1、1,Chapter 2Growth and Development,2,definition,Growth and development represents a mature process from zygote(受精卵) to adult. Actually it have been stretched to life end. So it is continous interaction of biologic processes and environmental factors that are initiated at conception and terminate at d
2、eath.,3,growth,Growth implies a physical change. A quantity change, related measure value. Morphological growth, serve as indicator of development.,4,development,Development stands for differentiation and maturation of functions. A quality change.,Quantity accumulating to a degree imply a quality ch
3、ange.,5,Development,Development suggests a change or modification in capacity to function. Change of quality.,quantity,quality,growth,development,6,law of growth and development,Its a continuous and stage process Therere diverse speed in the development among different systems. General law of growth
4、 and development There are obvious individual difference of growth and development.,7,Factors influencing growth and development,Heredity prenatal environment Postnatal environment Endocrine system /5endEukrain/ Nutrition Disease,8,Growth and development index,Weight Status standing heightsitting he
5、ight Head circumference Chest circumference Upper arm circumference Proportion of body,9,1. Physical growth Weight3Kg(birth)600750g（1m）8001000g(13m)600800g（36m）700g/m 250300g（69m）200250g(912m)9k250g/m,10,(1)Weight: birth weight3 kg.6 mo. 3 (Birth weight) mo. 0.7 kg;7th 12th mo. 6(kg) mo. 0.25 kg;2nd
6、 12th yr. yr. 2 7(or 8 kg),11,Growth speed is much slower after 2th year. Until the 2th surge, it increases again.,(2) Height/length:50cm(birth)2.5cm/m(6m)11.5cm(6m1y)75cm(1y)25cm,12,Height/length:birth50cm;1st yr.75 cm;2nd 12th yr. yr. 770 cm.,13,14,(3) Head circumference:,birth 34 cm;1st yr.46 cm;
7、2nd yr.48 cm.5yr.=50cm15yr.=54cm,15,16,microcephaly,17,18,hydrocephalus,19,(4) Chest circumference:,birth 32 cm; 1 yr. 46 cm=head size; 2yr， chest size =Head size +yr-1.,20,2. Skeletal development,(1)Cranium: Anterior fontanel closed time:1st 1.5th yr.; Posterior fontanel closed time: 4t 6th wk.,21,
8、(2) Spinal column: three curves, formed time: 1st curve: cervical vertebra, forward, 3rd mo.; 2nd curve: thoracic vertebra, backward, 6th mo.; 3rd curve: lumbar vertebra, forward, 1st yr.,22,Cervical curve,Thoracic curve,Lumbar curve,23,(3) Skeletal age: Wrist ossification centerBirth: no;Onset: 3rd
9、 mo.;Complete: 10th yr.;Number: 10;19 yr numberage 1,24,4 year-old,25,9 year-old,26,3. Dental development: Milk tooth, dens deciduousOnset: 7th 8th) mo.;Complete: 2.5 yr.;Number: 20;2 yr. Numbermo.(46).,27,Milk teeth,28,Genital system,HPGA (hypothalamus pituitary gonadotrophin and growth hormone axi
10、s) Appearance change Physiological changemenstruation(月经)spermatorrhea (遗精),29,Appearance at puberty,30,Neuropsychic development,Feeling Motion* Language Psychological development,31,gross motor and fine motor,32,33,34,Motion development Gross motor：lift head: 3msitting: 6mcreep: 78mstance: 8(9)mwal
11、k along: 15m,35,Motion developmentFine motor：grasp object: 34mtransfers objects: 6 7mthumb-finger grasp: 910mscribbles: 1215m,36,Chapter 5,Nutrition and nutrition Disorder Disease Child Feeding,37,Purpose and Demand,To grasp the advantage of breast milk feeding and the infant feeding method. To fami
12、liarize the metabolism characteristic and required value of the child nutrition substance. To self-study the assistant food for infant.,38,THE COMPONENTS OF NUTRIENTS,1. Energy 2. Macronutrients ProteinFatCarbohydrate 3. Micronutrients Mineral ( Trace elements)Vitamine 4. Other nurtients Dietary fib
13、erWater,39,Energy Requirements & Metabolism features,1. Basal metabolism 2. Thermic effect of food (TEF) Specific dynamic action 3. Activity requirement 4. Requirement of growth and development 5. Caloric loss in the excreta,40,41,Infant Feeding,Breast feeding Artificial/Bottle feeding Mixed feeding
14、 (Particially breast feeding),42,Breast Feeding,Colostrum the milk within 5 days of deliveryLittle volume, yellow color, thick, Abundant protein ( SIgA, Whey, IgM, IgG, C3, C4) Less Fat Vitamine,Full mineral and taurine Immuno Competent cell,43,Transitional Milk 610 days after delivery,Increased vol
15、ume Highest fat Decreased protein and mineral Remarkably decrease in SIgA, Whey, IgM, IgG, C3, C4,44,Mature milk 11 days 9 months after delivery,Highest volume (7001000ml/day) Much less proteinLater period milk:10 months after delivery,45,Ingredient of Milk,ProteinWhey protein: Casein protein = 7：3
16、large lactoferrin, - lactalbuminIgA and lysozymelipase and proteolytic enzyme,46,Fat,Mainly Long chain fatty acid51% unsaturated fatty acidRich in linolenic acid and linoleic acidTrace arachidonic acid and DHAHigh cholestrol,47,Carbohydrate,Mainly is lactose Glycolipid, glycoprotein, oligosaccharide
17、,48,Vitamine and Mineral,Breast milk can provide any vitamins that a infant need within 12 months, except Vit D and Vit KMineral: Low mineralCa:P=2:1,49,Immune ingredient,lactoferrin, Immunoglobulin Lysozyme Immuno competent cell Enhance infant function of immune system,50,Advantages of Breast feedi
18、ng,1. Rich nutrition, and easy to absorb 2. Contain high immunocompetent cell, enhance infant immune system to defense infectious diseases 3. Appropriate temperature and milk secretion volume, fresh, non-pollution, economic, simplified procedure.,51,4. Prompt parent-subsidiary communication 5. Stimu
19、late the contraction of uterus, helping mother recover 6. Decrease chance to get breast cancer.,Advantages of Breast milk feeding,52,Breast Feeding Methods,The infant and the mother should stay in the same room Feeding according to the infant demands Time of commence feeding within 1 hour after deli
20、very,gradually increase feeding volume Weaning time 8 to 12 month,53,Principle of Adding assistance food,Less to More Diluted to condensed Fine to crude Single food to diversity Postpone adding assistance food when infant get sick,54,Order for adding assistance food and its Significance,Self-study,55,Goodbye,
