1、分子的立体构型人教版高中 化学 选修 三第二章分子结构与性质第二节分子的立体构型 班级： 12化六姓名 ： 黄苗娜学 号： 20122401061 This paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control system which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip mic
2、rocomputer. The core components of the system are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature sensor.复 习 回 顾共价键 键 键成键方式 “ 头碰头 ”, 呈轴对称成键方式 “ 肩并肩 ”, 呈镜像对称键参数键能键长键角衡量化学键稳定性描述分子的立体结构的重要因素This paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control system which realizes the function
3、of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the system are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature sensor.学生活 动利用几何知识分析一下，空间分布的三个点是否一定在同一直线上？迁移 ：三个原子构成的分子，将这三个原子看成三个点，那它们在空间上可能构成几种形状？结论： 在
4、多原子构成的分子中，由于原子间排列的 空间顺序不同，使得分子有不同的结构，这就是所谓的分子的 立体构型 。直线 平面三角形This paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control system which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. T
5、he core components of the system are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature sensor.一、形形色色的分子1.双原子分子 （直线型）O2 HClThis paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control system which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital
6、temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the system are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature sensor.一、形形色色的分子CO22.三 原子分子立体结构（有直线形和 V形）直线形V形H2O180105This paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control system which realizes t
7、he function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the system are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature sensor.一、形形色色的分子3.四原子分子立体结构（ 常见： 平面三角形 、三角锥形）CH2ONH3平面三角形三 角锥形120107This pape
8、r mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control system which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the system are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B
9、20 temperature sensor.一、形形色色的分子、五原子分子立体结构(常见 ： 正四面体 )CH4 10928This paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control system which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer.
10、The core components of the system are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature sensor.一、形形色色的分子C60C20 C40C70资料卡片：资料卡片：This paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control system which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus dig
11、ital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the system are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature sensor.This paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control system which realizes the function of temperature measurement and
12、control by using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the system are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature sensor.思考同为三原子分子， 为何 CO2呈直线形而 H2O呈 V形？同 为四原子 分子，为何 CH2O呈平面三角形而 NH3呈三角锥形？This paper mainly introduces the design of an in
13、telligent temperature control system which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the system are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature sensor.二、价 层电 子 对 互斥理 论
14、（ VSEPR模型）1、 要点 ：预测 ABn型的分子或离子的空间构型 。中心原子 A价层电子对（包括用于形成共价键的共用电子对和没有成键的孤对电子）之间存在排斥力，将使分子中的原子处于 尽可能远 的相对位置上，以使彼此之间斥力最小，分子体系能量最低。This paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control system which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus di
15、gital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the system are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature sensor.键角 价层电子对数VSEPR模型 模型名称 实例2 直线形平面三角形四面体 BeCl2BF3CH4、CCl4This paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control system whic
16、h realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the system are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature sensor.键角 价层电子对数VSEPR模型 模型名称 实例56三角双锥 正八面体 PCl5SF61200900900This
17、paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control system which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the system are AT89C51 microcontroller and D
18、S18B20 temperature sensor.推 测 分子或 离子立体 构型的步 骤 ：键电 子 对 =与中心原子 结 合的原子数价 层电对 =键电子对 +中心原子上的孤电子对中心原子上的孤电子对 =（ a-xb)b 为与中心原子结合的原子最多能接受的电子数 (H为 1，x 为 与中心原子结合的原子数a原子：中心原子 的价电子数阳离子 ：中心原子 的价电子数 减去 离子的电荷数阴离子：中心原子的 价电子数 加上 离子的电荷数）(价电子数 )其他原子为 “ 8-该原子的价电子数）This paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligen
19、t temperature control system which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the system are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature sensor.原子 H C N O电子式价电子数可形成共用电子对
20、数最多能接受的电子数H O：C：1 654N：1144 33 221、写出 H、 C、 N、 O等原子的电子式：推 测 分子或离子立体构型的步 骤 ：This paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control system which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip mi
21、crocomputer. The core components of the system are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature sensor.分子或离子中心原子a x b 孤电子对 键的电子对数中心原子的价层电子对数SO2 S 6 2 2 1 2 3CO32- 4+2C 3 2 0 3 3NH3 N 5 3 1 1 3 4NH4+ N 5-1 4 1 0 4 4CO推推 测测 分子或离子立体构型的步分子或离子立体构型的步 骤骤：2、确定中心原子的价层电子对数This paper mainly introduces the d
22、esign of an intelligent temperature control system which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the system are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature sensor.3、根
23、据中心原子价电子层对数确定分子立体构型注意 对于中心原子 上有孤对电子的 分子 :孤对电子也要占据中心原子周围的空间，并参与互相排斥价层电子对数 电子对排布方式 直线形平面三角形 四面体 三角双锥 八面体This paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control system which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital temperature sensor
24、 DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the system are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature sensor.分子式 价层电子对数成键电子对数孤对电子对数VSEPR模型分子空间构型CO2SO2SO32 2 02 133 3 0直线形V型平面三角形3、根据中心原子价电子层对数确定分子立体构型This paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control
25、 system which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the system are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature sensor.3、根据中心原子价电子层对数确定分子立体构型分子式 价层电子对数成键电子对数孤对电子对数VS
26、EPR模型分子空间构型SO32-SO42-1344 4 0三角锥正四面体 This paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control system which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of th
27、e system are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature sensor.成键电子对数孤对电子对数分子类型 电子对的排布方式 分子构型实 例直线形23平面三角形2 0 AB2 直线形 HgCl23 0 AB32 1 AB2层价电子对数平面三角形 BF3SO3V形 PbCl2VSEPR模型名称This paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control system which realizes the function of tempera
28、ture measurement and control by using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the system are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature sensor.价层电子对数 成键电子对数 孤对电子对数 分子类型 电子对的排布分子构型 实 例方式 4 四面体4 0 AB43 1 AB32 2 AB2正四面体 CH4三角锥形 NH3形 H2OVS
29、EPR模型名称This paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control system which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the system are AT89C51 microcont
30、roller and DS18B20 temperature sensor.价层电子对数 价层电子对排布成键电子对数 孤对电子对数 分子类型 电子对的排 分子构型实 例布方式5 三角双锥5 0 AB54 1 AB43 2 AB32 3 AB2三角双锥 变形四面体T形直线形仅作了解PCl5SF4ClF3This paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control system which realizes the function of temperature measurement and contr
31、ol by using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the system are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature sensor.价层电子对数 价层电子对排布成键电子对数 孤对电子对数 分子类型 电子对的排 分子构型实 例布方式6 八面体6 0 AB65 1 AB54 2 AB4正八面体四方锥形IF5平面正方形仅作了解SF6This paper mainly in
32、troduces the design of an intelligent temperature control system which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the system are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperat
33、ure sensor.化学式 中心原子 孤对电子数中心原子结合的原子数 空间构型HCNNO2NH2NO3-H3O+SiCl4CHCl3NH4+PO430120100022233444直线形V 形V 型平面三角形三角锥形四面体正四面体正四面体0 4 正四面体应应 用用 反反 馈馈 ： :This paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control system which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by us
34、ing single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the system are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature sensor.1、下列物质中，分子的立体结构与水分子相似的是 （ ）A、 CO2 B、 H2S C、 PCl3 D、 SiCl42、下列分子的立体结构，其中属于直线型分子的是 （ ）A、 H2O B、 CO2 C、 C2H2 D、 P4BBCThis paper m
35、ainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control system which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the system are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B20
36、temperature sensor.值得注意的是价层电子对互斥模型只能解释化合物分子的空间构形，却无法解释许多深层次的问题，如无法解释甲烷中四个 CH 的键长、键能相同及 HC H 的键角为 109 28 。因为按照我们已经学过的价键理论，甲烷的 4个 C H单键都应该是 键，然而， 碳原子的 4个价层原子轨道是 3个相互垂直的 2p轨道和 1个球形的 2s轨道，用它们跟 4个氢原子的 1s原子轨道重叠，不可能得到四面体构型的甲烷分子。This paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control s
37、ystem which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the system are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature sensor.它的要点是：当碳原子与 4个氢原子形成甲烷分子时，碳原子的 2s轨道和 3个 2p轨道会发生 混
38、杂，混杂 时保持轨道总数不变 ，得到 4个 能量相等、成分相同 的 sp3杂化轨道，夹角 109 28 ，表示这 4个轨道是由 1个 s轨道和 3个 p轨道杂化形成的如下图所示：为了解决这一矛盾，鲍林提出了 杂化轨道理论 ，2s 2pC的基态正四面体形sp3 杂 化态CHHHH10928激 发 2s2p激发态This paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control system which realizes the function of temperature measurement and c
39、ontrol by using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the system are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature sensor.三、三、 杂杂 化化 轨轨 道理道理 论简论简 介介杂化：原子内部 能量相近 的原子轨道，在外界条件影响下重新组合的过程叫原子轨道的杂化杂化轨道：原子轨道组合杂化后形成的一组新轨道杂化轨道类型： sp、 sp2、 sp3等杂化结
40、果：重新分配能量和空间方向，组成数目相等成键能力更强的原子轨道杂化轨道用于形成 键和容纳孤对电子This paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control system which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core compo
41、nents of the system are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature sensor.2s2pC的基态2s2p激发态正四面体形sp3 杂化态CHHHH10928激发Sp3杂杂 化化This paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control system which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the system are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature sensor.Sp3杂杂 化化
