1、非谓语动词,非谓语动词是指在句子中不是谓语的动词，主要包括不定式、动名词和分词（现在分词和过去分词），即动词的非谓语形式。非谓语动词除了不能独立作谓语外，可以承担句子的任何成分。,不定式,动名词,分词,非谓语动词 分类,动词不定式无人称和数的变化,但有时态和语态的变化。,不定式,1. 作主语,To master a language is not an easy thing . 但为使句子平衡,常用it 作形式主语, 把它移到句子后部去.It is not an easy thing to master a language .,不定式的句法功能,主语 宾语 宾补 表语 定语 状语,2. 作宾
2、语,主要结构有两种： A. 动词+不定式 e.g. I like to help others if I can.B. 疑问词+不定式 e.g. Have you decided where to go for a picnic?,3. 作宾语补足语 在三使（役）let、make、have； 二听 listen to、hear； 四看look at 、see、watch、notice 一感觉feel observe 等动词后面作宾语时，用不带to的不定式。但当变为被动语态时，需在动词前加上to。,e.g. 1. I made them give me the money back. 我迫使他们
3、把钱还给我。2. I didnt see you come in. 我没看见你进来。3. I heard him sing in the next room.我听见他在隔壁唱歌。He was heard to sing in the next room.有人听见他在隔壁唱歌。,4. 作表语,A.表示按计划和安排将要发生的事情。He is to marry Rose. B.表示主语的内容，但侧重于目的性。 Her wish was to become an artist. C. 表示情态意义(应该, 必须)。 The form is to be filled in and returned wi
4、thin a week. She is to blame.,5.不定式作定语,不定式作定语，通常放在其所修饰的名词或代词之后。e.g. He is aways the last one to leave the office. 他总是最后一个离开办公室的人。,6. 不定式作状语,1)不定式作目的状语 e.g. He got up early to review his lesson.他早起是为了复习功课。强调作目的状语的不定式, 常用in order (not) to，so as (not) to短语.前者可放在句首,也可放在句中;后者只能放在句中。,2).不定式作结果状语 作结果状语的不定式
5、常用于一些固定搭配中。如:too toe.g. She was too tired to walk. 她累得走不动了。,二、动名词 动名词的形式： 由“动词原形+ing”构成。,(一).动名词的语法形式 动名词无人称和数的变化,但有时态和语态的变化.,(二)、动名词的句法功能,具有名词的特征,可充当成分: 主语 宾语 表语 定语,1. 动名词作主语,Seeing is believing. Playing chess is fun. Its no use waiting here. 动名词作主语,也可用it 作形式主语.但只限于下面句型:,1） 动名词在“It is no use/ no go
6、od/ fun / a waste of time/ a good pleasure 等名词 + doing”结构中作主语，it为形式主语。例如： e.g. It is no good writing to him; he never answers letters. It is no use talking too much.,2） 动名词在“It is useless/ nice/ good/ interesting/ worthwhile 等形容词 + doing”结构中作主语。例如： It is nice playing chess after supper.,3） 动名词在“Ther
7、e is (was) no + doing”结构中作主语。例如： There is no denying that she is very efficient.,2. 动名词作表语,动名词作表语起名词作用,表示主语的内容,这时动名词和主语的位置是可以交换的。 The nurses job is looking after the patients.= Looking after the patients is the nurses job. Four skills of English learning are listening, speaking, reading and writing.
8、 = listening, speaking, reading and writing are four skills of English learning .,注: 动名词和不定式都可以作主语或表语,没有太大区别。在表示经常习惯性动作多用动名词; 在表示具体某次动作, 特别是将来的动作时,多用不定式。,3. 动名词作定语,动名词作定语时，动名词和它所修饰的词没有逻辑上的主谓关系.。表示名词用途。a racing car= a car that is used to race a swimming pool= a pool that is used to swim in 单个的动名词作定语,
9、放在被修饰的词前;动名词短语作定语,放在被修饰的词语后; Do you know the sleeping car on show ? The boy sitting under the tree is reading.,4. 动名词作宾语,1）动名词作动词宾语 下列动词后只能接动名词：suggest, finish, avoid, stop, cant help, mind, enjoy, require, practise, miss, escape, pardon, advise, consider, imagine, keep, appreciate, escape, permit。
10、I cant imagine marrying a girl of that sort. I recommend buying the dictionary. Will you admit having broken the window?,有些动词短语后也要求跟动名词作宾语。常这样用的动词短语有：leave off, put off, give up, look forward to, feel like, have trouble / difficulty (in) doing sth. devote to, get used to, pay attention to, be fond o
11、f, stick to, be worth, cant stand , cant help .,2）动名词作介词宾语 注意: 介词后如果需要非谓语动词作宾语,只能是动名词,不可用不定式 。 Are you good at playing football? 其他介词不易错,重点是介词to .因为不定式符号也是to ,所以一定要记住有关的短语。look forward to ,devoteto, get used to, pay attention to, stick to, on ones way to这些短语中的to都是介词。,I am used to watching TV in the
12、evening.,1. The man insisted_ a taxi for me even though I told him I lived nearby. A. find B. to find C. on finding D. in finding2. Its necessary to be prepared for a job interview. _ the answers ready will be of great help.A. To have had B. Having had C. Have D. Having,高考点击,Practice,3. I really can
13、t understand _ her like that. you treat B. you to treat C. why treat D. you treating4. He got well-prepared for the job interview, for he couldnt risk _ the good opportunity. to lose B. losing C. to be lost D. being lost,返回,三、分词,现在分词与过去分词. 充当成分: 宾语补足语,表语, 定语, 状语.,（一）现在分词,(1).现在分词,现在分词无人称和数的变化,但有时态和语
14、态的变化.其时态和语态的变化形式与动名词相同.,(2)、现在分词的句法功能 具有形容词和副词的特征,可充当成分:表语 定语,宾语补足语, 状语,1. 现在分词作表语,现在分词作表语起形容词作用,说明主语的特征及主语所具备的动作功能。常译为”使(令) 怎样。” 如: The news is very disappointing. His story is very moving. (Encouraging, inspiring, exciting, interesting.),2. 现在分词作定语,现在分词作定语, 表示主动意义,它与所修饰的名词构成 主谓关系,通常可改为定语从句。它从以下两方面
15、来说明中心词。A.表示动作正在进行Dont wake up the sleeping boy. = Dont wake up the boy who is sleeping I don t know the man writing something over there. =I don t know the man who is writing something over there.,3.现在分词作宾语补足语,用现在分词作宾补，说明宾语是动作的执行者，形成逻辑上的主谓关系； A.作感官动词的宾补, 如: see, look at ,watch, notice, find, observe
16、, listen to, hear, smell taste, feel 表示正在进行的意义 We found them reading in the classroom.,4. 现在分词作状语,现在分词可在句中作时间、原因、条件、结果, 让步、伴随或方式等状语。,B. 作使役动词的宾补, 如: have, get, keep , send, leave, catch表示”使进行/处于(某种状态)” ,强调动作或状态的持续性. Can you keep the clock going?,1)作时间状语, 可以表示三个时间概念 A.表示和谓语动作同时发生,相当于 “as soon as” 引导的
17、时间状语从句 Hearing the good news, he jumped up with joy. = As soon as he heard the good news, he = On hearing the good news, he,B.谓语动词的动作发生在分词动作的过程中,表示”在做某事期间”相当于由when/while 引导的时间状语从句。 Walking in the street, I came across an old friend. = When/While I was walking in the street, I came across an old frie
18、nd. = When/While walking in the street, I came across ,C.如果分词的动作发生在谓语动作之前,分词就要用完成时。如: Having done his homework, the boy went out to play. Having written his composition, he began to do his Maths homework.,2)作原因状语,相当于由because/as 引导的原因状语从句。,A.和谓语动词的动作同时发生 Being ill, he didnt go to school. =Because/As
19、he was ill, he didnt go Not knowing what to do next, he went to his teacher for advice. = Because/As he didnt know what to do next, he went to ,B.如果分词的动作发生在谓语动作之前,分词就要用完成时。 Having seen the film many times, he didnt go to see it last night.,3)作条件状语,相当于由 if 引导的条件状语从句(If) Using your head, you will find
20、 a way. =If you use your head, you will find ,4)作让步状语,相当于由 although/though 引导的让步状语从句 Although/Though getting up early, he was late for the meeting. = Although/Though he got up early, he was late for the meeting.,5)作伴随状语(方式状语),表示同谓语的动作同时发生,相当于由并列连词连接的两个并列动作。 They sat there on the stone, talking with
21、each other. =They sat there on the stone and talked with each other. 注意:只有现在分词的一般式才可作伴随状语,且常放于主句后。,6)作结果状语,现在分词的动作同谓语动词的动作几乎同时发生。 The mother died, leaving five children behind. They fired at the enemy, killing two.,现在分词无论作何种状语, 它的逻辑主语必须是句子的主语,句子的 主语可能是分词动作的执行者, 句子的 主语也可能是分词动作的承受者。,但在一些表示说话者态度的固定表达方式
22、中, 分词短语的逻辑主语和句子的主语是不一致的。这种结构常见的有: 1)generally/strickly/+speaking 2)Judging from/talking of/allowing for 3) Considering that /seeing that/supposing that,注意：现在分词作状语的几个特性。 时间性。与谓语动词同时发生，用一般时，如发生在谓语动作之前时则用完成式having done。 语态性。与句子的主语之间的关系，是主谓关系或动宾关系。 人称一致性。分词的逻辑主语就是句子的 主语。,1. _ the program, they have to s
23、tay there for another two weeks. A. Not completing B. Not completed C. Not completing D. Not having completed （原因状语）,高考点击,Practice,2The manager, _ it clear to us that he didnt agree with us, left the meeting room. （时间或伴随状语） Awho has made Bhaving made Cmade Dmaking 3The storm left , _a lot of damage
24、to this area . （结果状语） Acaused Bto have caused Cto cause Dhaving caused,4_from other continents for millions of years ,Australia has many plants and animals not found in any other country in the world.（原因状语） ABeing separated BHaving separated CHaving been separated DTo be separated,（二）过去分词,(1).过去分词的语
25、法形式,过去分词无人称和数的变化,也没有时态和语态的变化。(done),(2)、过去分词的句法功能,具有形容词和副词的特征,可充当成分: 表语 定语,宾语补足语, 状语,1.过去分词作表语,过去分词作表语,相当于一个形容词,说明主语的状态。如， He is gone. The glass is broken. He was lost in thought. They were deeply moved.,注意:被动结构与系表结构的区别这两种结构形式都是be+过去分词。这两种结构的主要区别是:被动语态强调所发生的动作,而系表结构表示的是主语的特点或状态。 The cup was broken b
26、y my little brother. (被动结构) The cup is broken.(系表结构),2.过去分词作定语,过去分词作定语, 它的逻辑主语就是它所修饰的词,有以下三个特点 :A.及物动词的过去分词作定语和它的逻辑主语的关系是被动的。所表示的时间概念是完成。 The building built last year can hold 1,000 people= The building that was built last year can,B.不及物动词的过去分词作定语只表示动作的完成。与它所修饰的名词没有被动关系。 fallen leaves=leaves that ha
27、ve fallen a retired worker=a worker who has retired the risen sun=the sun that has risen,C.有些表示心理活动的过去分词作定语,表面是修饰它后面的名词,但实质是说明当事者的心理状态。所以过去分词与它所修饰的名词没有被动关系。 The surprised look showed that he hadnt expected this. = (He was surprised and his look showed his surprise),The fathers loud voice made a frig
28、htened look appear on his daughters face. (The fathers daughter was frightened and her face showed her fright.),3. 过去分词作宾补,过去分词作宾补,过去分词和宾语的关系是被动关系,说明宾语的状态,表示动作的完成。常用来 作感官动词,如: see, look at ,watch, notice, find, observe, listen to, hear, smell taste, feel 和使役动词如: have, get, keep , send, leave, catch的
29、宾补,When I walked home, I saw a man caught by the police. As soon as he returned home, he found his house broken into. He kept himself covered with a blanket.,4. 过去分词作状语,过去分词可在句中作时间、条件、原因、让步,方式或伴随情况等状语。 过去分词无论作何种状语, 它的逻辑主语必须是句子的主语, 而且存在着逻辑上的被动关系.,1)做时间或条件状语,通常放在句首。 Seen from the top of the hill, the
30、town looks even more beautiful. =If the town is seen from the top of the hill, the town = When the town is seen from the top of the hill, the town ,2) 作原因状语 Deeply moved by the story, the children began to cry. =As/Because they were deeply moved by the story, the children. 3)作让步状语 Seriously wounded,
31、 he still kept on fighting. =Although/Though he was seriously wounded, he still kept.,4)作方式或伴随情况状语 She walked out of the house, followed by her little daughter. =She walked out of the house, and was followed by her little daughter. He sat there, lost in thought. = He sat there, and was lost in thoug
32、ht.,_ more attention, the tree could have grown better. （条件状语） A. Given B. To give C. Giving D. Having given.2.The first textbooks _ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century（定语） A. having written B. to be written C. being written D. written,Practice 高考点击,3 _ in thought
33、, he almost ran into the car in front of him.（原因）A. Losing B. Having lost C. Lost D. To lose4. The research is so designed that once _ nothing can be done to change it.（条件） begins B. having begunC. beginning D. begun,一、分析句子结构,解题步骤,1. _many times , but he still couldnt understand it . A. Having been
34、told B. To be told C. He was told D. Though he was told 分析：用连词but 引导并列句子，因此，前面也是个独立句子，故选C。,2. _many times , he still couldnt understand it . A. Having been told B. To be told C. He was told D. Though he was told 分析：句中用逗号隔开，且无连词引导，因此，前面不是句子结构，只是句子的一个成分，故选A，用非谓语动词作状语。,二、分析逻辑主语 非谓语动词虽不能作谓语，但仍具有动词特点，其逻辑
35、上的动作执行者就叫做逻辑主语。非谓语动词作状语时，其逻辑主语须和句子的真正主语一致。若不一致，则须加上自己的逻辑主语。,1. _no buses , we have to walk home . 2. _Sunday , I shall have a quiet day at home .A. There being B. It were C. There were D. It being,分析：句1. 表示“没有公共汽车”，应用“there be”结构，即逻辑主语是“the buses”，故选A 。 句2. 同理选D。,三、分析语态 分析语态就是在确定逻辑主语之后，分析非谓语动词和逻辑主语在
36、搭配使用时是主动还是被动关系。,1. _from space , the earth looks blue . 2._from space , we can see the earth is blue . A. Seen B. Seeing C. To see D.See 这两个题选项中的非谓语动词都没有加自己的逻辑主语, 因此其逻辑主语就是句子的主语。 分析：句1. “地球被看”，表被动，故选A，用过去分词表被动。 句2. 我们“主动看”即表主动，故选B。,四、分析时态，在选定了主动或被动后，还要考虑动作发生的时间问题，即时态。,1. The building _now will be a gym . 2. The building _next year will be a gym. 3. The building _last year is a gym. A. having been built B.to be built C.being built D. built 分析：句1中 now 说明大楼正在被修，故用进行式，选C。句2中next year 说明大楼将在明年被修，故用表将来的不定式，选B。句3中 last year 说明大楼已被修，但不能选A，因为现在分词的完成式不能作定语，故用过去分词，选D。,Thank you!,GOODBYE,
