1、lThis paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control system which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the system are AT89C51 microcontroller
2、 and DS18B20 temperature sensor.高级人工智能l 期刊杂志 http:/ 2018/11/11 1史忠植 高级人工智能lThis paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control system which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip mi
3、crocomputer. The core components of the system are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature sensor.第一章 绪 论1.1 人工智能的发展概况1.2 人工智能的认知问题1.3 思维的层次模型1.4 符号智能 1.5 人工智能的研究方法 1.6 自动推理 1.7 机器学习 1.8 分布式人工智能1.9 智能系统2018/11/11 2史忠植 高级人工智能lThis paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperatu
4、re control system which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the system are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature sensor.Computer:High performanceLow intelli
5、genceCite from Scientific American， 2005（ 3）重大挑战2018/11/11 3史忠植 高级人工智能lThis paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control system which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microc
6、omputer. The core components of the system are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature sensor.智能机器5thc B.C. Aristotelian logic invented1642 Pascal built an adding machine1694 Leibnitz reckoning machine2018/11/11 4史忠植 高级人工智能lThis paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperatur
7、e control system which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the system are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature sensor.智能机器1834 Charles BabbagesAnalytical E
8、ngineAda writes of the engine, “The Analytical Engine has no pretensions whatever to originate anything. It can do whatever we know how to order it to perform.”The picture is of a model built in the late 1800s by Babbages son from Babbages drawings.2018/11/11 5史忠植 高级人工智能lThis paper mainly introduces
9、 the design of an intelligent temperature control system which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the system are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature sens
10、or.布尔逻辑1848 George Boole The Calculus of Logicchocolatenutsmintchocolate and nuts and mint2018/11/11 6史忠植 高级人工智能lThis paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control system which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital tempera
11、ture sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the system are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature sensor.20世纪初的数学基础 1900 Hilberts program and the effort to formalize mathematics 1931 Kurt Gdels paper, On Formally Undecidable Propositions 1936 Alan Turings paper
12、, On Computable Numbers with an application to the Entscheidungs problem 2018/11/11 7史忠植 高级人工智能lThis paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control system which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B
13、20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the system are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature sensor.* 史忠植 高级人工智能 8图灵测试The Turing Test1950: Alan Turing的文章 “Computing Machinery and Intelligence.” Mind, Vol. 59, No. 236, pp. 433-460提出图灵测试 lThis paper mainly introduces the des
14、ign of an intelligent temperature control system which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the system are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature sensor.人工智能的
15、诞生1956: 世界上第一次正式的 AI会议 美国的 Dartmouth College，为期 2月 John McCarthy 正式提出“Artificial Intelligence”这一术语 著名参加者： J.McCarthy、C.Shannon、 M.Minsky、 N.Wiener、W.McCulloch、 S.Papert2018/11/11 9史忠植 高级人工智能lThis paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control system which realizes the funct
16、ion of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the system are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature sensor.人工智能的发展1958: Newell和 Simon的四个预测 十年内，计算机将成为世界象棋冠军 十年内，计算机将发现或证明有意义的数学定理 十年内，计算机
17、将能谱写优美的乐曲 十年内，计算机将能实现大多数的心理学理论1959: Frank Rosenblatt提出感知器模型（ Perceptron Model) 1959: MIT AI Lab正式成立（ Minsky和 McCarthy）2018/11/11 10史忠植 高级人工智能lThis paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control system which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by usi
18、ng single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the system are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature sensor.人工智能的发展专家系统时期1962: McCarthy调到 Stanford, 1963年创建 Stanford AI Lab1963: M. Ross Quillian开创语义网络（ Semantic Nets)1965: Feigenbaum 掌管
19、Stanford AI Lab; Noftsker 掌管 MIT AI Lab1965: MIT的 Joseph Weizenbaum研制出 ELIZA 用英语进行交互 回答任何问题1965-83: Feigenbaum和 Lederberg启动 DENDRAL工程1966: ALPAC的负面报告造成 美国政府取消对机器翻译的资助1969: Minsky 和 Papert的感知机报告造成美国政府取消对神经网络研究的资助。 结论：有限阶感知机仅能识别出 Euler数，不能识别其他的拓扑不变性1969: SRI研制出机器人 Shakey 具有运动、感知和问题求解能力2018/11/11 11史忠植
20、 高级人工智能lThis paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control system which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the system are AT89C51 microcon
21、troller and DS18B20 temperature sensor.人工智能的发展自然语言处理1970: Stanford的 Terry Winograd等研制出 （ ETAOIN） SHRDLU 接受自然语言命令 操作积木块1970: Colmerauer研制出 PROLOG语言的解释系统 不久，爱丁堡大学的 Warren实现了编译系统1972: DARPA取消 Stanford大学机器人研究 (Shakey)的资助。1972: Mycin工程启动1973: James Lighthill爵士的负面报告使得英国政府取消对 AI研究的资助“人工智能研究是不成功的，不值得政府资助。 ”
22、 英政府接受了此报告的观点。从那时起至今，英国 AI研究一蹶不振。1976: DARPA 取消对语音识别研究的资助1976: Greenblatt研制出第一台 LISP机 CONS2018/11/11 12史忠植 高级人工智能lThis paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control system which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital temper
23、ature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the system are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature sensor.人工智能的发展1976: Doug Lenat的数学积分系统 AM (Automated Mathematician)1977: SRI启动 PROSPECTOR 工程 帮助地质专家探测和解释矿物 1978年发现钼矿脉 (molybdenum vein)1977: Edward Feigenbaum正式提出知
24、识工程作为一门学科 在 1977年 IJCAI会议上 1979: Stanford研制出第一台计算机控制的汽车（ Stanford Cart）1980: 第一届美国 AI协会会议（ AAAI） 在 Stanford召开。1980: John McDermott的 XCON专家系统 用于配置 VAX 机器系统2018/11/11 13史忠植 高级人工智能lThis paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control system which realizes the function of temper
25、ature measurement and control by using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the system are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature sensor.人工智能的发展知识工程时期1981: 日本政府宣布日本五代机（ first-generation computer）计划（即智能计算机）1982: John Hopfield 掀起神
26、经网络的研究1983: MCC （ Microelectronics and Computer Technology Corporation） 成立（ Bobby Inman 任主任）1984: Doug Lenat在 Bobby Ray Inman的劝说下在 MCC开始 Cyc的研究1986: Thinking Machines Inc 研制联结机器 (Connection Machine)1987: LISP机器市场开始暗淡1988: 386芯片使得 PC机速度可以与 LISP机器媲美2018/11/11 14史忠植 高级人工智能lThis paper mainly introduces
27、the design of an intelligent temperature control system which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the system are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature senso
28、r.人工智能的发展分布智能和机器学习1992: 日本政府宣布五代机计划失败。随后启动 RWC计划（ Real World Computing Project）1993: Shoham提出 AOP,Agent-Oriented Programming1995: Vapnik提出 SVM1996:中科院计算所多主体系统 MAPE1996: DARPA启动 HPKB计划 军事上的 “Grand Challenge”问题分析和求解1997: IBM 深蓝 II (Deep Blue)击败 Garry Kasparov2000:中科院计算所多主体环境 MAGE,知识发现系统 MSMiner2018/11
29、/11 15史忠植 高级人工智能lThis paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control system which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the system are AT89C51
30、 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature sensor.人工智能的发展智能科学http:/ Hawkins, Sandra Blakeslee. On Intelligence. Times Books, Henry Holt and Company, New York, 2004 2018/11/11 16史忠植 高级人工智能lThis paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control system which realizes the function o
31、f temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the system are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature sensor.人工智能的基础 认知科学 脑科学 逻辑2018/11/11 17史忠植 高级人工智能lThis paper mainly introduces the design
32、of an intelligent temperature control system which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the system are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature sensor.认知科学认知科学研
33、究是 “国际人类前沿科学计划 ”的重点。认知科学及其信息处理方面的研究被列为整个计划的三大部分之一 (其余两部分是 “物质和能量的转换”、 “支撑技术 ”)； “知觉和认知 ”、 “运动和行为 ”、“记忆和学习 ”和 “语言和思考 ”被列为人类前沿科学的 12大焦点问题中的 4个。近年来，美国和欧共体分别推出 “脑的十年 ”计划和 “EC脑的十年计划 ”。日本则推出雄心勃勃的 “脑科学时代 ”计划，总预算高达 200亿美元。在 “脑科学时代 ”计划中，脑的认知功能及其信息处理的研究是重中之重。 2018/11/11 18史忠植 高级人工智能lThis paper mainly introduc
34、es the design of an intelligent temperature control system which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the system are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature se
35、nsor.认 知认知是和情感、动机、意志等相对的理智或认识过程。美国心理学家 Houston等人将对 “认知 ”的看法归纳为如下五种主要类型：(1) 认知是信息的处理过程；(2) 认知是心理上的符号运算；(3) 认知是问题求解；(4) 认知是思维；(5) 认知是一组相关的活动，如知觉、记忆、思维、判断、推理、问题求解、学习、想象、概念形成、语言使用等。2018/11/11 19史忠植 高级人工智能lThis paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control system which realizes
36、 the function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the system are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature sensor.认 知认知心理学家 Dodd等则认为，认知应包括三个方面，即适应结构过程。也就是说，认知是为了一定的目的，在一定的心理结构中进行的信息加
37、工过程。2018/11/11 20史忠植 高级人工智能lThis paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control system which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the system
38、are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature sensor.认知科学认知科学探索人类的智力如何由物质产生和人脑信息处理的过程。具体地说，认知科学是研究人类的认知和智力的本质和规律的前沿科学。认知科学研究的范围包括知觉、注意、记忆、动作、语言、推理、思考、意识乃至情感动机在内的各个层面的认知活动。2018/11/11 21史忠植 高级人工智能lThis paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control system which realizes
39、 the function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the system are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature sensor.认知科学认知科学是研究人类感知和思维信息处理过程的科学 , 包括从感觉的输入到复杂问题求解 , 从人类个体到人类社会的智能活动 , 以及
40、人类智能和机器智能的性质。认知科学是现代心理学、信息科学、神经科学、数学、科学语言学、人类学乃至自然哲学等学科交叉发展的结果。它是人工智能重要的理论基础。2018/11/11 22史忠植 高级人工智能lThis paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control system which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital temperature sensor
41、DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the system are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature sensor.人工智能的 五个基本问题(1) 知识与概念化是否是人工智能的核心？(2) 认知能力能否与载体分开来研究？(3) 认知的轨迹是否可用类自然语言来描述？(4) 学习能力能否与认知分开来研究？(5) 所有的认知是否有一种统一的结构？2018/11/11 23史忠植 高级人工智能lThis paper mainly introduces th
42、e design of an intelligent temperature control system which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the system are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature sensor.
43、思维的层次模型思维是客观现实的反映过程，是具有意识的人脑对于客观现实的本质属性、内部规律性的自觉的、间接的和概括的反映。人类思维的形态主要有感知思维形象思维抽象思维灵感思维 2018/11/11 24史忠植 高级人工智能lThis paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control system which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital temperatu
44、re sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the system are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature sensor.感知思维是一种初级的思维形态。在人们开始认识世界时 ,只是把感性材料组织起来 , 使之构成有条理的知识, 所能认识到的仅是现象。在此基础上形成的思维形态即是感知思维。人们在实践过程中 ,通过眼、耳、鼻、舌、身等感官直接接触客观外界而获得的各种事物的表面现象的初步认识 , 它的来源和内容都是客观的、丰富的。2018/
45、11/11 25史忠植 高级人工智能lThis paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control system which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the system are AT89C
46、51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature sensor.形象思维形象思维主要是用典型化的方法进行概括，并用形象材料来思维，是一切高等生物所共有的。形象思维是与神经机制的连接论相适应的。模式识别、图象处理、视觉信息加工都属于这个范畴。2018/11/11 26史忠植 高级人工智能lThis paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control system which realizes the function of temperature measuremen
47、t and control by using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the system are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature sensor.抽象思维抽象思维是一种基于抽象概念的思维形式，通过符号信息处理进行思维。只有语言的出现，抽象思维才成为可能，语言和思维互相促进，互相推动。可以认为物理符号系统是抽象思维的基础。2018/11/11 27史忠植 高级
48、人工智能lThis paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control system which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the system are AT89C51 microcontro
49、ller and DS18B20 temperature sensor.灵感 思维对灵感思维至今研究甚少。有人认为 , 灵感思维是形象思维扩大到潜意识 ,人脑有一部分对信息进行加工 , 但是人并没有意识到。也有人认为 , 灵感思维是顿悟。灵感思维在创造性思维中起重要作用 , 有待进行深入研究。2018/11/11 28史忠植 高级人工智能lThis paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control system which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the sy
