1、Section B Culture Shock,Reading for the Main Ideas in Paragraphs Being able to determine the main idea of a passage is one of the most useful skills you can develop. It is a skill you can apply to any kind of reading. The main idea of a passage is the thought that is present from the beginning to th
2、e end. In a well-written paragraph, most of the sentences support, describe or explain the main idea. Writers most frequently use the first sentence of a paragraph to state the main idea, as is clear from the following example taken from Reading Passage A:,Consequently, we work hard at the task of s
3、aving time. We produce a steady flow of labor-saving devices; we communicate rapidly through faxes, phone calls or emails rather than through personal contacts, which though pleasant, take longer - especially given our traffic-filled streets. We, therefore, save most personal visiting for after work
4、 hours or for social weekend gatherings. (Para. 5, Reading Passage A, Unit 1) Main idea: We work hard at the task of saving time.,Section B Culture Shock,However, the main idea sentence may also appear in other places: in the middle or at the end of a paragraph. Sometimes, there is no sentence in th
5、e paragraph that directly states the main idea. The main idea is simply left unstated or implied.,Section B Culture Shock,Reading for the Main Ideas in Paragraphs The particular reading skill introduced for this unit is reading for the main idea in a paragraph. This skill is one of the most useful r
6、eading skills students can develop. Finding the main idea is necessary for the understanding of a piece of writing. The main idea of a paragraph is usually stated by one of the sentences in the paragraph. The main idea sentence is commonly known as “a topic sentence” or “a topic statement”. It may a
7、ppear in one of several places in the paragraph. Most frequently the first sentence of a paragraph states the main idea, as is clear from the following example taken from Reading Passage A:,Section B culture Shock,However, the main idea sentence may also appear in other places: in the middle or at t
8、he end of a paragraph. Look at two more examples taken from Reading Passage A: 1. “We are slaves to nothing but the clock,” it has been said. Time is treated as if it were something almost real. We budget it, save it, waste it, steal it, kill it, cut it, account for it; we also charge for it. It is
9、a precious resource. Many people have a rather acute sense of the shortness of each lifetime. Once the sands have run out of a persons hourglass, they cannot be replaced. We want every minute to count. (Para. 2, Reading Passage A, Unit 1) Main Idea: It (= Time) is a precious resource. In this paragr
10、aph the main idea appears in the middle of the paragraph.,Section B Culture Shock,The U. S. is definitely a telephone country. Almost everyone uses the telephone to conduct business, to chat with friends, to make or break social appointments, to say “Thank you,” to shop and to obtain all kinds of in
11、formation. Telephones save the feet and endless amounts of time. This is due partly to the fact that telephone service is superb here, whereas the postal service is less efficient. (Para. 7, Reading Passage A, Unit 1) Main idea: The U. S. is definitely a telephone country.,Section B culture Shock,2.
12、 Americans believe no one stands still. If you are not moving ahead, you are falling behind. This attitude results in a nation of people committed to researching, experimenting and exploring. Time is one of the two elements that Americans save carefully, the other being labor. (Para. 1, Reading Pass
13、age A, Unit 1) Main Idea: Time is one of the two elements that Americans save carefully, the other being labor. In this paragraph the main idea appears at the end of this paragraph.,Section B culture Shock,Please notice that sometimes there is no sentence in the paragraph which directly states the m
14、ain idea. That doesnt mean that there isnt a main idea in the paragraph, only the main idea is implied. In these cases you have to write a sentence to sum up the main idea of the paragraph,Section B culture Shock,(Culture Shock) Do you think studying in a different country is something that sounds v
15、ery exciting? Like many young people who leave home to study in another country, do you think you would have lots of desirable fun? Certainly, it is a new experience, which brings the opportunity of discovering fascinating things and a feeling of freedom.,Section B Culture Shock,Text,Section B Cultu
16、re Shock,In spite of these advantages, however, there are also some challenges you will encounter. Because your views may clash with the different beliefs, norms, values, and traditions that exist in different countries, you may have difficulty adjusting to a new culture and to those parts of the cu
17、lture not familiar to you. This is culture shock. Evidently, at least four essential stages of culture-shock adjustment occur.,Section B Culture Shock,The first stage is called “the honeymoon.” In this stage, you feel excitement about living in a different place, and everything seems to be marvelous
18、. You like everything, and everybody seems to be so nice to you. Also, the amusement of life in a new culture seems as though it will have no ending.,Eventually, however, the second stage of culture shock appears. This is the “hostility stage.” You begin to notice that not everything culture. Moreov
19、er, people dont treat you like a guest anymore. awful, and everything makes you feel distressed and tired. is as good as you had originally thought it was. You become tired of many things about the new,. The last stage of culture shock is called “adjustment.” In this stage, you have reached a point
20、where you actually feel good because you have learned enough to understand the new culture. The things that initially made you feel uncomfortable or strange are now things that you understand. This acquisition of understanding alleviates much of the stress. Now you feel comfortable; you have adjuste
21、d to the new culture.,Section B Culture Shock,Evidently, culture shock is something you cannot avoid when living in a foreign country. It does not seem like a very helpful experience when you are going through its four stages. However, when you have completely adjusted to a new culture you can more
22、fully enjoy it. You learn how to interact with other people, and you learn a considerable amount about life in a culture that is not your own. Furthermore, learning about other cultures and how to adjust to the shock of living in them helps you learn more about yourself.,Section B Culture Shock,Sect
23、ion B Culture Shock,Language Points,Section B Culture Shock,Do you think studying in a different country is something that sounds very exciting? 你认为在异国留学是一种听上去非常让人兴奋的事情吗？,Please note the use of “sound” as a verb in the following examples though you are familiar with the word as a noun. It is a linki
24、ng verb, which can be directly followed by an adjective, a noun or a prepositional phrase. Your plan sounds quite reasonable. 你的的计划听起来很有道理。 Your idea sounds like a good one. 你的想法听起来很好。,Section B Culture Shock,desirable: a. worth having, doing or desiring because it is useful, necessary, or popular 令
25、人向往的；值得有的；合意的 It is most desirable that they should both come. 他们俩人都来最理想了。 Please notice: in the structure “It is desirable that .”, the verb in the that-clause is usually in the subjunctive form or “should” is used before the main verb. It is desirable that she leave (or: should leave) the company
26、immediately. 明智的做法是她立即离开公司。,Section B Culture Shock,desirable: a. worth having, doing or desiring because it is useful, necessary, or popular 令人向往的；值得有的；合意的 It is most desirable that they should both come. 他们俩人都来最理想了。 Please notice: in the structure “It is desirable that .”, the verb in the that-cla
27、use is usually in the subjunctive form or “should” is used before the main verb. It is desirable that she leave (or: should leave) the company immediately. 明智的做法是她立即离开公司。,Certainly, it is a new experience, which brings the opportunity of discovering fascinating things and a feeling of freedom. 这当然是人
28、生新的经历，它会给你带来机会, 去发现许多迷人的东西, 获得一种自由感。,Section B Culture Shock,Section B Culture Shock,fascinating: a. interesting and able to attract 有极大吸引力的，迷人的 The sight was so fascinating that I could not take my eyes off it. 景色如此迷人，我都无法移开视线。, a feeling of freedom. (Para.1)Please note that the word “feeling” is o
29、ften used in the structure “ feeling(s) of ”. a feeling of discomfort 不舒服的感觉 a feeling of hunger饥饿感 a feeling of danger 危险感,Section B Culture Shock,In spite of:not to be prevented by;notwithstanding 虽然；不顾；尽管。仍 They went out in spite of the rain 尽管下雨，他们仍然出去。 In spite of all his efforts he failed. 他虽然
30、做了各种努力，仍然失败了。,Section B Culture Shock,Because your views may clash with the different beliefs, norms, values, and traditions that exist in different countries, 因为你的观点可能会与存在于不同国家的不同信念、准则、价值观念和传统发生冲突。,Section B Culture Shock,Section B Culture Shock,clash (with): vi. disagree seriously, come into argum
31、ent or non-agreement state 严重不一致，冲突 The couple clashed on the question of where to spend their holidays. 夫妻俩对上哪儿去度假意见不一致。 2. come together and fight 冲突，交锋，遭遇,tradition: n. custom or belief that has existed for a long time 传统，惯例 follow a tradition 遵从传统 They decided to break with tradition. 他们决定打破惯例。
32、Its a tradition to sing “Jingle Bells“ at Christmas. 圣诞节唱铃儿响叮当是一种传统。,Section B Culture Shock,become or make suited (to new conditions) 使适应（新环境），适应 I cant adjust to living on my own. 我无法适应独立生活。,Section B Culture Shock,familiar to: If sth. is familiar to you, it is well known to you or you often exper
33、ience/encounter it. 为. . 所熟悉的，常见（听）到的 The facts are familiar to every schoolboy. 这些事实是每个小学生都熟悉的。 facts that are familiar to every schoolboy每个男学生都熟悉的事实 Compare: familiar with: If you are familiar with sth., you have a good knowledge of it or you know it in detail. Are you familiar with the rules of b
34、aseball? 你熟悉棒球规则吗?,Section B Culture Shock,Evidently, at least four essential stages of culture-shock adjustment occur. 很明显，在人们适应文化冲击的过程中至少会出现四个主要阶段。,Section B Culture Shock,Section B Culture Shock,evidently: ad. obviously; it is plain that; it is proved by clear signs that 明显地 Evidently he has deci
35、ded to leave. 显然他已决定离开了。 She should have been here two hours ago so shes evidently decided not to come after all. 她应该在两个小时前就到这儿了，所以很明显，她终究还是决定不来了。,The first stage is called “the honeymoon.” In this stage, you feel excitement about living in a different place, and everything seems to be marvelous 第一阶
36、段叫做“蜜月期”。 在这一阶段里，你会感觉到生活在一个不同国度里很兴奋，而且每一样东西看上去都妙不可言。,Section B Culture Shock,Section B Culture Shock,excitement: n. U the state of being excited 兴奋，激动，刺激（尤指令人愉快的事引起的） The news caused great excitement. 那个消息使人特别兴奋。,the amusement of life in a new culture seems as though it will have no ending. 新的文化中的生活
37、乐趣好像是无穷无尽的。,Section B Culture Shock,Section B Culture Shock,amusement: n. C sth. that makes ones time pass pleasantly 娱乐（消遣）活动，娱乐品，娱乐场所 The hotel offers its guests a wide variety of amusements. 这家旅馆为客人们提供各式各样的娱乐活动。 2.U state of being amused 娱乐，快乐 To everybodys amusement, the actor fell off the stage
38、. 那个演员从舞台上掉了下来，大家都感到好笑。,marvelous: a. wonderful; excellent 惊奇的，奇妙的，不可思议的 The performance is simply marvelous. 演出精彩极了！ a marvelous opportunity 绝好的机会 Its marvelous that we can at last buy our own house. 太好了，我们终于能购买自己的房子了。,Section B Culture Shock,This is the “hostility stage.” 这是 “敌意阶段”。 hostility: n.
39、strong reaction against; unfriendliness 敌意，敌对，敌视 There is now open hostility between the two leaders. 两位领导人之间的敌意已经公开化了。 2.U being against 抵制，反对,Section B Culture Shock,You become tired of many things about the new culture. Moreover, people dont treat you like a guest anymore 你会对新的文化里的许多东西都感到厌倦。 此外，人
40、们也不再把你当作一个客人来对待了。,Section B Culture Shock,Section B Culture Shock,(be) tired of: (be) impatient or have no interest in sb. or sth. 讨厌，不耐烦，厌烦 Im tired of your negative comments. 你的批评我已经听烦了。 When youre tired of one dress, change to another. 如果你一件衣服穿腻了，可以换一件。,and everything makes you feel distressed an
41、d tired. 而且每一样东西都使你感到苦恼和厌倦。,Section B Culture Shock,Section B Culture Shock,Distressed: 1. U (cause of) great pain, sadness, suffering, etc. 痛苦，苦恼，忧伤（的原因） Her death was a great distress to all the family. 她的去世使全家人感到万分悲痛。 Two in distress makes sorrow less. 同病相怜。 2. U suffering (caused by lack of mone
42、y, food, etc.) （缺钱、缺食物造成的）穷苦，贫困,you devise some defense mechanisms to help you cope and to protect yourself against the effects of culture shock. 你会想出一些帮助你对付和保护自己免受文化冲击的影响的保护性办法。,Section B Culture Shock,Section B Culture Shock,devise: vt. create or invent (a plan, method, etc.) by careful thought 想出
43、（计划），发明（设备、工具） The teacher has devised a new method of teaching foreign languages. 那位老师发明了一种教授外语的新方法。,mechanism: C【心】心理机制，机理 Her offensive way is just a defense mechanism. 她的粗鲁不过是出于防卫心理。 C method or steps for getting things done 手法，技巧，途径 The mechanism for collecting taxes needs improving. 收税制度需要改进 D
44、rug and alcohol are sometimes used as an escape mechanism. 吸毒和酗酒有时被当作逃避（现实）的方法。,Section B Culture Shock,cope: vi. (of a person) deal with sth. difficult successfully 成功地）应付，能对付 The problems were a hard nut, but we managed to cope. 这些问题是很棘手的，但我们设法去加以解决。 The verb “cope” is used with the preposition “w
45、ith” if it is followed by an object. She is not a competent driver and cant cope with driving in heavy traffic. 她不是个称职的司机, 在交通拥挤时就开不好车。,Section B Culture Shock,The third kind of defense mechanism is called “isolation.” 第三种保护性办法叫做”孤立法”。 isolation: n. U keeping oneself alone; separating from others 隔离
46、，孤立，分解，分离 They live in complete isolation in a mountain. 他们在一座山里过着完全与世隔绝的生活。 fight in isolation 孤军奋战,Section B Culture Shock,One type of coping mechanism is called “repression.” 其中有一种办法叫做“压抑法”。 repression: n. C,U a psychological term meaning actively preventing an unwelcome thought from conscious aw
47、areness （心理学）压抑 The repression of your true feelings is harmful to your health. 压抑你的真实感情有害健康。,Section B Culture Shock,With isolation, you try to avoid the effects of culture shock, 你想把自己孤立起来以避免文化冲击的影响，,Section B Culture Shock,avoid: vt. keep oneself away from; prevent, stop sth. from happening 避开，逃避
48、 To avoid traffic tie-up, we took the subway to the railway station. 我们乘坐地铁去火车站以避开交通堵塞。 Please notice that if “avoid” is directly followed by another verb, then the verb should be used in its -ing form. He tried to avoid answering my questions.,Section B Culture Shock,The last type of defense mechan
49、ism is called “rejection.” 最后一种保护性办法叫做“排斥法”。 rejection: n. C,U refusing to accept, consider or use 拒绝，被拒，抛弃，被弃 The companys rejection made him disappointed. 公司的回绝令他很失望。 He keeps applying for jobs, but is given rejections only. 他不断写信求职，但一次次地被回绝。,Section B Culture Shock,helpful helpful: a. giving help; useful 有帮助的；有益的 Hes always very helpful to his mother. 他对他母亲总是很有帮助。 a helpful friend 益友,Section B Culture Shock,
