reference. A. is to be analyzed B. has been analyzed C.
11、be analyzed D. should have been analyzed 7. The millions of calculations involved, had they been done by hand, _ all practical value by the time they finished. A. could lose B. would have lost C. might lose D. ought to have lost 8. No bread eaten sweet as _ earned by his own labor. A. one B. that C.
12、 such D. what 9. It isnt cold enough for there _ a frost tonight, so I can leave Jims car out quite safely. A. would be B. being C. was D. to be 10. Scientists generally agree that the Earths climate will warm up over the next 50 to 100 years _ it has warmed in the 20,000 years since the Ice Age. A.
13、 as long as B. as much as C. as soon as D. as well as,11. Please do not be _ by his bad manners since he is merely trying to attract attention. A. disregarded B. distorted C. irritated D. intervened 12. Craig assured his boss that he would _ all his energies in doing this new job. A. call forth B. c
14、all at C. call on D. call off 13. Too much _ to X-rays can cause skin burns, cancer or other damage to the body. A. disclosure B. exhibition C. contact D. exposure 14. When confronted with such questions, my mind goes _, and I can hardly remember my own date of birth. A. dim B. blank C. faint D. vai
15、n 15. It is well known that knowledge is the _ condition for expansion of mind. A. incompatible B. incredible C. indefinite D. indispensable,16. More than two hundred years ago the United States _ from the British Empire and become an independent country. A. got off B. pulled down C. broke away D. a
16、ttached to 17. Care should be taken to decrease the length of time that one is _ loud continuous noise. A. subjected to B. filled with C. associated with D. dropped off 18. Some of the most important concepts in physics _ their success to these mathematical systems. A. oblige B. owe C. contribute D.
17、 attribute 19. As your instructor advised, you ought to spend your time on something _ researching into. A. precious B. worth C. worthy D. valuable 20. As a defense against air-pollution damage, many plants and animals_ a substance to absorb harmful chemicals. A. relieve B. release C. dismiss D. dis
18、card,21. Without the friction between their feet and the ground, people would _ be able to walk.A. in no time B. by all means C. in no way D. on any account 22. While typing , Helen has a habit of stopping _ to give her long and flowing hair a smooth.A. occasionally B. simultaneously C. eventually D
19、. promptly 23. One reason for the successes of Asian immigrants in the U.S. is that they have taken great _to educate their children.A. efforts B. pains C. attempts D. endeavors 24.If any man here does not agree with me, he should _his own plan for improving the living conditions of these people.A.
20、put on B. put out C. put in D. put forward 25.I support your decision, but I should also make it clear that I am not going to be _to it.A. connected B. fastened C. bound D. stuck,26.The English language contains a(n) _of words which are comparative seldom used in ordinary conversation. A. altitude B
21、. latitude C. multitude D. attitude 27. In my opinion, you can widen the _of these improvements through your active participation. A. dimension B. volume C. magnitude D. scope 28.Your improper words will give _to doubts concerning your true intentions. A. rise B. reason C. suspicion D. impulse 29.Th
22、e news item about the fire is followed by a detailed report made _. A. on the spot B. on the site C. on the location D. on the ground 30.The remarkable _of life on the Galopagos Islands inspired Charles Darwin to establish his theory of evolution. A. classification B. variety C. density D. diversion
23、,语法归纳： (1) no more than 不多于，仅仅，只有，形容少 The expert advised no more than 3 grams for health people. not more than 为 more than 的否定形式 不多于，不超过 no less than 不少于，多则， I have not more than 3 relatives in this city. not less than 为less than 的否定式 不少于no more than.doc(2) if 引导的虚拟语气 三种基本形式 与现在事实相反，从句的谓语动词用were/did
24、 主句的谓语动词用could/would/might+ do 与过去事实相反，从句 had done, 主句的谓语动词用would/could/might have done 与将来事实相反，从句用 were/were to do/did/ should do主句用would do If 引导的虚拟语气的倒装形式 If省略，从句中的were, should, would提到主语之前。,95年单选1.Between 1897 and 1919 at least 29 motion pictures in whichartificial beings were portrayed _.A. had
25、 produced B. have been produced C. would have produced D. had been produced 2. There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of gettingcancer than _ in the public mind today.A. exists B. exist C. existing D. existed 3. The professor can hardly find sufficient grounds _ hisargument in favor
26、of the new theory.A. which to base on B. on which to baseC. to base on which D. which to be based on 4. _ can help but be fascinated by the world into which heis taken by the science fiction.A. Everybody B. Anybody C. Somebody D. Nobody 5. How many of us _, say, a meeting that is irrelevant to uswou
27、ld be interested in the discussion?A. attended B. Attending C. to attend D. have attended,6. Hydrogen is the fundamental element of theuniverse _ it provides he building blocs fromwhich the other elements are produced.A. so that B. but that C. in that D. provided that 7. We are taught that a busines
28、s letter should be written in aformal style _ in a personal one.A. rather than B. Other than C. better than D. less than 8. _ is generally accepted, economical growth isdetermined by the smooth development of production.A. What B. That C. It D. As 9. It is believed that todays pop music can serve as
29、 a creativeforce _ stimulating the thinking of its listeners.A. by B. with C. at D. on 10. Just as the soil is a part of the earth, _ theatmosphere.A. as it is B. the same as C. so is D. and so is,11. In that country, guests tend to feel they are not highly_ if the invitation to a dinner party is ex
30、tended onlythree or four days before the party date.A. admired B. regarded C. expected D. worshipped 12. A _ of the long report by the budget committed wassubmitted to the mayor for approval.A. shorthand B. scheme C. schedule D. sketch 13. A man has to make _ for his old age by putting asideenough m
31、oney to live on when old.A. supply B. assurance C. provision D. adjustment 14. The newly-built Science Building seems _ enoughtolast a hundred years.A. spacious B. sophisticated C. substantial D. steady 15. It is well-known that the retired workers in our country are_ free medical care. A. entitled
32、to B. involved in C. associated with D. assigned to,16. The farmers were more anxious for rain than the people inthe city because they had more at _.A. danger B. stake C. loss D. threat 17. I felt _ to death because I could make nothing of thechairmans speech.A. fatigued B. tired C. exhausted D. bor
33、ed 18. When the engine would not start, the mechanic inspectedall the parts to find what was at _.A. wrong B. trouble C. fault D. difficulty 19. Your advice would be _ valuable to him, who is atpresent at his wits end.A. exceedingly B. excessively C. extensively D. exclusively 20. He failed to carry
34、 out some of the provisions of thecontract, and now he has to _ the consequences.A. answer for B. run into C. abide by D. step into,21. The river is already _ its bans because of excessiverainfall; and the city is threatened with a likely flood.A. parallel to B. level in C. flat on D. flush with 22.
35、 People _ that vertical flight transports would carrymillions of passengers as do the airliners of today.A. convinced B. anticipated C. resolved D. assured 23. In spite of the wide range of reading material speciallywritten or _ for language learning purposes, there isyet no comprehensive systematic
36、 programmed for thereading skills.A. adapted B. acknowledged C. assembled D. appointed 24. The mother said she would _ her son washing thedished If he could finish his assignment before supper.A. let down B. let alone C. let off D. let out 25. We should always keep in mind that _ decisions oftenlead
37、 to bitter regrets. A. urgent B. hasty C. instant D. prompt,26. John complained to the bookseller that there were severalpages _ in the dictionary.A. missing B. losing C dropping D. leaking 27. In the past, most foresters have been men, but today, thenumber of women _ this field is climbing. A. enga
38、ging B. devoting C. registering D. pursuing 28. The supervisor didnt have time so far to go into it _,but he gave us an idea about his plan.A. at hand B. in turn C. in conclusion D. at length 29. Their demand for a pay raise has not the slightest _ ofbeing met.A. prospect B. prediction C. prosperity
39、 D. permission 30. Its usually the case that people seldom behave in a _way when in a furious state.A. stable B. rational C. legal D. credible,第二讲 as 的用法,1.基本词义：prep. 作为,以.的身份当作像;如同 conj. 像.一样;依照;像 such as当.时随着因为虽然 Tired as he was, he sat up late. ad. 跟.一样地,同样地如同;例如 pron. 1. (与such, the same, as等连用,
40、引导关系从句)与.相同的事物(或人)2. (引导从句,对前述内容作补充)本情况,该事实She has married again, as was expected.,A. as 的介词结构 “作为”，以身份 By using the first draft as a means of thinking about what you want to say, you will very likely discover more than your notes originally suggested. For example, notions of evidence and fact, of b
41、asic rights and public interest are at work in the process of journalistic judgment and production just as in court of law. If the study of law is beginning to establish itself as part and parcel of a general education, its aims and methods should appeal directly to journalism educators.,B. As 引导的连词
42、结构 1.as用作连词引导时间状语从句as与when，while都是引导时间状语从句的从属连词，含义都是“当的时候“。但它们有区别：用when时，从句的动作可以与主句的动作同时发生，也可以先于主句的动作发生；用while时，从句的动作为一过程，主句动作与从句动作同时进行或在从句动作过程中发生；用as时，主句和从句的动作同时发生，具有延续的含义。例如：(1)It was snowing when he arrived at the construction site.他到达工地时，天正在下雪。(2)He was watching TV while his mother was cooking.他
43、母亲做饭时他在看电视。(3) You will grow wiser as you grow older.你会随着年龄的增长而越来越聪明。,2. as用作连词引导原因状语从句as，because，since都可以表示因果关系，连接原因状语从句，含义是“因为，由于“，但它们有区别：because表示的语气最强；as一般放在句首，语气较弱，较口语化；since常常用在书面语中，表示多为对方已知的、或稍加分析便可得知的原因，有时可译作“既然“。例如：(1) He will succeed because he is in earnest.他一定会成功，因为他很认真。(2) Since you are
44、 so sure of it he”ll believe you.既然你对此如此有把握，他会相信你的。(3) As rain has fallen, the air is cooler.因为下过雨，空气比较清爽。,3.as作连词引导让步状语从句as与although (或though)，however (或no matter how)等都可以引导让步状语从句，含义是“虽然，尽管“，但它们有区别：although语气稍正式些，可放在句首，也可放在句中，主句中不能再用but，但可以用yet；as所表示的语气较强，引导的让步状语从句用倒装语序；however引导让步状语从句时，它的后面可跟形容词或副
45、词，也要用倒装语序。例如：(1) Although he is quite old, he still jogs every day.他虽然年纪相当大，仍然每天慢跑。(2) Strange as it may seem, nobody was injured in the accident.这次意外虽然显得令人不可思议，却没有人受伤。(3) However hard he may try, he will not attain his goal.无论他怎样努力也达不到目标。,真题链接： Plenty of good writers dont use outline at all but dis
46、cover ordering principles as they write. Meanwhile, as the recession is looming large, people are getting anxious. As the interaction between organism and environment has come to be understood, however, effects once assigned to states of mind, feeling, and traits are beginning to be traced to access
47、ible conditions, and a technology of behavior may therefore become available. Moreover, average overall margins are higher in wholesale than in retail; wholesale demand from the food service sector is growing quickly as more Europeans eat out more often; and changes in the competitive dynamics of th
48、is fragmented industry are at last making it feasible for wholesalers to consolidate.,C. as 相关的固定结构 Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin and passed from society to society. On one hand, it provides opportunities to analyze such ideas as justice, democracy and freedom. If you are working on a word processor, you can take advantage of its capacity to make additions and deletions as well as move entire paragraphs by making just a few simple keyboard commands. This theory was known as diffusionism.,
