1、难治性肾病综合征的规范化治疗,蚌埠医学院第一附属医院儿科 丁周志,2018/10/20,Progress of management of kidney diseases in children,2,肾病综合征的定义,1. 大量蛋白尿:1周内3次尿蛋白定性(+)(+),或随机或晨尿尿蛋白/肌酐(mg/mg)2.0;24 h尿蛋白定量50 mg/kg。 2. 低蛋白血症:血浆白蛋白低于25g/L。 3. 高脂血症:血浆胆固醇高于5.7 mmol/L。 4. 不同程度的水肿。以上4项中以1和2为诊断的必要条件”。,2018/10/20,Progress of management of kidne
2、y diseases in children,3,临床分型,1依据临床表现可分为以下两型: (1)单纯型NS(simple type NS):只有上述表现者。 (2)肾炎型NS(nephritic type NS):除以上表现外。尚具有以下4项之1或多项者: 2周内分别3次以上离心尿检查RBC10个/高倍镜视野(HPF),并证实为肾小球源性血尿者; 反复或持续高血压(学龄儿童130/90 mnl Hg,学龄前儿童 120/80 mm Hg),并除外使用GC等原因所致; 肾功能不全。并排除由于血容量不足等所致; 持续低补体血症。,2018/10/20,Progress of management
3、 of kidney diseases in children,4,2000年珠海会议有关小儿肾功能诊断的指标,(1)肾功能正常期:血尿素氮(BUN)、血肌酐(SCr)及内生肌酐清除率(CCr)正常; (2)肾功能不全代偿期:血BUN、SCr值正常,CCr为50一80 ml/(min1.73 m2); (3)肾功能不全失代偿期:血SCr和BUN增高,CCr为30一50 ml(min1.73 m2); (4)肾功能衰竭期(尿毒症期):CCr为l0一30 ml/ (min1.73 m2),SCr353.6 mol/L,并出现临床症状,如疲乏、不安、胃肠道症状、贫血、酸中毒等; (5)终末肾:CCr
4、10 ml/(min1.73 m2),如无肾功能替代治疗难以生存。,2018/10/20,Progress of management of kidney diseases in children,5,难治性肾病综合征概念,25年前:指在足量激素治疗8至12周以上病情仍未缓解的肾病综合征。 现在:比较广泛 初治激素耐药、初治敏感继之无效(迟发性耐药) 频复发(反复)、激素依赖,2018/10/20,Progress of management of kidney diseases in children,6,糖皮质激素治疗反应,激素敏感型NS(Steroid-sensitive NS,SSNS
5、): 以泼尼松足量2 mg/(kgd)或60 mg/(m2d)治疗4周尿蛋白转阴者。 激素耐药型NS(Steroid-resistant NS,SRNS): 以泼尼松足量治疗4周尿蛋白仍阳性者。 激素依赖型NS(Steroid-dependent NS,SDNS): 指对激素敏感,但连续两次减量或停药2周内复发者。,2018/10/20,Progress of management of kidney diseases in children,7,Response to corticosteroid therapy,迟发性耐药: 在1次或多次完全缓解后出现用药4周及以上时间仍蛋白尿持续存在,K
6、DIGO,2018/10/20,Progress of management of kidney diseases in children,8,NS复发与频复发,1复发(Relaps) 连续3 d,晨尿蛋白由阴性转为(+)或(+)或24 h尿蛋白定量50 mg/kg或尿蛋白/肌酐(mg/mg)2.0。2频复发(Frequently relaps,FR) 指肾病病程中半年内复发2次,或1年内复发3次。,2018/10/20,Progress of management of kidney diseases in children,9,NS的转归判定,1临床治愈:完全缓解,停止治疗3年无复发。 2
7、完全缓解(CR):血生化及尿检查完全正常。 3部分缓解(PR):尿蛋白阳性(+)。 4未缓解:尿蛋白(+)。,2018/10/20,Progress of management of kidney diseases in children,10,完全缓解与部分缓解,(1)完全缓解(CR):至少连续3 d,满足下列3项中任何1项: 试纸条法尿蛋白()或(); 尿蛋白定量25 gL。,KDIGO,2018/10/20,Progress of management of kidney diseases in children,11,初治是否正规?,激素初治:可分以下两个阶段A/I: (1)诱导缓解阶
8、段:足量泼尼松(泼尼松龙)60mg/(m2d)或2 mg/(kgd)(按身高的标准体重计算),最大剂量80mg/d,先分次口服,尿蛋白转阴后改为每晨顿服,疗程6周。 (2)巩固维持阶段:隔日晨顿服1.5 mg/kg或40 mg/m2(最大剂量60 mg/d),共6周,然后逐渐减量。,2018/10/20,Progress of management of kidney diseases in children,12,特别注意,1. 激素用量有性别和年龄的差异。初始的大剂量泼尼松对4岁的男孩更有效,男孩最大剂量可用至80 mg/d。 2. 对4岁的初发患儿,每日泼尼松60mg/m2 4周,然后改
9、为隔日60mg/m2 4周,以后每4周减10mg/m2至停药,此种长隔日疗法比每日 60 mg/m2 6周,然后改为隔日40mg/m2 6周的方法能减少患儿的复发率。 3. 诱导缓解时采用甲泼尼龙冲击治疗3次后口服泼尼松治疗与单纯口服泼尼松治疗相比,经1年随访观察,缓解率并无区别,因此不建议初治时采用甲泼尼龙冲击治疗。,2018/10/20,Progress of management of kidney diseases in children,13,减少复发的机会,1积极寻找复发诱因,积极控制感染,少数患儿控制感染后可自发缓解。 2.重新诱导缓解:泼尼松(泼尼松龙)每日60 mg/m2或2
10、 mg/(kgd)(按身高的标准体系计算),最大剂量80mg/d,分次或晨顿服,直至尿蛋白连续转阴3 d后改40 mg/m2或1.5 mg/kg隔日晨顿服4周,然后用4周以上的时间逐渐减量。,2018/10/20,Progress of management of kidney diseases in children,14,注意,3. 在感染时增加激素维持量:患儿在巩固维持阶段患上呼吸道感染时改隔日口服激素治疗为同剂量每日口服,可降低复发率。,2018/10/20,Progress of management of kidney diseases in children,15,Cortico
11、steroid therapy for FR and SD SSNS,(1)拖尾疗法:同上诱导缓解后泼尼松每4周减量0.25mg/kg,给予能维持缓解的最小有效激素量(0.50.25mg/kg),隔日口服,连用918个月。 (2)在感染时增加激素维持量:患儿在隔日口服泼尼松0.5 mg/kg时出现上呼吸道感染时改隔日口服激素治疗为同剂量每日口服,连用7 d,可降低2年后的复发率。,2018/10/20,Progress of management of kidney diseases in children,16,Corticosteroid therapy for FR and SD SSN
12、S,(3)改善肾上腺皮质功能:因肾上腺皮质功能减退患儿复发率显著增高,对这部分患儿可用氢化可的松7.515mg/d口服或促肾上腺皮质激素(ACTH)静滴来预防复发。对SDNS患儿可予ACTH 0.4 U/(kgd)(总量不超过25 U)静滴3-5 d,然后激素减量,再用1次ACTlt以防复发。每次激素减量均按上述处理,直至停激素。,2018/10/20,Progress of management of kidney diseases in children,17,Corticosteroid therapy for FR and SD SSNS,(4)更换激素种类:去氟可特(Deflazac
13、ort)与相等剂量的泼尼松比较,能维持约66的SDNS患儿缓解,而副作用无明显增加。,2018/10/20,Progress of management of kidney diseases in children,18,Treatment of FR and SD SSNS with corticosteroidsparing agents,烷化剂:环磷酰胺(CTX),苯丁酸氮芥(CHL) 左旋咪唑 钙神经蛋白抑制剂(CNIs):环孢霉素A(CsA),他克莫司(FK506) 霉酚酸酯(MMF) 利妥昔单抗(rituximab),2018/10/20,Progress of managemen
14、t of kidney diseases in children,19,环磷酰胺 Cyclophosphamide,口服剂量:23 mg/(kgd)分次口服,共8周,总剂量200mg/kg. CTX 3 mg/(kgd)联合泼尼松治疗的效果较2 mg/(kgd)联合泼尼松的效果好. 治疗时患儿的年龄大于5.5岁效果较好,缓解率为34,而5.5岁患儿的缓解率为9. FRNS治疗效果好于SDNS,Cyclophosphamide (2 mg/kg/d) be given for 812 weeks (maximum cumulative dose 168mg/kg). Cyclophosphami
15、de not be started until the child has achieved remission with corticosteroids. The second courses of alkylating agents not be given.,KDIGO,2018/10/20,Progress of management of kidney diseases in children,20,环磷酰胺静脉冲击疗法,CTX 812 mg/(kgd)静脉冲击疗法,每2周连用2 d,总剂量200 mg/kg. CTX 500 mg(m2.次),每月1次静注,共6次。 同时水化和碱化
16、尿液静脉每月1次冲击治疗,与口服治疗相比,两者有效率无差异,而WBC减少、脱发、感染等不良反应较口服法轻。,2018/10/20,Progress of management of kidney diseases in children,21,苯丁酸氮芥 Chlorambucil,CHL可明显减少6个月、12个月时的复发,且与CTX的疗效相似,但其致死率、感染率、诱发肿瘤、惊厥发生率均高于CTX。其性腺抑制剂量与治疗有效剂量十分相近 目前已很少推荐用于临床,We suggest that chlorambucil (0.10.2 mg/kg/d) may be given for 8 week
17、s (maximum cumulative dose 11.2 mg/kg) as an alternative to cyclophosphamide.(2C),KDIGO,2018/10/20,Progress of management of kidney diseases in children,22,左旋咪唑 Levamisole,适用于常伴感染的FRNS和SDNS。 剂量:2.5 mg/kg,隔日服用1224个月。 治疗6个月以上,其降低复发效果相当于CTX 812周的效果,可降低6个月、12个月、24个月复发风险. 可减少激素的用量,在某些患儿可诱导长期的缓解。,We sugge
18、st that evamisole be given at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg on alternate days for at least 12 months as most children will relapse when levamisole is stopped. A smaller dose (2.5 mg/kg of levamisole on 2 consecutive days per week) did not reduce the risk of relapse compared to Placebo.,KDIGO,2018/10/20,Progre
19、ss of management of kidney diseases in children,23,环孢素A(CsA),剂量:37 mg/(kgd)或100150 mg/(m2d),调整剂量使血药谷浓度维持在80120 ng/ml,疗程12年。 CsA治疗6个月时的疗效和CTX或苯丁酸氮芥(CHL)无差异,但后二者在2年时维持的缓解率明显高于CsA,Cyclosporine be administered at a dose of 45mg/kg/d (starting dose) in two divided doses. 36 mg/kg/d in two divided doses t
20、argeting 12-hour trough levels of 80150 ng/ml 67125 nmol/l.,KDIGO,2018/10/20,Progress of management of kidney diseases in children,24,环孢素A(CsA),CsA用药时能维持持续缓解,停药后即刻或90 d内90患儿复发,30的患儿重复使用时无效. 每日较小剂量单次服用CsA治疗,可增加药物的峰浓度,对谷浓度无影响,能达到同样的治疗效果,同时可减少不良反应,并能增加患儿的依从性。,2018/10/20,Progress of management of kidney
21、 diseases in children,25,环孢素A(CsA),联合应用CsA和小剂量酮康唑(50 mg/d),可提高CsA的血药浓度,减少CsA用量,不仅能达到同样的疗效,还可减轻肾损害的发生率,降低治疗费用。 CsA治疗时间36个月、CsA治疗时患儿年龄30 d)是CsA肾毒性(CBAN)发生的独立危险因素。,2018/10/20,Progress of management of kidney diseases in children,26,他克莫司(FK506,Tacrolimus),剂量:0.100.15 mg/(kgd),维持血药浓度510ug/L,疗程12 24个月。 FK
22、506的生物学效应是CsA的10100倍,不良反应较CsA小。 对严重SDNS治疗的效果与CsA效果相似。,Suggest:Tacrolimus 0.1 mg/kg/d (starting dose) given in two divided doses be used instead of cyclosporine when the cosmetic side-effects of cyclosporine are unacceptable.,KDIGO,2018/10/20,Progress of management of kidney diseases in children,27,钙
23、神经蛋白抑制剂应用时要注意,Monitor CNI levels during therapy to limit toxicity.治疗期间监测CNIs血药浓度,以减少毒性。 CNIs be given for at least 12 months, as most children will relapse when CNIs are stopped.停止CNIs治疗后多数儿童会复发,因此,建议CNIs治疗至少1 2个月。,KDIGO,2018/10/20,Progress of management of kidney diseases in children,28,霉酚酸酯(MMF),剂
24、量:2030 mg/(kgd)或8001200 mg/m2,分两次口服(最大剂量1 g,每天2次),疗程12 24个月。 长疗程MMF治疗可减少激素用量、降低复发率,未见有明显的胃肠道反应和血液系统副作用。 对CsA抵抗、依赖或CsA治疗后频复发患儿,MMF能有效减少泼尼松的用量和CsA的用量,可替代CsA作为激素的替代剂。 MMF停药后,68.4患儿出现频复发或重新激素依赖,需其他药物治疗。,2018/10/20,Progress of management of kidney diseases in children,29,利妥昔布(rituximab,RTX),剂量:375 mg/m2次
25、),每周1次,用1 4次。 对其它治疗无反应、副作用严重的SDNS患儿,RTX能有效地诱导完全缓解,减少复发次数,能完全清除CD19细胞6个月或更长,与其他免疫抑制剂合用有更好的疗效。,Suggest:Rituximab be considered only in children with SD SSNS who have continuing frequent relapses despite optimal combinations of prednisone and corticosteroid-sparing agents, and/or who have serious adver
26、se effects of therapy.,KDIGO,2018/10/20,Progress of management of kidney diseases in children,30,长春新碱(VCR),剂量:1 mgm2,每周1次,连用4周,然后1.5 mgm2,每月1次,连用4个月。能诱导80SDNS缓解,对部分使用CTX后仍FR的患儿可减少复发次数。,2018/10/20,Progress of management of kidney diseases in children,31,Advantages and disadvantages of corticosteroid-
27、sparing agents as first agent for use in FR or SD SSNS,Cyclophosphamide Advantages:Prolonged remission off therapy;Inexpensive Disadvantages:Less effective in SD SSNS;Monitoring of blood count during therapy;Potential serious short- and long-term adverse effects;Only one course should be given. Chlo
28、rambucil Advantages:Prolonged remission off therapy;Inexpensive Disadvantages:Less effective in SD SSNS;Monitoring of blood count during therapy;Potential serious adverse effects;Only one course should be given;Not approved for SSNS in some countries.,KDIGO,2018/10/20,Progress of management of kidne
29、y diseases in children,32,Advantages and disadvantages of corticosteroid-sparing agents as first agent for use in FR or SD SSNS,Levamisole Advantages:Few adverse effects;Generally inexpensive Disadvantages:Continued treatment required to maintain remission;Limited availability;Not approved for SSNS
30、in some countries. Mycophenolate mofetil Advantages:Prolonged remissions in some children with FR and SD SSNS;Few adverse effects Disadvantages:Continued treatment often required to maintain remission;Probably less effective than CNIs;Expensive;Not approved for SSNS in some countries.,KDIGO,2018/10/
31、20,Progress of management of kidney diseases in children,33,Advantages and disadvantages of corticosteroid-sparing agents as first agent for use in FR or SD SSNS,Cyclosporine Advantages:Prolonged remissions in some children with SD SSNS. Disadvantages:Continued treatment often required to maintain r
32、emission;Expensive;Nephrotoxic;Cosmetic side-effects. Tacrolimus Advantages:Prolonged remissions in some children with SD SSNS Disadvantages:Continued treatment often required to maintain remission;Expensive;Nephrotoxic;Risk of diabetes mellitus;Not approved for SSNS in some countries.,KDIGO,2018/10
33、/20,Progress of management of kidney diseases in children,34,“不再使用”的免疫抑制剂,硫唑嘌呤 与单纯激素治疗和安慰剂治疗相比,硫唑嘌呤治疗在6个月时的复发率无差别,现已不建议临床应用。 咪唑立宾 与安慰剂相比,咪唑立宾治疗的复发率无差别。现已不建议临床应用。,KDIGO,2018/10/20,Progress of management of kidney diseases in children,35,Indication for kidney biopsy,初始对激素治疗有效,后期出现治疗无效者; 高度怀疑另一种非微小病变的肾
34、脏病理类型时; 在钙神经蛋白抑制剂治疗期间,出现肾功能减退者。,KDIGO,2018/10/20,Progress of management of kidney diseases in children,36,Immunizations in children with SSNS,应接种肺炎链球菌疫苗 患儿及其家属应每年接种流感疫苗 接种活疫苗应该推迟至泼尼松剂量1 mg/kg.d) (20mg/d )或 2 mg/ ( kg 隔日)(40mg /隔日) 服激素替代免疫抑制剂时禁止接种活疫苗.,KDIGO,2018/10/20,Progress of management of kidney
35、 diseases in children,37,Immunizations in children with SSNS,健康的家庭成员应该接种活疫苗,以减少将感染传播给接受免疫抑制治疗患儿的风险。但在接种后3 6 周,应避免患儿直接接触接种者的胃肠道、泌尿道和呼吸道分泌物。 与水痘感染者密切接触后,服免疫抑制剂且未接种过疫苗的患儿尽可能使用带状疱疹病毒免疫球蛋白。,KDIGO,2018/10/20,Progress of management of kidney diseases in children,38,Definition of SRNS,SRNS是指以泼尼松足量治疗4周尿蛋白仍阳性
36、,除外感染、遗传等因素所致者。,国内外明确的概念有三种: 原发性肾病综合征以泼尼松1.52 mg/(kgd)治疗8周尿蛋白仍阳性者,来自于2001年中华医学会儿科学分会肾脏病学组。 ISKDC(international study of kidney disease in children)则以泼尼松60 mg/(m2d),分次口服4周,继以泼尼松40 mg/m2,间断用药4周后尿蛋白仍为阳性,作为判断SRNS的标准。 尼尔逊儿科学教材以泼尼松1.52 mg/(kgd),分次服用4周,尿蛋白仍为阳性,作为SRNS的判断标准。,2018/10/20,Progress of management
37、 of kidney diseases in children,39,为什么将“激素敏感”时间由8w改为4w?,1. 足量激素治疗8周才能判断,耗时较长,不利于疾病的及时控制; 2. 增加了无治疗效应的足量激素所带来的不良反应。在初发NS,激素治疗的1周内部分患儿可出现缓解,2周内有75、4周内有90的患儿可达到完全缓解(CR)。 多数患儿在治疗的第2-3周达到CR。 在判定时应注意: (1)激素的用量是否为足量; (2)是否存在干扰激素疗效的因素。如合并感染、严重高凝状态、血栓形成、其他合并药物的影响如利福平、苯妥英钠等。,2018/10/20,Progress of management
38、of kidney diseases in children,40,Evaluation of children with SRNS,The following are required to evaluate the child with SRNS A diagnostic kidney biopsy; Evaluation of kidney function by GFR or eGFR; Quantitation of urine protein excretion.,泼尼松的诱导缓解剂量是否足量、是否连续使用、是否规范 是否存在导致激素耐药的因素,如并发感染、肾小管间质改变、肾静脉血
39、栓形成 同时合并使用了影响激素疗效的药物如苯妥英钠或利福平等 需尽早行肾活检了解病理类型,eGFR =estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate,KDIGO,2018/10/20,Progress of management of kidney diseases in children,41,Treatment recommendations for SRNS,在缺乏肾脏病理检查的情况下,国内外学者将环磷酰胺(CTX)作为SRNS的首选治疗药物。首选方案:激素口服-冲击-CTX冲击。 明确病理类型时: CMD:首选CTX冲击 FSGS:首选:CsA MsPNG:可
40、选CTX冲击 MPNG:激素冲击-口服 -CTX冲击 MN:首选ACEI+ARB,2018/10/20,Progress of management of kidney diseases in children,42,Treatment recommendations for SRNS,Recommend: using a calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) as initial therapy for children with SRNS.对CNIs联合激素治疗无效的患儿,建议可考虑使用MMF、大剂量糖皮质激素或上述药物联合治疗。,KDIGO,2018/10/20,Pro
41、gress of management of kidney diseases in children,43,激素口服-冲击-CTX冲击疗法,激素序贯疗法:2 mg/(kgd)治疗4周后尿蛋白仍阳性时,可考虑以MP冲击治疗。 冲击治疗1疗程后如果尿蛋白转阴,泼尼松按SSNS方案减量; 冲击治疗1疗程后如尿蛋白仍阳性者,应加用CTX冲击(500750mg/m2),同时隔日晨顿服2mg/kg泼尼松,随后每24周减510 mg,随后以一较小剂量长期隔日顿服维持,少数可停用。,2018/10/20,Progress of management of kidney diseases in children
42、,44,CNIs therapy 注意,CNIs治疗至少持续6 个月,如未获得完全或部分缓解,则可停药 Complete remission in31% and partial remission in 38% during 6 months of CsA therapy. 如CNIs治疗6 个月获得部分缓解,建议疗程延长至12个月以上 联合应用CNIs与小剂量激素,KDIGO,2018/10/20,Progress of management of kidney diseases in children,45,We recommend treatment with ACE-I or ARBs
43、 for children with SRNS. 推荐使用血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂(ACEI) 或血管紧张素受体拮抗剂(A R B )治疗儿童SRNS,KDIGO,2018/10/20,Progress of management of kidney diseases in children,46,Relapse of SRNS after complete remission,In patients with a relapse of SRNS after complete remission, we suggest that therapy be restarted using any on
44、e of the following options: Oral corticosteroids; Return to previous successful immunosuppressive agent; 重新使用既往有效的免疫抑制剂 An alternative immunosuppressive agent to minimize potential cumulative toxicity. 换一种免疫抑制剂以避免累积潜在毒性,KDIGO,2018/10/20,Progress of management of kidney diseases in children,47,MCD的治疗
45、,CTX作为SRNS的首选治疗药物; 口服812周的缓解率70; 静脉冲击的完全缓解率82.4. 青春期患儿可考虑以CsA或TAC为首选。 CsA 3个月,完全缓解率为50。,2018/10/20,Progress of management of kidney diseases in children,48,FSGS的治疗,1. CsA:目前为首选药物 至少应用3个月,36患儿CR,57PR; 在蛋白尿CR后,CsA应逐渐减量,总疗程12年。 2. 他克莫司(TAC):经济条件许可可考虑选用。 3. 激素联合CTX治疗: 激素序贯+CTX治疗(疗程612个月),43的患儿获CR; 单独CTX
46、冲击治疗(每月1次共6次)42.9有效(CR+PR),6次后延长使用时间可使有效率到60; 4. 其他:尚有以长春新碱(VCR)冲击、利妥昔单抗(Rituximab)静脉滴注和吗替麦考酚酯(MMF)口服等有待大样本多中心对照观察其确切疗效.,2018/10/20,Progress of management of kidney diseases in children,49,FSGS的其它治疗,(1)VCR: 剂量为0.0750.01 mg/kg或1.5 mg/m2(每次不超过2 mg),置于生理盐水100 ml中缓慢静脉滴注,每周1次,连用4次;然后每月静脉注射1次,连用4次。 注意事项:治
47、疗前复查血常规与肝功能,如白细胞小于4.0109/L或肝功能异常应停止使用;同时注意神经系统毒性如足趾麻木、腱反射迟钝或消失,常与累积最相关。 (2)利妥昔单抗(Rituximab): 用量375叫m2,单次静脉滴注,复发可静注第2次;或每周1次,连续使用4次。,2018/10/20,Progress of management of kidney diseases in children,50,MN按成人方案治疗,30的患者可部分或完全自发缓解; 首选ACEI和(或)ARB类药物; 表现N S 并至少具备以下条件之一的患者,才考虑糖皮质激素和免疫抑制剂治疗。 经过至少6 个月的降压和降蛋白尿
48、观察期内,尿蛋白持续超过4g/d,并且维持在基线水平50% 以上,且无下降趋势; 存在与N S 相关的严重、致残或威胁生命的临床症状; 在确诊后61 2个月内血清肌酐升高30%,但eGFR不低于2530 ml/(min.1.73m2),且上述改变为非NS并发症所致; 对SCr持续309.4umol/LeGFR30ml/(min.1.73m2)及肾脏体积明显缩小(长径 8cm)者,或同时存在严重或潜在的威胁生命的感染患者,建议避免使用免疫抑制治疗 符合初始治疗标准、但不愿意接受激素/烷化剂周期性治疗方案或存在禁忌证的患者,推荐CsA或FK506治疗至少6 个月。,2018/10/20,Progr
49、ess of management of kidney diseases in children,51,MP冲击疗法,MP 1530 mg/(kg次)(最大量lg),置于10葡萄糖注射液100 ml中静滴,维持12 h,连用3 d为1个疗程,间隔1周可重复使用,一般应用13个疗程。冲击后继续口服泼尼松。 注意事项:建议MP治疗时进行心电监护。 下列情况慎用MP冲击治疗: 伴活动性感染; 高血压; 有胃肠道溃疡或活动性出血者。,2018/10/20,Progress of management of kidney diseases in children,52,CTX静脉冲击疗法,CTX 812 mg/kgd,置于生理盐水100 ml静滴,维持l2 h,连用2 d,每2周重复一次。 CTX 500750 mg/(m2次),置于生理盐水100 ml中缓慢静滴,维持l2h,每月1次 注意事项: 达到累积量停药, 一般不超过200 mg/kg; 用药期间需水化治疗(1/41/5张力液2000ml/m2.d); 注意近期毒副作用:如胃肠道反应、骨髓抑制、肝功能损害、出血性膀胱炎等。,