1、考研翻译1,第一部分 考研英语翻译概况,翻译部分由一篇400字左右的文章组成，其中划出5个句子，要求考生在30分钟内译完。2002年题型更改之前，每句3分，一共15分，现在每句2分，一共10分。,考研翻译是四种题型中综合性最强的一种，不但要求考生具备基本的词汇量，有长难句分析能力和一定的语法基础；更要求考生的综合语言组织能力，使翻译出来的文章具有一定的可读性。也就是说，考研翻译不仅考的是英语技能，还包括一定的中文水平。加上本身又是主观题，拿分的难度自然很高。然而，考研翻译本身有着很强的规律性，不论是单词、语法还是语言的组织，都是在特定的范围内考察，并且可以通过一定的技巧解决。即使在考前最后一个
2、月，仍然可以最大限度地达到突击效果。,概况 英译汉短文内容大体上涉及当前人们普遍关注的社会生活、政治、经济、历史一般常识或社会、自然科学与技术常识的题材。 题材多为议论文。科学常识的题 1991 能源与农业444词 1992 能力评估的科学性406 1993 科学研究的方法443 1994天才技术与科学发展的关系308 1995标准化教育与心理评估364 1995科学发展的动力331,1997动物的权力 1998宇宙的起源 1999史学研究的方法326 2000科学家与政府381 2001计算机与未来发展的困难339 2003人类学的简介371 2004语言与思维357 2005大众传媒 20
3、06 美国的知识分子 2007法律与新闻 平均370字 要求翻译的160字,备考技巧,一、单词 考研翻译的单词考察深度和广度要比其他题型高，特别是2006年以后，在从句、长难句分析等宏观考点的难度、复杂性下降的情况下，微观考点，特别是单词的考察难度在上升。因此，考生在准备考研翻译时，要特别留心考研翻译的单词记忆，在复习单词的过程中注意以下几点。,1、 将近10年(2001-2010年)考研翻译题中出现过的单词反复记忆、复习。 考研翻译的单词是有相当高的重复出现率的。在当年的新题中，多数单词都是历年真题中已经出现过的单词或者其派生形式。比如03年第64题中考到的morals这一名词，在06年的考
4、题中再次出现，并且在考察的五道题中有四道题里都出现(46、48、49、50)，,2、 要重点复习考研阅读和翻译中出现的熟词僻意。,考研翻译的单词，表面上看，相当于阅读来说，明显简单一些。然而，这些常见的、看到直接能反应出它们意思的单词，考察的却不是它的本意。考研翻译中存在许多熟词僻意，这些词义必须准确无误地翻译出来，否则一个单词就要扣掉0.5分。而每道题2分，一个意群也只不过是0.5分，这样因为一个单词毁掉一个意群，非常不值。,比如while这个最简单的连接词，从06年开始，一直到09年，连续四年的考研翻译中，都出现了这个词。多数考生在看到这个词的时候，误将其翻译为“在时候”或者“与此同时”，
5、也就是时间状语从句的连接词。然而这几年连续考察的却是while做让步状语从句连接词的用法，也就是翻译成“尽管”或者“虽然”。 所以，考生在考前，应当把熟词僻义复习一下。熟词僻义本身量是有限的，一般各种单词书上都有专门的总结，最多也就七八十个。这些词不但翻译中能起到立竿见影的效果，在阅读中也属于经常考察的词汇。,3、 强化考研高频词汇的深度记忆。,每个考生手中都应当有一份“考研英语高频词汇”。虽然这些词汇相对于考研大纲的5495个单词而言只是九牛一毛，记忆难度不高。但是他们的出现率在考研中却是远大于其他单词的。因此，记忆这些单词的性价比自然不言而喻。,二、句法,考研翻译题型，从本质上说，首先是阅
6、读，其次是翻译。阅读是一个被动技能，只要理解文章即可；翻译是一个主动技能，既要理解，又要表达。所以，做考研翻译时，既要进行长难句分析，又要按照中文的正常表达顺序，以合理的语言表达出来。 对于考研翻译长难句的复习，考生应当注意以下几点：,第一，将06年以后的翻译和00到02年之间的翻译反复分析。考研翻译考察的侧重点，经历过两次变化。02年以前，3分一道题，这时的翻译是从句和短语并重；02-05间，两分一道题，以从句为重点；06年及以后，仍然是两分一道，但是短语考察明显增多。所以，表面上看从句难度很高，06年以后考的并不是特别复杂，而短语的难度介词短语、插入语、双of短语在增多。而这几年题的综合难
7、度，以06年最高。,第二，注意做翻译一定要坚持两点，即打草稿和“写”。在头脑中形成的翻译不是翻译，落到纸上，仍然不一定是通顺的句子，所以，每次在做翻译时，一定要坚持把语言写出来，这样才能提高语言组织能力。,真题分析,考研翻译的“长难句”，从特点来看，可以分成两大类。 第一大类是从句分析型。 这是历年考研翻译中必考的题型，也是一大主流题。难度上，这种题型在05年以前考察的比较高，因为一个句子当中出现的从句种类比较多，且从句的嵌套、叠加，频频出现。06年开始，从句的嵌套基本上不再出现，而单独的从句仍然在考察。所以，从句分析型题型的难度，近年有明显的下降趋势。 分析从句比较多的长难句，要找到句子的切
8、分点，切分点主要有两种，一个是直接看到的，即连接词that、which、who、when等等；另外一个是潜在的，即各种动词形式，包括doing、to do(单独使用的)、done等等。,概括起来就是一点，以动词作为意群的切分点，把每个句子划分成若干个包括一个主要动词的意群，然后分别翻译每个意群，再把这几个意群在最后用中文合适的结构连接在一起。,分析2001年的第73题,Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium te
9、chnology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place。,Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can ex
10、pect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.,Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take p
11、lace。 第一个是皮尔森将世界上数百名研究者的工作汇集到一起。第二个是“为了/以便制作一个独特的千年技术日历” 第三个是“显示最新/最近日期. 第四个是“我们可以期待上百种关键性突破和发现产生。”,Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key break
12、throughs and discoveries to take place。 皮尔森将世界上数百名研究者的工作汇集到一起，以便制作一个独特的显示最新日期的千年技术日历，在这些日期里，我们可以期待上百种关键性突破和发现产生,第二大类是介词堆砌型,所谓的介词堆砌型，就是一个长难句，仔细去看，基本上没有从句或者说只有一个从句的连接词，但是整个句子中介词短语的出现率极高，一个句子中有连续或者间断的五到六个介词短语。这样，分析结构是一难，组织语言又是一难。,这种题型在06年以前考察较少，而06年以后则开始露头，基本上每年至少一道。特别是2006年的考研翻译中，第46和第47题都是典型的介词堆砌型。介词
13、堆砌型，绝对不是仅仅的将一堆介词短语放到一个长难句中，让我们一个一个去分析、整合。在06年到10年的考研翻译中，这种题的考察难点主要表现在以下两方面：介词叠加和介词错位。,介词叠加，就是在长难句中，会发现两个介词连续出现，第一个介词后面没有直接出现应跟的名词，而是出现了第二个介词。这时，考生本能的第一反应是，试卷是不是印刷有错误。,2006年的第47题,His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a manner as possib
14、le the course of reasoning which led him to his decision。,介词错位，就是应该跟前面动词搭配的介词短语被放到了后面，而后面的成分提到了前面，换而言之，就是后面的介词短语和前面的介词短语换了个位置,2006年的第46题,I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic(苏格拉底) way about moral problems.,对
15、于这种新出现的题型，考生会发现，虽然已经掌握了长难句的分析法拆分与组合，但是仍然无法解决这里的微观问题。因此在拆分组合的前提下，要使用新的方法，即介词定位法。 所谓介词定位法，是找出句子当中的一系列介词短语，用括号分别圈起来，然后翻译括号以外的部分，即大致的主干，接着将括号中的短语一个一个分别添加到中文的合适位置中去。而介词短语的定位很简单，就是定在它后面出现的名词上。,分析2006年的第46题,I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the act
16、ivity of thinking in Socratic(苏格拉底) way about moral problems,I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic(苏格拉底) way about moral problems,I shall define him as an individual | who has elected (as his primary duty and
17、 pleasure)(in life)the activity (of thinking)(in Socratic(苏格拉底) way)(about moral problems)。,I shall define him as an individual | who has elected (as his primary duty and pleasure)(in life)the activity (of thinking)(in Socratic(苏格拉底) way)(about moral problems) 他将活动视为 他将活动视为他的主要职责和乐趣 他将活动视为他生活中的主要职责和
18、乐趣 他将思考活动视为他的主要职责和乐趣” 他将以苏格拉底的方式思考的活动视为他的主要职责和乐趣” 他将以苏格拉底的方式思考道德问题的活动视为他的主要职责和乐趣,I shall define him as an individual | who has elected (as his primary duty and pleasure)(in life)the activity (of thinking)(in Socratic(苏格拉底) way)(about moral problems 我应当将他定义为一种人，这种人将以苏格拉底的方式思考道德问题的活动视为他的主要职责和乐趣,2006年的
19、第47题,His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a manner as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision。,His function is analogous to that of a judge, | who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a manner
20、as possible the course of reasoning| which led him to his decision。,His function is analogous to that of a judge, | who must accept the obligation (of revealing) (in a manner)(as obvious as possible) the course (of reasoning)| which led him to his decision。 他必须接受职责 他必须接受揭示的职责 他必须接受揭示过程的职责 他必须接受以一种方式
21、揭示过程的职责 他必须接受以一种尽可能明显的方式揭示过程的职责 他必须接受以一种尽可能明显的方式揭示推理过程的职责”,His function is analogous to that of a judge, | who must accept the obligation (of revealing) (in a manner)(as obvious as possible) the course (of reasoning)| which led him to his decision。 他(知识分子)的作用类似于法官的作用，法官必须接受以一种尽可能明显的方式揭示推理过程的职责，这个推理过
22、程使他做出决定,这两种题型的出现也不是绝对的，有时会糅合在一起。概括起来，我们可以把划竖线和画括号的方法结合使用。划竖线，用于断开句子中的主要的几个大的意群，即宏观分析；画括号，用于断开意群中的每个修饰成分，其中介词短语是主流，即微观分析。两者并用.,第二部分 考研英译汉英汉对比,一、英语重结构，汉语重语意 Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than to
23、ols, relaxation will be in front of smell television, and the digital age will have arrived.(2001,72),Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, | computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, | relaxation will be in front of smell televis
24、ion, | and the digital age will have arrived 儿童将与装有个性芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍，具有个性内置的计算机将被视为工作伙伴而不是工具，人们将在气味电视机前休闲，到那时数字化时代就来到了。,好好学习，天天向上 你不知道，谁知道？ Good good study, day day up. You dont know, who knows? Work hard and make progress everyday. If you dont know, who knows?,二、英语多长句，汉语多短句,Interest in historical methods
25、 has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.(1999,72),Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge (to the validity) (of history )(as an intellectual disc
26、ipline) and more from internal quarrels( among historians themselves).(1999,72) 人们对历史研究方法产生了兴趣，这与其说 是因为外部对历史作为一门知识学科的有效性提出了挑战，还不如说是因为历史学家内部发生了争吵。,In the doorway lay at least twelve umbrellas of all sizes and colors. 门口放着一堆伞，少说有12把，五颜六色，大小不一。 门口放着至少12把五颜六色大小不一的雨伞。 （翻译成这句，中文明显有些别扭，效果肯定就差远了）,三、英语多从句，汉语
27、多分句,On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence, but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the other with whom he is being compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed.(
28、2002,75),On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence, | but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the other with whom he is being compared, | and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information | which they
29、possessed.(1992,75),On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence, | but only if the child can be assumed | (to have had the same attitude) (towards the test) (as the other) | (with whom he is being compared), | and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant in
30、formation | which they possessed.(1992,75) 假定这个孩子 假定这个孩子有相同的态度 假定这个孩子对测试有相同的态度 假定这个孩子和另外一个孩子一样对测试有相同的态度 假定这个孩子和与他相比较的另外一个孩子一样对测试有相同的态度,On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence, | but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the tes
31、t as the other with whom he is being compared, | and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information | which they possessed.(1992,75) 总的来说， 得出这样一个结论是由一定程度把握的，但是必须具备两个条件：一是能够假定这个孩子对测试的态度和与他相比的另一个孩子的态度相同；二是他并没有因缺乏别的孩子已掌握的有关知识而被扣分。,Can you answer a question which I want to ask and which is
32、puzzling me? 我有一个问题弄不懂，想请教你，你能回答我吗？ 如果译成：你能回答一个使我弄不懂而又想问你的问题吗？ 不仅效果不好，而且不像中文。,四、英语多代词，汉语多名词,There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.(2001,21),There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pol
33、lution monitors that will disable them when they offend.(2001,21) 将会出现由机器人主持的电视访谈节目及装有污染监测器的汽车，一旦这些汽车污染超标，监测器就会使汽车停驶。,They are the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing) man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is responsible for his conduct and given
34、credit for his achievements.(2002, 64),They are the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing) man of traditional theory, | and they are essential to practices | in which a person is responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements.(2002, 64) 他们是传统理论中的自治者的所拥有的东西。 他们对实践是必不可少的 一个人
35、对他的行为负责，他的成绩受到表扬。,They are the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing) man of traditional theory, | and they are essential to practices | in which a person is responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements.(2002, 64) 自由和尊严是传统理论当中自治者（自我约束者）拥有的最宝贵的东西，一个人必须对其行为负责，他的成绩必须得到赞扬，在这
36、些实践中，自由和尊严是必不可少的。 根据上下文它应该指前面提到的freedom and indignity,在翻译的时候如果译成“它们”就是表达不清。应该译成名词“自由和尊严”。,五、英语多被动，汉语多主动,And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can by no means be compared with these processes of the Scientists minds, and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special t
37、raining.,And it is imagined by many | that the operations of the common mind can by no means be compared with these processes of the Scientists minds, | and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training. 许多人认为，普通人的思维活动根本无法与科学家的思维活动相比，并且这些思维活动必须经过某种专门训练才能掌握。,常用被动句型,It is said that It is
38、 believed that It is reported that It is estimated that It must be pointed out that It must be admitted that It has been found that It is suggested that,It is imagined that It can not be denied that It will be seen from this that It should be realized that It is always stressed that It is generally
39、considered that It may be said without the fear of exaggeration that,六、英语多变化，汉语多重复,The monkeys most extraordinary accomplishment was learning to operate a tractor. By the age of nine, the monkey had learned to solo on the vehicle. (R. Quirk) 这只猴子最了不起的成就是学会驾驶拖拉机。到九岁的时候，这只猴子已经学会单独表演驾驶拖拉机了。（R 夸克）,He ha
40、ted failure; he had conquered it all his life, risen above it, and despised it in others. 他讨厌失败， 他一生中曾战胜失败、超越失败、并且藐视别人的失败。,七、英语多抽象，汉语多具体,Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the point where the planet can provide comfortable support for all, people will have to accept
41、more “unnatural food”. (1991, 74) Sense /point /support/ comfortable /unnatural 都是非常抽象的词，如果不进行具体化，译文可能就是：,Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the point where the planet can provide comfortable support for all, people will have to accept more “unnatural food”. 除非人类有这样的
42、感觉，把人口减少到这样的点，使地球能为大家提供舒适的支持，否则人们不得不接受更多的“非自然的食品”。 除非人类终于意识到要把人口减少到这样的程度使地球能为所有人提供足够的饮食，否则人们将不得不接受更多的“人造食品”,八、英语多引申，汉语多推理,英语有两句俗话：一是：You know a word by the company it keeps.(知人看伴，只词看文)。二是：Words do not have meaning, but people have meaning for them.(词本无义，义随人生)。这说明词典对词的定义和解释是死的，而实际运用中的语言是活的。从原文角度来说，这种
43、活用是词义和用法的引申，翻译的时候要准确理解这种引申，译者就需要进行推理。,While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.(1999, 71) 尽管关于历史的定义几乎和历史学家一样多，现代实践最符合这样一种定义，即
44、把历史看做是对过去重大历史事件的再现和解释。,把recreate不能翻译成“重新创造”，历史是不能重新创造的，也不能翻译成它名词的词义“娱乐”。作者显然对recreate进行了引申，再想想我们生活中发生的情况：历史、文学、电影、电视经常向我们展示过去发生的事情，这种展示用恰当的中文表示就是“再现”。 例如：“sure ”在不同句子中的处理,1.I am not quite sure of his having said it. 我不能确定他说过这话 2. This is the surest guarantee that we shall be successful. 这是我们取得成功最可靠的
45、保证。 3. He made a sure step out of the mud. 他从泥沼中跨出了稳健的一步。 4.She had a sure grasp of the subject. 她对于这门学科的知识掌握得很牢固。 5. He is very sure in his belief. 他的信仰十分坚定。,九、英语多省略，汉语多补充,在并列结构中，英语往往省略前面已出现过的词语，而汉语往往重复这些省略了的词。 Reading exercises ones eyes; speaking, ones tongue; while writing, ones mind. (F. Bacon)
46、 阅读训练人的眼睛，说话训练人的口齿，写作训练人的思维（培根）,One boy is a boy, two boys half a boy, three boys no boy. 一个和尚挑水吃，两个和尚抬水吃，三个和尚没水吃。,十、英语多前重心，汉语多后重心,在表达逻辑思维时，英语往往是判断或结论等在前，事实或描写在后，即重心在前。汉语则是由因到果，由假设到推论，有事实到结论，即重心在后。 I was all the more delighted when, as a result of the initiative of your Government it proved possible
47、 to reinstate the visit so quickly. 由于贵政府的提议，才得以这样快的重新实现访问。这使我感到特别高兴。,The assertion that it was difficult, if not impossible, for a people to enjoy its basic rights unless it was able to determine freely its political status and to ensure freely its economic, social and cultural development was now
48、scarcely contested.,The assertion that it was difficult, if not impossible, for a people to enjoy its basic rights unless it was able to determine freely its political status and to ensure freely its economic, social and cultural development was now scarcely contested. 如果一个民族不能自由地决定其政治地位，不能自由的保证其经济、
49、社会和文化的发展，要享受其基本权利，即使不是不可能，也是不容易的。这一论断几乎是无可置辩的了。,考研英译汉四步定位翻译法,一、结构分析 二、 句子切分 三、 词义推敲 四、 检查核对,考研冲刺英译汉试题中常考句型示例与翻译,1. with + 名词 + 现在分词或过去分词所构成的独立主格：1) With the prices and house rents increasing rapidly, many young university graduates cannot earn their living, let alone support their parents. (21 words
50、)译文：随着(由于)物价和房租迅速上涨，许多年轻大学毕业生无法挣钱养活自己，更不用说赡养父母了。,2. not so much as (=less more ) 的译法,In order to detect the misprints in a single print, the proofreader has to notice not so much the meaning of what he reads as the exact shape and order of letters and words in the text. (37 words)译文：为了发现稿件中的印刷错误，校对员必须与其说注意所读材料的含义，倒不如说注意文章中字母和单词的确切形状和顺序。,
