1、Unit Four,The Cultural Patterning of Space,Teaching Plan,Warm-up Activity,Discussion: What is the most comfortable distance when you talk to a person of the opposite sex or to a foreigner? Can you provide some explanations?,Hall, Edward Twitchell (1914-),The term proxemics was introduced by anthropo
2、logist Edward T. Hall in 1959 to describe set measurable distances between people as they interact.,Background Information,Intimate distance for embracing, touching or whispering :Close phase - less than 6 inches (150 mm) :Far phase - 6 to 18 inches (150 - 450 mm) Personal distance for interactions
3、among good friends :Close phase - 1.5 to 2.5 feet (450 - 750 mm) :Far phase - 2.5 to 4 feet (750 - 1200 mm) Social distance for interactions among acquaintances :Close phase - 5 to 7 feet (1.5 - 2.1 m) :Far phase - 7 to 12 feet (2.1 - 3.6 m) Public distance used for public speaking :Close phase - 12
4、 to 25 feet (3.6 - 7.5 m) :Far phase - 25 feet (7.5 m) or more,Proxemics: personal territory,1.3.,2.,4.,M-time is one-thing-at-a-time, following a linear form so familiar in the West.an outgrowth of the industrial revolution. Monochronic cultures stress a high degree of scheduling, and an elaborate
5、code of behavior built around promptness in meeting obligations and appointments.,MONOCHRONIC AND POLYCHRONIC TIME,MONOCHRONIC AND POLYCHRONIC TIME,“Polychromic cultures are just the opposite: human relationships and interactions are valued over arbitrary schedules and appointments. Many things may
6、occur at once (since many people are involved in everything), and interruptions are frequent. P-time is polychromic, that is, many-things-at-a-time.,a sense of confusion and uncertainty sometimes with feelings of anxiety that may affect people exposed to an alien culture or a different and unfamilia
7、r way of life without adequate preparation.,culture shock:(文化冲击),Text Learning,Questions about the Text1. How do westerners/western cultures perceive space?2. Why do westerners perceive space in this way?3. In addition to Roman and Latin-element, what else is maintained in western thought and langua
8、ge patterns?,Text Learning,Questions about the Text1. How do westerners/western cultures perceive space?Answer: they perceive space in a concrete manner, rather than in the abstract concept itself.,Text Learning,2. Why do westerners perceive space in this way?Answer: the origin of western thought an
9、d language determines it (western culture).Roman, Latin-speaking culture is a practical, experience-based system. Roman thought patterns: objective “reality” as the foundation for subjective or inner experience.Whorf,Text Learning,3. In addition to Roman and Latin-element, what else is maintained in
10、 western thought and language patterns?Answer: Greek abstract thinking and expression,Text Learning,4. Do all the people in the world hold the same attitude towards the relationship between “reality” and inner experience? Answer: no. Americans: objective, tangible “reality” must precede any subjecti
11、ve or inner experience. Many Asian and other non-European cultures: inner experience as the basis for ones perception of physical reality.,Text Learning,5. With regard to the arrangements of urban space, what is the difference between American cities and French cities? Answer: as for patterning of s
12、pace, there exists difference in different Western cultures. American cities: laid out along a grid with the axes generally north/south and east/west; streets and buildings are numbered sequentially. French cities: laid out with the main streets radiating from centers; streets are named.,Map of Pari
13、s,Map of New York City,Text Learning,6. With regard to the functions of space, Are all the cultures the same? Give examples. Answer: no. American culture: specific spaces for specific activities. Japanese culture: rooms/spaces have different purposes (according to different time). Indian culture: co
14、nnected with concepts of superiority and inferiority.,Text Learning,7. How does the Hopi perceive time? Answer: periods of time are integrated as pieces of a connected pattern.,Text Learning,8. What may be created if personal space is infringed (侵入）on?Answer: cultural conflicts. (culture shock),Back
15、ground information,iii. Whorf Benjamin Lee (1897-1941): American linguist Sapir Wolfe Hypothesis萨丕尔-沃尔夫假说,Background information,Benjamin Lee Whorf (April 24, 1897 in Winthrop, Massachusetts July 26, 1941) was an American linguist. Whorf, along with Edward Sapir, is best known for having laid the fo
16、undation of the SapirWhorf hypothesis.,Background information,Edward Sapir (IPA: /spr/), (January 26 1884 February 4 1939) was an American anthropologist-linguist, a leader in American structural linguistics, and one of the creators of what is now called the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis.,萨丕尔-沃尔夫假说：上个世纪语言学
17、上具有重大意义的理论美国人类学家萨丕尔及其弟子沃尔夫提出的有关语言和思维的假设是最具争议的理论。萨丕尔-沃尔夫假说有两个部分：1 Linguistic Determinism refers to the idea that the language we use to some extent determines the way in which we view and think about the world around us.语言决定论，即一个人的思维完全由母语决定，因为一个人只能根据其母语中编码设定的范畴和区别定义来认识世界；2 Linguistic relativity state
18、s that distinctions encoded in one language are unique to that language alone, and that “there is no limit to the structural diversity of languages“.语言相对论， 即语言结构有无限的多样性，因此一种语言系统中所编定的范畴类别和区分定义为该语言系统所独有，与其他语言系统中所编定的范畴类别和区分定义不同。,High caste and low caste: Caste is the system by which Indian society is d
19、ivided up into different classes according to the principles of Hinduism印度教. The highest of these is the Brahman(婆罗门),or priestly, caste. A member of the lowest caste was formerly called an untouchable(贱民),his touch having been counted as pollution by Hindus of higher station. An Untouchable is tech
20、nically called Harijan outside the caste system.,Background information,Eskimo: ( or Inuit) an Arctic society more commonly known as the Eskimo. They are mostly coastal dwellers, and fishing is their principal source of food, together with the hunting of aquatic mammals such as seals and walrus, whi
21、ch not only provide food but also skins for clothing. Like many other semi-nomadic societies, such as the Lapps, the basis of their social organization is the family and household. During the winter months families gather to form larger groups, which disperse in the summer months, and live in tempor
22、ary shelters.,Background information,Homer Two epic poems: the Iliad伊利亚 特 and the Odyssey奥德赛 .,Background information,Plato (c. 427-347 B.C.E) Republic the ideal of “Platonic love“ the Academy Aristotle (384-322 BCE): Metaphysics 形而上学 Organon,推理法 Instrument. Physics Politics Poetics,Three greatest t
23、ragedians of Greece: Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides 埃斯库罗斯、 索福克勒斯 和 欧里庇德斯 Agamemnon Oedipus complex (Oedipus Rex),Background information,Background information,i. Greek Culture Characteristics of Greek Thought 1. Curiosity 2. Power of Observation 3. (Over) Reliance on the Powers of Reasoning Influen
24、ce of Greek Thought the Greeks are the fountainhead of our modern way of viewing the world. During the renaissance, when direct knowledge of Greek texts was revived in the west, the Greeks exerted a more direct influence on western thinking.,Background information,ii. Rome CultureRoman cultural achi
25、evements in art, literature, philosophy and religion were greatly influenced by the Greek culture and show very little originality. Only in the area of law do the Romans provide a significant new contribution.,Vergil (70 BC 19 AD): The greatest Roman epic poet. His “Aeneid” 埃涅阿斯纪 is compared to the “Odyessy”.,Background information,Assignment,Review Unit 4;Preview Unit 5;Exercises.,
