1、1,BIOCHEMISTRY,Subject:,2,References:,Hames & Hooper主编. Instant Notes in Biochemistry（导读版）. 科学出版社. 2008年.（Third Edition） 查锡良主编. 生物化学(第七版). 人民卫生出版社. 2008 年4月,3,Instant Notes in BIOCHEMISTRY By B.D. Hames & N.M. Hooper,Third Edition,“精要速览系列（Instant Notes Series）”丛书是国外教材“Best Seller”榜的上榜教材,From: Depart
2、ment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology University of Leeds, Leeds, UK,4,Preface,This is a bilingual teaching for the required course Biochemistry with spoken English and noted Chinese. The purpose of this lesson is to enhance students ability of reading English textbook and journal of life scien
3、ces.,5,Introduction,Foundations of Modern Biochemistry Biochemistry: An Interdisciplinary Science Uses of Biochemistry Teaching Plan Teaching Arrangement Subject Achievement,6,Foundations of Modern Biochemistry,Goals of biochemistryBiochemistry seeks to describe the structure, organization, and func
4、tions of living matter in molecular terms.,living matter: 生物体; in molecular terms: 以分子的观点; at molecular levels: 从分子水平,8,Foundations of Modern Biochemistry,It can be divided into three principal areas: (1) The structural chemistry of the components of living matter and the relationship of biological
5、function to chemical structure. (2) Metabolism the totality of chemical reactions that occur in living matter. (3) The chemistry of processes and substances that store and transmit biological information (Molecular Genetics).,9,Note,All living matters usually have the following properties : (1) move
6、ment (2) irritability(应激性 ) (3) growth (4) adaptation (5) reproduction,10,Foundations of Modern Biochemistry,Biochemistrys roots as a distinct field of study date to (起始于) the early 19th century by Friedrich Whler.,In 1828, Whler: synthesized urea in lab from the inorganic compound ammonium cyanate.
7、 In 1875, Walter Flemming: discovered chromosomes and identified it as genetic elements by 1902.,ammonium cyanate (氰酸铵),11,Foundations of Modern Biochemistry,1930-1950, electron microscope: provided a whole new level of insight into cellular structure. subcellular organelles could be studied, like m
8、itochondria and chloroplasts realized that specific biochemical processes were localized in these subcellular particles.,12,Foundations of Modern Biochemistry,Nucleic acids had been isolated in 1869 by Friedrich Miescher, but their chemical structures were poorly understood, and in the early 1900s t
9、hey were thought to be simple substances, fit only for structural roles in the cell.,13,Foundations of Modern Biochemistry,The idea of the gene, a unit of hereditary information, was first proposed in the mid-nineteenth century by Gregor Mendel. By about 1900, cell biologists realized that genes mus
10、t be found in chromosomes, which are composed of proteins and nucleic acids.,14,Foundations of Modern Biochemistry,Most biochemists believed that only the proteins were structurally complex enough to carry genetic information. That belief was dead wrong. Experiments in the 1940s and early 1950s prov
11、ed conclusively that deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the bearer of genetic information.,(dead: 绝对地，完全地),15,Foundations of Modern Biochemistry,One of the most important advances in the history of science occurred in 1953, when James Watson and Francis Crick described the double-helical structure of DN
12、A (revolving ladder of life).,(revolving ladder: 旋梯),NP, in 1962,Interweaving of the historical traditions of biochemistry, cell biology, and genetics,This concept immediately suggested ways in which information could be encoded in the structure of molecules and transmitted intact from one generatio
13、n to the next. Biochemistry, cell biology, and genetics became tightly interwoven, and the new science of molecular biology emerged.,interweave: （使）交织,17,Foundations of Modern Biochemistry,The distinction between molecular biology and biochemistry is not always clear, because both disciplines take a
14、s their province the complete definition of life in molecular terms.,province:（学术的）领域,18,Foundations of Modern Biochemistry,Biochemistry draws its major themes from:,theme:主题，题目,(1) Organic chemistry: describes the properties of biomolecules; (2) Biophysics: to study the structures of biomolecules;
15、(3) Medical research: understand disease states in molecular terms; (4) Nutrition: illuminated metabolism by describing the dietary requirements for maintenance of health;,19,Foundations of Modern Biochemistry,(5) Microbiology, single-celled organisms and viruses are ideally suited for the elucidati
16、on of many metabolic pathways and regulatory mechanisms; (6) Physiology, which investigates life processes at the tissue and organism levels; (7) Cell biology: describes the biochemical division of labor within a cell; (8) Genetics: describes mechanisms that give a particular cell or organism its bi
17、ochemical identity.,molecular biology,biotechnology,20,An Interdisciplinary Science,Biochemistry is tightly woven into molecular biology. Molecular biology has its roots in the notion that the macroscopic phenomena of biology have a molecular basis. Thus, by understanding the molecules of biochemist
18、ry, one can ultimately unravel the complexity of organisms.,notion: 概念，观念; macroscopic: 肉眼可见的，宏观的; unravel: 解开，阐明,21,An Interdisciplinary Science,At the turn of the twentieth century, it was believed life was far too complex to be understood at any reasonable level. By the end of the century, howeve
19、r, our knowledge of the molecular underpinnings of cellular life is exploding.,at the turn of the century: 世纪之交; reasonable: 合理的; underpinning: 基础, 支柱; explode: 激增，剧增,22,Uses of Biochemistry,The results of biochemical research: are used extensively in the world outside the laboratory in agriculture,
20、 medical sciences, nutrition, and many other fields.,result: 成果,23,Uses of Biochemistry,In clinical chemistry, biochemical measurements on people help diagnose illnesses and monitor responses to treatment. Liver disease: measurements of blood levels of enzymes called transaminases and of a hemoglobi
21、n breakdown product called bilirubin.,24,Uses of Biochemistry,Pharmacology and toxicology are concerned with the effects of external chemical substances on metabolism. Drugs and poisons usually act by interfering with specific metabolic pathways. e.g.: penicillin A particularly exciting prospect in
22、contemporary biochemistry is that of creating so-called designer drugs.,25,Uses of Biochemistry,Herbicides and pesticides act in similar ways by blocking enzymes or receptors in the target organism. The 1st generations of these toxic agents (e.g.: DDT) so nonspecific in their effects that organisms,
23、 unforeseen and often severe damage to the environment. Biochemistry is involved in understanding the actions of herbicides and pesticides increasing their selectivity dealing with the mechanisms of dugs-resistance of target organisms becoming an important component of environmental science.,26,Teaching Plan,27,Subject of PBL Teaching,The hidden dangers of bad habits (不良习惯的隐患) (time: week 11-14 ),28,Teaching Arrangement,29,Subject Achievement,30,Problems,1. Definition, study objects and task of biochemistry.,31,End,Introduction,
