1、第三章 词汇的翻译,英汉语的词义对比,词汇意义的七种类型： 外延意义（概念意义）（denotative meaning ） 内涵意义（connotative meaning) 风格意义（stylistic meaning) 情感意义（affective meaning) 联想意义（reflective meaning) 搭配意义（collocative meaning) 主题意义（thematic meaning) -杰弗里 N 利奇 “semantics”,1.词汇的语义范围不同,英语词汇的语义范围大于汉语词汇，如英语中的kill一词和汉语中的“杀”。 1）She hysterically
2、screamed, “Ill kill you!” 她歇斯底里地叫着：“我要杀了你!” 2) Three men were killed in the accident. 有3个男子在事故中丧生。 3) The driver killed the engine before he left the car. 司机在离开车子前将发动机关掉了。 4) Your joke nearly killed me. 你的笑话真是笑死人了。 5) I often read some novel to kill time when I am alone at home. 当我一个在家时，我常通过读小说来消磨时光
3、。,汉语词汇语义范围大于英语，以“实践、经验”与“practice and experience”为例 6）总之，几年的实践证明，我们搞改革、开放的路子走对了。 In a word, our achievements in the last few years have proved the correctness of our policies of reform and opening to the outside world.,7）社会主义中国应该用实践向世界表明，中国反对霸权主义、强权政治、永不称霸。 Socialist China should show the world thro
4、ugh its actions that it is opposed to hegemonism and power politics and will never seek hegemony. 这两句话中的“实践”分别译为“achievement”和“action”，因为它们的意义显然不是practice一词所能涵盖的。,再如汉语中的“服”与英语中的“take” 8）她必须服镇静剂来使她的神经镇定。 She has to take sedatives to calm her nerves. 9）但是现在我对这项工作的价值更加信服。 But I am more convinced than e
5、ver of the value of that work. 10）我们必须服从命令。 We must obey orders. 11）哪儿能啊，我只是刚来有点儿水土不服罢了。 Come on, its because I just arrived and havent acclimated yet. 12）他们由于健康不佳而不能服兵役。 Their health disqualified them from military service. 13）他在服刑五年后从狱中释放出来。 He was released from prison after serving a sentence of
6、five years.,词汇的内涵意义不同,春天（spring）：生机盎然、生机勃勃 男子汉（man）：刚强、勇气 荷花（lotus flower）：出淤泥而不染，西方文化中没有这种涵义。 菊花（chrysanthemum）：高洁淡雅，在西方文化中有“死亡”的内涵意义。,词汇的情感意义不同,历史和文化背景的不同，决定了英汉两种语言部分词汇的不同情感意义。 龙 propaganda,词汇的联想意义不同,有的词并不具备特殊内涵，但却很容易使人联想起另一事物。 社会交际：social communication 不用social intercourse 干杯：cheers!bottom up！(臀部
7、、屁股),4.1.5 词汇的搭配意义不同同一词与不同词搭配产生不同联想，赋予不同意义。girl boy boy manwoman car Pretty- flower handsome-vesselgarden overcoatcolour airlinervillage typewriter,汉语中用得非常广泛的一些词，如“水平”、“问题”、“情况”、“形势”等，虽然在英语中有看上去对应的词level, problem, circumstance, situation，但是它们的使用频率却低得多。在有些情况下，这些词根本就不必译出来。 要用英语和外国人交流，你还得提高你的口语水平。 You
8、must further improve your spoken English if you want to communicate with foreigners in English. 那我们谈谈文艺问题。 Shall we talk about literature and arts?,课堂练习,Dont trust her comments on your new job; she is sort of a fox. 别信她说的关于你新工作的那些话，她正眼红着呢。 The old Blacksmith Jimmy is as good as gold. 老铁匠吉米是个可靠的人。,As
9、 there is no cream, well have to content ourselves with black coffee. 既然没有奶，我们就只好喝清咖啡了。 There is no way to black out the news 这消息是包不住的。 I hope that the circumstance will not lead you to reject the offered olive branch. 我希望目前的情况不至于让你拒绝我们的善意。,Last year at Christmas time my wife, three boys, and I were
10、 in France, on our way from Paris to Nice. For five wretched days everything had gone wrong. Our hotels were “tourist traps”; our rented car broke down; we were all restless and irritable in the crowded car. On Christmas Eve, when we checked into a dingy hotel in Nice, there was no Christmas spirit
11、in our hearts. 去年，在圣诞节期间，我和我的妻子以及我们的三个孩子，从法国踏上由巴黎到尼斯的旅途。由于接连五天的恶劣天气，旅途上一切很不顺心。我们下榻的旅馆尽是些敲诈勒索旅客的“陷阱”；我们租用的那辆汽车老是发生故障，在拥挤不堪的车子上大家个个显得烦躁不安。圣诞节前夕，我们住进了尼斯的一家旅店，这家旅店又脏又暗，我们打心眼里感觉不到丝毫的节日气氛。,It was raining and cold when we went out to eat. We found a drab little joint shoddily decorated for the holiday. It
12、smelled greasy. Only five tables in the restaurant were occupied. There were two German couples, two French families, and an American sailor, by himself. In the corner a piano player listlessly played Christmas music 我们外出就餐时，天正下着小雨，天气寒冷。我们找到了一家死气沉沉的小餐馆。为点缀一下节日的气氛，这家餐馆刚刚做了番粗劣的装潢。一进门就闻到一股刺鼻的油污气味。整个餐厅只
13、有五张桌子有人就餐：两对德国夫妇，两户法国家庭和一名孑然一身的美国水手。在餐厅的一个角落里，有位钢琴师在无精打采地弹奏着圣诞乐曲。,I was too stubborn and too tired and miserable to leave. I looked around and noticed that the other customers were eating in stony silence. The only person who seemed happy was the American sailor, While eating, he was writing a lette
14、r, and a halfsmile lighted his face. 我情绪低落，加之疲惫不堪，执意不愿离开这儿去找别的餐馆了。我环顾四周，见这里的顾客一个个沉默不语，只顾吃着、喝着，唯独那位美国水手看上去兴高采烈。他一边吃着，一边写信，面带微笑，神采奕奕。,汉语词汇的对称性和英语词汇的非对称性,汉语词汇的显著特征是骈偶性: 1.双音节词：眼睛、头发、手指 2.单音节字加“子、儿”等组成双音节词：椅子、桌子、妻子、女儿 3.关联词：因为所以、虽然但是 4.四字结构，即成语和新组成的词语：叶公好龙、自得之趣、改革开放,英语单词是由音节组成的单音节词和多音节词 1.英语词汇注重形式上的完整和正
15、确，较少对称的结构。 2. 英汉词汇对译的基本原则：英译汉时，汉语讲求对称，汉译英时，不考虑英语词汇形式上的对等。 A: What date is today? B: Its May 7./ Its May 17. 甲：今天几号？ 乙：5月7日。/ 5月17日。（5月7） A: How old are you? B: Im seven./ Im seventeen. 甲：你今年多大了？ 乙：我今年7岁了。/ 我今年17（岁）了。（我今年7了）,Magnificent(scenery) 美不胜收（景色） Cloudless(weather) 万里无云（天气） Towering(mountain)
16、 高耸入云（山峰） Boundless(sea) 浩瀚无垠（大海） Very rich(merchant) 腰缠万贯（商人） Interesting(story) 引人入胜（故事） Extrmely hard(conditions of life or struggle) 艰苦卓绝（条件）,She was eighteen and beautiful. 她年方18，天生丽质。 China is a vast country with rich natural resources and a large population. 中国地大物博，人口众多。 Puritans, a sizeable
17、percentage of the earliest settlers in Massachusetts, were a pious, self-disciplined people 原译：最早到麻省定居的移民中，相当大一部分是清教徒，他们是虔诚的和严于律己的人。 改译：最早到麻省定居的移民，大多为虔诚自律的清教徒。,All the wisdom of the ages, all the stories that have delighted mankind for centuries, are easily and cheaply available to all of us within
18、the covers of books. 古今往来人类的一切智慧结晶，数百年来人们津津乐道的那些故事，我们都可以轻而易举地从书本上得到。,2100万台湾同胞都是中国人，都是骨肉同胞，手足兄弟。 The 21 million compatriots in Taiwan are all Chinese and our own flesh and blood. 那两个国家在2000年奥运会上平分秋色。 The two countries had equal shares of honors in the 2000 Olympic Games.,extend in all directions 四通八
19、达 talk and laugh cheerfully 谈笑风生，欢声笑语 a world of difference 天壤之别，截然不同，天差地别 take a risk in desperation 铤而走险，孤注一掷 decline with all sorts of excuses 推三阻四，百般阻挠 await with great anxiety 望穿秋水，望眼欲穿，翘首以待 remarkably true to life 栩栩如生，惟妙惟肖,be shamed to anger 恼羞成怒，老羞成怒 hate to see sb go 恋恋不舍，依依不舍，难舍难分 walk off
20、 with sth 顺手牵羊 get instant results 立竿见影 achieve what one wishes 如愿以偿 broad daylight 光天化日 take on an entirely new look 焕然一新,How coldly and pitilessly! 多么冷酷无情! He is all fire and fight. 他怒气冲冲，来势汹汹。 Since we are friends，we dont need to beat the push, lets come to the point. 既然我们是朋友，就不必拐弯抹角，请直言不讳吧。,A fa
21、scinating city between sea and sky, like Venus rising from the waves welcome tourists from the five continents. 威尼斯水城海天相连，景色迷人，宛如碧波中涌现的维纳斯，吸引着五大洲的游客。 A slow breeze caused gentle ripples in the otherwise mirrorlike perfection of the inland sea. The distant melody of a fishmans flutenow a clear, shril
22、l, bird-like note, now a mere whisper. 晚风徐徐，吹皱了平静如镜的内海。远处传来渔人的笛音，时而清澈，时而嘹亮，时而婉转如鸟啼，时而细细如低语。,词汇的形态与翻译,几个词根相同的英语单词可以译为同一个汉语词汇。 Beauty is in the eye of the beholder. 美出自观者之心目。 She is very beautiful. 她很美。 She dances beautifully. 她舞姿很美。,一个汉语词汇在不同的语境中往往可以译成同一词根不同词类的英语单词。 他来了，我很高兴。 He arrived, which deligh
23、ted me. His arrival delighted me. His arriving delighted me. 百闻不如一见。 Seeing is believing. To see is to believe. I wont believe anything until I see it.,词义的准确理解,I was shopping in a mall 原译：我在一家商场购物。 改译：我在一家购物中心购物。 I wouldnt want my children to overhear you. 原译：我不想让我的孩子偷听你们的谈话。 改译：我不想让我的孩子听到你们的（脏）话。,T
24、he bomb, or its equivalent, had been detonated at the top of a pylon 100 feet high. 原译：这个炸弹，或者说威力相等的装置，是在一个100英尺高的塔棚起爆的。 改译：那颗炸弹，或者说相当于炸弹的东西，是在一个100英尺高的塔棚起爆的。,坚持重合同、守信用、“客户至上、竭诚服务”的宗旨。 原译：Stick to the purpose of abiding by contract and upholding good reputation and “putting customers first and offer
25、ing wholehearted service.” 改译：Stick to the principle of abiding by contract and upholding good reputation and “putting customers first and offering wholehearted service.”,无论何等人都可以用贱价买它来吃。 原译：People of all social classes can buy them at a low price. 改译：They are so cheap that anyone can afford them.,词
26、义的准确表达,Would this man receive them as fellow countrymen, or would he treat them with cold suspicion and question them cautiously about their past careers as militarists? 原译：这个人会不会像同胞手足一样接待他们呢？会不会疑虑重重，详细询问他们在军阀时代的经历呢？ 改译：这个人会不会像接待同胞手足一样接待他们呢？会不会疑虑重重，仔细盘问他们的军阀经历呢？,有时候老虎走近些，但对驴子还是敬而远之。 原译：Sometimes the
27、 tiger ventured nearer, but still kept the donkey at a respectful distance. 改译：Sometimes the tiger ventured nearer, but still kept a respectful distance from the donkey.,我们偶然看见一棵花生瑟缩地长在地上，不能立刻辨出它有没有果实，非得等到你接触它才能知道。 原译：When you come upon a peanut plant lying curled up on the ground, you can never imm
28、ediately tell whether or not it bears any nuts unitl you touch them. 改译：When you come upon a peanut lying curled up on the ground, you can never tell whether or not it bears any nuts until you dig it up.,课堂练习,His conduct is incongruous with his principles. 他的行为与他信奉的原则不一致。 Arent you sorry for what yo
29、uve done? 难道你对做过的事不感到后悔吗？ Deception is alien to me. 欺骗与我的本性格格不入。,Dont you think terrorism is the most frustrating issue in the world politics? 你不认为恐怖主义行为是世界政治中最令人头疼的问题吗？ He once again imparted to us his great knowledge experience and wisdom. 我们又一次领受了他那广博的知识、丰富的经验和无穷的智慧。 In every city, we got into th
30、e streets, shops, parks, theatres and restaurants. 我们每到一个城市，都逛大街，逛商店，逛公园，上剧场，下饭馆。,She hadnt been told Bettes other name, or shed forgotten it. 她不知道贝特的另一个名字，要不就是忘了。 There can never be too much deception in war. 打仗时要兵不厌诈。 Under such circumstance we should play for safety against making a haste. 在这种情形下
31、，我们要稳打稳扎，而不是慌慌张张。 Her new dress is an absolute dream. 她的新连衣裙漂亮极了。,Money is not everything. Theres MasterCard & Visa. 钞票不是万能的,有时还需要信用卡. One should love animals. They are so tasty. 每个人都应该热爱动物,因为它们很好吃. Love the neighbor. But dont get caught. 要用心去爱你的邻居,不过不要让她的老公知道. Behind every successful man, there is
32、a woman. And behind every unsuccessful man, there are two. 每个成功男人的背后,都有一个女人. 每个不成功男人的背后, 都有两个.,Every man should marry. After all, happiness is not the only thing in life. 再快乐的单身汉迟早也会结婚,幸福不是永久的嘛. The wise never marry, and when they marry they become otherwise. 聪明人都是未婚的,结婚的人很难再聪明起来. Success is a relat
33、ive term. It brings so many relatives. 成功是一个相关名词,他会给你带来很多不相关的亲戚(联系). Never put off the work till tomorrow what you can put off today. 不要等明天交不上差再找借口, 今天就要找好.,Love is photogenic. It needs darkness to develop. 爱情就像照片,需要暗房来培养. Your future depends on your dreams. So go to sleep. 现在的梦想决定着你的将来,所以还是再睡一会吧. T
34、here should be a better way to start a day than waking up every morning. 应该有更好的方式开始新一天,而不是千篇一律的在每个上午都醒来. Hard work never killed anybody. But why take the risk? 努力工作不会导致死亡!不过我不会用自己去证明.,Work fascinates me. I can look at it for hours! 工作好有意思耶!尤其是看着别人工作. God made relatives. Thank God we can choose our f
35、riends. 神决定了谁是你的亲戚,幸运的是在选择朋友方面他给了你留了余地. A dress is like a barbed fence. It protects the premises without restricting the view. 服饰就像铁丝网,它阻止你冒然行动但并不妨碍你尽情的观看. The more you learn, the more you know, the more you know, and the more you forget. The more you forget, the less you know. So why bother to lear
36、n. 学的越多,知道的越多, 知道的越多,忘记的越多.忘记的越多,知道的越少.为什么学来着。,Supposed you have decided to join the ranks of business owners. What are your chances of success? You may have heared some depressing news about new ventures that fail. Some reports say your chance of success is only one in three; others claim that the
37、odds are even worse. But if you decide to take the risk, why not try “franchise” and build your business on such well-known names as McDonalds? One way to avoid some of these management headaches is to invest in a franchise, an approach that enables you to use a larger companys trade name and sell i
38、ts products in a specific territory. In exchange for this right, the franchise (you, the small business owner) pays an initial fee and often monthly royalties as well to the franchiser (the corporation).,Supposed you have decided to join the ranks of business owners. What are your chances of success
39、? You may have heared some depressing news about new ventures that fail. Some reports say your chance of success is only one in three; others claim that the odds are even worse. But if you decide to take the risk, why not try “franchise” and build your business on such well-known names as McDonalds?
40、 假设你决定投身商界，你成功的几率有多大？或许你对一些新创企业破产倒闭的噩耗早有耳闻。有的报道称，你创业成功的几率仅有三分之一，有的还说得更糟。不过你若下定决心要搏一搏，为什么不试试“特许经营”，把你的生意建立在麦当劳这样的知名品牌之上呢？,One way to avoid some of these management headaches is to invest in a franchise, an approach that enables you to use a larger companys trade name and sell its products in a specific territory. In exchange for this right, the franchise (you, the small business owner) pays an initial fee and often monthly royalties as well to the franchiser (the corporation). 避免这类经营难题的方法之一就是投资特许经营。这样做你就可以使用大公司的商品名称，在特定地区里销售其产品。作为特许经营者（您，小业主），在获得这个特许权时，得付给特许授予者一笔首付金，通常还有每月应付的特许费。,
