1、Chapter 1: Managing the Digital Firm,1.1 Why information systems? 1.2 Perspectives on Information Systems 1.3 Contemporary Approaches to Information Systems 1.4 Learning to Use Information Systems: New Opportunities with Technology,1.2 Perspectives on Information Systems,Data and information Informa
2、tion systems from technically perspective Computer-Based Information System (CBIS) A Business Perspective on Information Systems,Questions:,What is data? What is information? What is the difference between data and information?,DATA & INFORMATION（P13）,DATA: Streams of raw facts representing events o
3、ccurring in organizations or the physical environment before they have been organized and arranged into a form that people can understand and use.,数据：是指未经加工成人们所能理解和使用的形式的，代表组织和物质环境中发生的事件，未经加工的事实。通常定义为“对客观事物记录下来的,可以鉴别的符号”,INFORMATION: Data that have been shaped into a form that is meaningful and usef
4、ul to human beings in processes such as making decisions.,信息：是指经过加工并对客观世界产生影响的数据。,DATA & INFORMATION（P13）,Data and Information (P15),Figure 1-5,1.2 Perspectives on Information Systems,Data and information Information systems from technically perspective Computer-Based Information System (CBIS) A Bus
5、iness Perspective on Information Systems,SYSTEM:,INPUT,OUTPUT,PROCESS,A system is a group of interrelated components working together toward a common goal by accepting inputs and producing outputs in an organized transformation process.,Example: a manufacturing system,INPUT of raw materials,OUTPUT o
6、f finished products,Manufacturing PROCESS,Information systems from technically perspective (P13),A set of interrelated components that collect (or retrieve), process, store, and distribute information to support decision making and control in an organization.,Figure 1-6,Functions of an Information S
7、ystem (P16),1.2 Perspectives on Information Systems,Information systems from technically perspective Data and information Computer-Based Information System (CBIS) A Business Perspective on Information Systems,COMPUTER-BASED INFORMATION SYSTEMS(CBIS)（P16）,Information systems that rely on computer har
8、dware and software technology to process and disseminate information.,IS-CBIS,COMPUTER-BASED INFORMATION SYSTEMS(CBIS),Formal information systems Rely on computer hardware and software Processing and disseminating information Fixed definitions of data and procedures Collecting, storing, and using in
9、formation,1.2 Perspectives on Information Systems,Information systems from technically perspective Data and information Computer-Based Information System (CBIS) A Business Perspective on Information Systems,1. Old Business Process,When an IBM field salesman called in with a request for financing, he
10、 or she reached one of fourteen people sitting around a conference room table. The person talking the call logged the request for a deal on a piece of paper. A specialist entered the information into a computer system and checked the potential borrowers creditworthiness.The specialist wrote the resu
11、lt of the credit check on the piece of paper and dispatched it to business practice department. A person modified the standard loan covenant in response to customer request, and attached the special term to the request form. A pricer keyed the data into a personal computer spreadsheet to determine t
12、he appropriate interest rate to charge the customer, and wrote the rate on a piece of paper and delivered to a clerical group. An administrator turned all this information into a quote letter and delivered to the field sales representative by Federal Express.,CASE1：IBM Credit Corporation,Customer Co
13、mplain：the entire process was too long，customer cannot know the status of the deal。 2.Improvement : (1) Install a control desk：花费的时间更长; (2) 处理加急申请的办法： 打乱了原来的排队和办事员的常规工作，其代价是其他的申请需要七天以上。,CASE1：IBM Credit Corporation,(3)The business process based on application of information systems,CASE1：IBM Credit
14、Corporation,(4)应用效果,签发一项贷款所需的时间从平均7天减少到4个小时，时间减少了90%多。处理的交易的数量增加了100倍，进而大大提高了IBM总公司的销售业绩。,CASE1：IBM Credit Corporation,CASE2：FORD公司采购流程的变革,（1）原来的流程,由采购部发订单给供应商，同时将订单的副本交给财务会计部； 等供应商把货物运到公司，同时供应商也开出发票，送交财务会计部； 验收单位（仓库）便会将有关验收的情形，详细登录在表格上，接着将表格转交财务会计部； 于是财务会计部便有了三种有关货物的文件：订单、验收单和发票。如果三者一致，则付款，否则，就调查，写
15、出报告，送交有关部门。,CASE2：FORD公司采购流程的变革,（2）应用信息技术以后的流程,采购部,验收单位,当供应商将货物运抵仓库后，验收员便查数据库中有无相一致的订单，若有，则验收入库，并把入库信息输入到数据库，计算机在接到货物验收的信息后便会在适当的时间内自动签发支票给供应商。另一方面，若货物不符合订单上的要求，验收员便会拒绝收货，并将它们退货给供应商。,（3）应用信息技术以后的效果,在新的采购过程中，由于有了共享的数据库系统，财务会计部的工作已很少了。这样，通过整个采购过程的重组，使财务会计部的人由400多人下降到125人，而且工作效率大大提高。,CASE2：FORD公司采购流程的变
16、革,CASE3：某设备技术有限公司顾客服务流程,当设备出现故障时，顾客通过电话、传真或信件通知该公司的服务中心。 中心工作人员登记顾客的反馈信息，交负责人处理。 负责人查阅顾客的档案，分析能否解决问题，并指定责任人维修工程师。 故障分析，维修准备，奔赴顾客现场。故障诊断，排除故障。如有问题，则通过传真、电话向公司总部（深圳）技术人员咨询。维修完成，拜访客户主管。 维修工程师向有关管理人员汇报维修情况。工作人员登记处理结果。,顾客,工作人员,维修负责人,维修工程师,维修工程师,工作人员,Customer Service Process Based on Internet Information
17、Systems,Customer,Service center,MaintenanceEngineer,Technology Support,Information Systems (Call Center),BBS Database,Cases database,Diagnosis Expert Sys.,1,2,3,4,Internet,利用信息系统，将员工个人经验转化成企业经验，群件（Groupware）消除距离上的障碍，共享知识和经验，提高服务水平。,“知识共享就是力量”,CASE3：某设备技术有限公司顾客服务流程,“信息共享就是资源”,A Business Perspective o
18、n Information Systems : (P18),An Information System is an organizational and management solution , based on information technology, to a challenge posed by the environment.,I am very important!,MIS=管理+组织+技术,A Business Perspective on Information Systems :,Information systems are more than just techno
19、logy. Businesses invest in IS in order to create value and increase profitability. Information systems are an organizational and management solution to business challenges that arise from the business environment.,A Business Perspective on Information Systems : (P18),Based on information technology
20、but also require significant investment in organizational and management changes and innovations. IS create value primarily by changing business processes and management decision making.,The Business Information Value Chain (P19),Information Systems Are More than Computers,Information systems litera
21、cy & Computer literacy (P19),Information systems literacy: Broad-based understanding of information systems that includes behavioral knowledge about organizations, management and individuals using information systems as well as technical knowledge about computers Computer literacy: Knowledge about i
22、nformation technology, focusing on understanding how computer technologies work,REVIEW,DaimlerChryslers Agile Supply Chain,DaimlerChryslers Agile Supply Chain,Business Challenges,Management,Organization,Information Technology,Analyze market trends Monitor quality, efficiency, and costsRedesign produ
23、ction and supplier processesDeploy Powerway Deploy Global Supplier Portal Deploy Integrated Volume Planning System,Very tough competition Fickle customers Short product-to-market cycle,Information System,Monitor quality Forecast demand and plant capacity more accurately,Business Solution,Reduce cost
24、s Increase revenue Improve customer service,Dimensions of Information Systems,Three Important Dimensions of Information Systems Organizations Managers Technology You will need to understand and balance these dimensions of information systems in order to create business value.,Organizations (P20),Str
25、ucture * Business processes (p12) * People Managers, knowledge workers, data workers, production or service workers (p21) * Culture Politics,Major Business Functions Rely on Information Systems (P21:Table1-2),Sales and marketing Manufacturing Finance Accounting Human resources,Business processes (p1
26、2),Business processes refer to the set of logically related tasks and behaviors that organizations develop over time to produce specific business results and the unique manner in which these activities are organized and coordinated.,Knowledge workers, Data workers and Production or service workers (
27、P21),Knowledge workers: People such as engineers or architects who design products or services and create knowledge for the organization. Data workers: People such as secretaries or bookkeepers who process the organizations paperwork. Production or service workers: People who actually produce the pr
28、oducts or services of the organization.,Management- Activities of managers and management (P21),Senior managers: People occupying the topmost hierarchy in an organization who are responsible for making long-range strategic decisions. Middle managers: People in the middle of the organizational hierar
29、chy who are responsible for carrying out the programs and plans of senior management. Operational managers: People who are responsible for monitoring the firms daily activities.,Technology (P22),Information technology is one of many tools managers use to cope with change Hardware: Physical equipment
30、 Software: Detailed preprogrammedinstructions Storage: Physical media for storing data and the software,Technology (P22),Communications technology: Transfers data from one physical location to another Networks: Links computers to share data or resources Managers need to know enough about information
31、 technology to make intelligent decisions about how to use it for creating business value.,Complementary Social, Managerial, and Organizational Assets (P25: Table 1-3),Organizational assets Managerial assets Social assets,Variation in Returns on Information Technology Investment (P24 Figure1-9),Figu
32、re 1-9,Chapter 1: Managing the Digital Firm,1.1 Why information systems? 1.2 Perspectives on Information Systems 1.3 Contemporary Approaches to Information Systems 1.4 Learning to Use Information Systems: New Opportunities with Technology,Approaches to information systems（P26）,BEHAVIORAL APPROACHES,
33、Sociotechnical perspective (P28),Optimize system performance:Technology & organization mutually adjust to one another until fit is satisfactory.,A Sociotechnical Perspective on Information Systems,Figure 1-11 P28,P27,In this book, we stress the need to optimize the performance of the system as a who
34、le. Both the technical and behavioral components need attention. This means that technology must be changed and designed in such a way as to fit organizational and individual needs. At times, the technology may have to be “de-optimized” to accomplish this fit. Organizations and individuals must also
35、 be changed through training, learning, and planned organizational change in order to allow the technology to operate and prosper.,Chapter 1: Managing the Digital Firm,1.1 Why information systems? 1.2 Perspectives on Information Systems 1.3 Contemporary Approaches to Information Systems 1.4 Learning
36、 to Use Information Systems: New Opportunities with Technology,The major management challenges: (P32),Obtaining business value from information systems Providing appropriate complementary assets to use information technology effectively Understanding the system requirements of a global business envi
37、ronment; Creating an information technology infrastructure that is flexible enough to support changing organizational goals; Designing systems that people can control, understand, and use in a socially and ethically responsible manner.,Assignment for Chapter 1,Reading Materials Textbook: chapter 1 Group assignment Textbook: p33, Application Software Exercise: Adding Value to Information for Management Decision Making.,
