1、习语的翻译,1 生存环境的差异 习语的产生与人们的劳动和生活密切相关。英国是个岛国，历史上航海业曾一度领先世界；而汉民族在亚洲大陆生活繁衍，人们的生活离不开土地。比喻花钱浪费大手大脚，英语是spend money like water，而汉语是“挥金如土”。英语中有许多关于船和水的习语，在汉语中没有完全形同的对应语，如to rest on ones oars（暂时歇一歇）；to keep ones head above water （奋力图存）；all at sea（不知所措）。,2 习俗的差异,英汉习俗的差异是多方面的，最典型的莫过于在对狗这种动物的态度上。狗在汉语里是一种卑微的动物，汉语中
2、与狗有关的习语大都含有贬义：狐朋狗党、狗急跳墙、狼心狗肺、狗腿子等。而在西方国家，狗被认为是人类最忠诚的朋友。英语中有关狗的习语大部分没有贬义，常以狗的形象来比喻人的行为：You are a luck dog.（你是幸运儿），Every dog has his day.（凡人皆有得意日），Old dog will not learn new tricks.（老人学不了新东西）等。形容人病得厉害用：as sick as a dog，累极了用dog-tired。与此相反，中国人十分喜爱猫，用“馋猫”比喻人贪嘴，常有亲昵成分，而在西方文化中，猫用来比喻“包藏祸心的女人”。,3 宗教信仰,与宗教信仰有
3、关的习语也大量出现在英汉语言中。佛教传入中国已有一千多年的历史，人们相信有“佛主”在左右着人间的一切，与此有关的习语有很多，“借花献佛”、“闲时不烧香，临时抱佛脚”等。在西方许多国家，特别是英美，人们信奉基督教，相关的习语如：God helps those who help themselves（上帝帮助自助的人），也有Go to hell （下地狱去）这样的诅咒。,4 历史典故,英汉两种语言还有大量由历史典故形成的习语，这些习语结构简单、意义深远，往往是不能单从字面意义去理解和翻译的。如“东施效颦”。英语典故习语多来自圣经和希腊罗马神话，如Achilles heel（唯一致命的弱点）,mee
4、t ones waterloo（一败涂地），Penelopes web（永远完不成的工作），a Pandoras box（潘多拉之盒，即灾难、麻烦、祸害的根源）等。,习语的翻译方法,翻译习语的标准首先是传达本意，其次是尽量保留文化特色和语言特色，所以根据具体情况，习语的翻译大致有以下几种： 1 等值译法 英语中有些习语和汉语的表达方法完全或者基本相同，这个时侯照译即可。如： As cold as ice 冰冷 To fish for praise 沽名钓誉 To strike while the iron is hot 趁热打铁 Knowledge is power. 知识就是力量。 Thro
5、ugh fire and flood 赴汤蹈火,Castle in the air 空中楼阁 A bolt from the blue 晴天霹雳 To hang by a hair 千钧一发 To show the cloven hook 露马脚 Who has never tasted bitter, knows not what is sweet不知苦中苦，难得甜上甜。,2 直译法,有些习语在汉语里找不到相应的习语，但直接把原有的形象翻译出来并不妨碍读者理解，如：armed to the teeth（武装到牙齿）、Trojan horse（特洛伊木马）、a wolf in sheeps c
6、lothing （披着羊皮的狼）。 As black as a crow As brave as a loin As busy as a bee As faithful as a dog As light as a feather As motionless as a statue As proud as a peacock,As quiet as a lamb As rigid as a stone As sharp as a knife As small as a pins head As straight as an arrow As thick as a wall Quick like
7、 lightning No smoke without fire A stitch in time saves nine.,Forbidden fruit is sweet. Out of sight, out of mind. No mill, no meal. Easy come, easy go. Half a loaf is better than no bread. If you run after two hares, youll catch neither.,3 意译法,有时对英语习语中的形象不了解，而这个形象又不易或没必要解释，那么就应该根据情况采取只翻译意义的方法。 A wh
8、ite elephant to carry coals to Newcastle A hundred to one, it will be a success. When Greek meets Greek, then comes the tug of war. Out of the frying-pan into the fire She is now between the devil and deep sea on this matter. Everyone has a fool in his sleeve. The matter was finally settled under th
9、e table. This testimony puts quite a new face on the whole matter.,4 替换法,As blind as a bat As timid as a hare On pins and needles To wake up a sleeping dog To beat the dog before the lion Lock the door after the horse is stolen. He who take the charge knows the responsibility.,Poor by condition, ric
10、h by ambition Where there is a will, there is a way It takes two to make a quarrel. As a man sows, so he shall reap. Dont wash your dirty linen in public. To burn ones boats A drop in the bucket More haste, less speed,To kill the goose that lays the golden eggs. She always throws her cares to the wi
11、nds. He is shooting off his mouth. He does not know the first thing of economy. To make a mountain out of the molehill. To throw ones weight about To turn over a new leaf To be wet behind the ears,To jump out of ones skin To kick down the ladder After ones heart To fish in the air To reap what one h
12、as sown He that sows the wind will reap the whirlwind.,1 常见知识点,英语中牛分为cattle, bull, cow, ox, buffalo等。其中， cattle是集合名词，是bull（公牛）, bullocks（阉牛）, cow（母牛，奶牛）的总称，相当于oxen。 Oxen是ox的复数。 Ox是耕牛，calf是小牛。,2 常见知识点,A herd of cattle; cattle and sheep; cowboy; beef (beefs beeves); beefsteak; dried beef; bullnecked;
13、bull horn; bull-headed; cow pox; moo; cow skin; mad cow disease; bull fight; bull fighter; bull session; bullshit; wild ox dumb ox; bulls eye; the Chicago Bull,习语,1 Holly cow 2 milk cow 3 shoot the bull 4 throw the bulls 5 an old cow licking her calf 6 a bull in a china shop 7 like a bull at a (five
14、-barred) gate,8 bull of the woods 9 milk the bull 10 take the bull by the horns 11 get into the tip of a bulls horn 12 Irish bull 13 a cock-and-bull story,值得注意的是，因为动物词汇的联想含义的不同，很多汉、英有关牛的词语往往找不到一致的表达，常常用其他动物的词汇来转义。 牛脾气 过牛马不如的生活 对牛弹琴 牛饮 牛不喝水强按头 直到猴年马月,谚语及经典牛句,1 The cow thats first up gets the first of
15、 the dew. 2 Cows that feed on the grass and chickens live on grain; everyone has his own bliss. 3 Calf love, half love; old love, cold love. 4 He that steals an egg will steal an ox. 5 Many good cows have evil calves.,6 You cant sell the cow and drink the milk. 7 If the ox falls, whet your knife. 8
16、An ox is taken by the horn, and the man by his tongue. 9 The black ox has trod on his foot. 10 Horses jaws do not match cows head.,典故,Bull market;牛市 Bull market也作bullish market，也称多头市场，指证券市场买入者多于卖出者，行情普遍看涨，延续时间较长的大升市。牛市的来历离不开熊市（bear market）。所谓熊市也指空头市场，指行情普遍看淡，延续时间相对较大的大跌市。熊市的典故来自于一个古老的故事，指一个人没有抓到熊就想卖
17、掉熊皮。在股市中指卖掉股票，以期在价格更低时在买入，以谋求利润。,专家对牛市的起源还有争议。但有专家指出，牛市与牛、熊两种动物的联系相关。在多年前的英国，“牛熊相争”很流行。熊市表示股价下降，牛市当然就是股价上涨。也有人这样分析：公牛更有蛮劲，更有攻击性；虽然兄也十分强壮，但和见人就顶的公牛比起来，他们善于沉思，并易于撤退。牛行走时总是抬着头，而熊是直立行走，脑袋朝下看，所以总是低着头。股市向上涨，当然是抬头，所以是牛市，反之则是熊市。,John Bull John Bull来源自1727年苏格兰作家John Arbuthnot出版的讽刺小说The History of John Bull约翰
18、牛的生平。主人公约翰牛是英国自由民，为人粗暴冷酷，桀骜不驯，颇有些牛劲。他盛气凌人，欺辱弱者，如果谁流露出对他稍有不满，他立即摆出一副格斗的架势。作者通过这一形象暗喻当年英国的专横跋扈，抨击民权党（自由党前身）的好战策略。显然这个绰号最初含贬义色彩。约翰牛很固执，但心地善良。随着小说的流行约翰牛成了英国人自嘲其傲慢、固执的形象。 随着社会的变迁，约翰牛的形象也发生了很大改变，以头戴宽边礼帽、足蹬翻口皮鞋、身穿夹克衫、印有英国国旗的绅士模样出现在漫画上，原来的贬义逐渐消失。也就成了英国的代名词。,熟悉下列习语的意义：,1 to have an axe to grind 2 to take thr
19、ough ones hat 3 neither fish nor fowl 4 a fly in the ointment 5 to call a spade a spade 6 In pigs whisper 7 a cats paw 8 to break even,9 to cut no ice 10 to hang up the fiddle 11 to keep the pot boiling 12 to stick to ones guns 13 dont cross the bridge until you get to it 14 stick to ones last 15 wa
20、lk on air 16 break the air,17 poke ones nose into 18 to talk like a Dutch uncle 19 to take a French leave 20 to shoot Niagara 21 to throw a wet blanket 22 to be in the red 23 to beat a dead horse 24 to bet on the wrong horse,25 A horse of another color 26 To fish in troubled waters 27 to spend money
21、 like water 28 to return good for evil 29 to show ones color 30 to turn over a new leaf 31 stony heart/ have a heart of stone 32 plain sailing,33 in black and white 34 flesh and blood 35 to be led by the nose 36 to show ones cards 37 to turn a deaf ear to 38 to pick bones from an egg 39 facts speak
22、louder than words. 40 Failure is the mother of success.,41 Honesty is the best policy. 42 Children and fools tell the truth. 43 Evil is rewarded with evil. 44 Content is happiness. 45 Know your own faults before blaming others for theirs. 44 Men may meet but mountains never. 47 It is an ill wind tha
23、t blows nobody any good. 48 Betty cooked her goose when she cheated in the exam.,49 Thereafter Grandpa was in the doghouse for days, and I was not allowed to be alone with him at all. 50 This is a fine kettle of fish. I forgot my book. 51 Last night I heard him driving his pigs to market. 52 Twenty
24、to one, it will rain tonight. 53 When he talks with girls, he always feels like a fish out of water. 54 Listening to classical music is my cup of tea. 55 His father is a man who forgives and forgets.,有关dog的习语：,Barking dogs never bite. Beware of a silent dog and still water. Dogs does not eat dog. Du
25、mb dogs are dangerous. Every dog has his day. Better be the head of a dog than the tail of a lion.,Help a lame dog over a stile. A good dog deserves a good bone. An old dog like him never barks in vain. Whenever he barks, he always has some wise counsel worth listening to. We still love each other v
26、ery much, but we fight like cat and dog.,狗胆包天 狗急跳墙 狗皮膏药 狗眼看人低 狗拿耗子，多管闲事 画虎不成反类犬/画虎类狗 嫁鸡随鸡，嫁狗随狗,金窝，银窝，不如家里的狗窝。 狗咬吕洞宾，不识好人心。 狗嘴里吐不出象牙。,Times tries all. 路遥知马力，日久见人心。 Tomorrow never comes. 我生待明日，万事成蹉跎。 God helps those who help themselves. 天道酬勤。 It is easy to open a shop but hard to keep it always open. 创业易守成难。 He is not fit to command others that cannot command himself. 正人先正己。,
