1、To be at home with a new reading skill - finding out word meanings,To decode Text B through “finding out word meanings”,To derive knowledge from Text B,To learn how to cope with bad behaviors on campus,Teaching Objectives,Warming-Up Activities,Text B Decoding (T-Decoding),Knowledge Deriving (K-Deriv
2、ing),Further Development,Contents,Cultural Background,Topic-centered Study of New Words,Spot Dictation,Warming-up Activities,Cultural Background,Random Acts of Kindness Foundation (1/2),The Random Acts of Kindness Foundation(随机善举基金会) was established in 1995. It is a non-profit organization founded u
3、pon the powerful belief in kindness. It is dedicated to providing resources and tools that encourage acts of kindness. The Foundation inspires people to practice kindness and to pass it on to others.,Word Study,Spot Dictation,Jotter,Cultural Background,Random Acts of Kindness Foundation (2/2),It pro
4、vides free educational and community ideas, guidance, and other resources to kindness participants through its website. The Foundation believes that when kindness is expressed, healthy relationships are created, community connections are nourished, and people are inspired to pass kindness on.,Word S
5、tudy,Spot Dictation,Jotter,随意的,random,无知的,抵抗的,resistant,ignorant,急脾气,short temper,盛行(v.),可耻的,敌对的,冒犯的,抱怨,讨厌的人/事,后果,prevail,disgraceful,hostile,offensive,complaint,nuisance,Consequences,遇到 (v.),攻击目标,可能原因,encounter,target,Possible causes,打扰,disturbance,威胁 (v.),侮辱 (v.),恐吓 (v.),虐待 (v.),侮辱,粗鲁行为,Topic-cent
6、ered Study of New Words,Topic?,Etiquette Problems,Background,Spot Dictation,Jotter,threaten,insult,intimidate,mistreat,despite,Rude behaviors,Topic-centered Study of New Words,I know youre above me socially, but I must say I find your attitude _. His slow reaction in learning, as it is called, makes
7、 the student a _ for jokes. As natural disasters _ the safety of our city, so do wars endanger the peace of our world. Sad to say, his will fails to keep him highly_ to temptation around. At midnight, he stepped silently out of the dorm to prevent _ to his roommates.,offensive,target,threaten,resist
8、ant,disturbance,Background,Spot Dictation,Jotter,Topic-centered Study of New Words,People dont like to ask questions for fear of appearing _. It is reported that horror stories _ among Chinese teenagers. In the eyes of experts, any action that seems _ is a result of mind. What we will _ in time to c
9、ome may be what you are ignorant of today. A united effort is always more effective than an isolated _ .,ignorant,prevail,random,encounter,complaint,Background,Spot Dictation,Jotter,Spot Dictation,People use their mouths for many things. They eat, talk, shout and sing. They smile and they kiss. In t
10、he English language, there are many _ using the word mouth. But some of them are not so nice. For example, if you say bad things about a person, the person might _ and say “Do not bad mouth me.”Sometimes, people say something to a friend or family member that they later _ because it hurts that perso
11、ns _. Or they tell the person something they were not _ to tell.,expressions,protest,regret,Background,Word Study,Jotter,feelings,supposed,Spot Dictation,The speaker might say: “I really put my foot in my mouth this time.” If this should happen, the speaker might _ in the mouth. _, he might feel sad
12、 for saying the wrong thing.Another _ is when someone falsely _ another person said something. The other person might protest: “I did not say that. Do not _ in my mouth.”,feel down,In other words,situation,claims,put words,Background,Word Study,Jotter,Text B Decoding (T-Decoding),Reading Skill Findi
13、ng out word meanings,Text Decoding Through Finding out word meanings,Further Discussion over the Topic,Reading Skill Finding out word meanings,When you are making a guess about the meaning of a new word in your reading, you can turn to context clues for help. You might not be able to guess the exact
14、 meaning of a new word every time, but you may be close enough to get the meaning of the sentence containing the new word.,How to find out word meanings?,Text Decoding,Discussion,Jotter,Reading Skill Finding out word meanings,It can help figure out the meaning of a difficult or unfamiliar word; It c
15、an help comprehend the content of the passage, which in turn leads to a better understanding of the reading material.,What can the skill “finding out word meanings” do for us?,Text Decoding,Discussion,Jotter,Clue I: SynonymsDefinition: A synonym is a word or phrase that means exactly or nearly the s
16、ame as another word or phrase in the same language. Context clues: similarly, as well as, bothand, and likewiseExample: Prof. Smiths lectures are so riveting. Similarly, Prof.Wilsons classes are very interesting too. (The meaning of riveting is likely to be similar to interesting as indicated by sim
17、ilarly and too.),What are the context clues to follow to acquire the skill?,Text Decoding,Discussion,Jotter,Reading Skill Finding out word meanings,Clue II: Antonyms Definition: An antonym is a word meaning the opposite to another word. Context clues: however, yet, on the other hand, instead of, but
18、, while, and although Example: My sister is extremely neat and tidy in appearance while she is slovenly in doing housework. (The meaning of slovenly must be contrary to neat and tidy as indicated by while.),Text Decoding,Discussion,Jotter,Reading Skill Finding out word meanings,Clue III: Definition
19、or explanation Definition: A definition or explanation is a phrase or statement giving the meaning of an unfamiliar word. Context clues: be (is, are, was, were), mean, involve, be called, i.e., and in other words Example: The deluge, a flood of rain, threatened to drown the little town. (Obviously,
20、deluge means a flood of rain.),Text Decoding,Discussion,Jotter,Reading Skill Finding out word meanings,Clue IV: Examples Definition: Examples are information that can provide more details to help one infer the meaning of the unfamiliar word. Context clues: such, like, such as, and for example Exampl
21、e: Various means of conveyance, for example, cars, subways, and ships, are used worldwide. (Means of conveyance must refer to things like cars, subways, and ships.),Text Decoding,Discussion,Jotter,Reading Skill Finding out word meanings,Clue V: Root words, prefixes, and suffixes Root word: The root
22、word is the primary lexical unit of a word, and of a word family (root is then called base word). Prefix: A prefix is an affix which is placed before the stem of aword, such as un-, dis-, anti-, mis-, inter-, etc.Suffix: A suffix is an affix which is placed after the stem of a word, such as ment, -l
23、ess, -ness, -tion, -ism, -ful, -able, etc. Example: Sometimes the best way to illustrate how to do something is by counterexample. (the prefix counter- means the opposite of something.),Text Decoding,Discussion,Jotter,Reading Skill Finding out word meanings,In addition to the context clues above, co
24、mmon sense and your knowledge about the real world can also help you discover the meaning of a new word. Example: Professors at a major university launched a campaign to try to eliminate one form of cheating. (Para. 4)Its common sense that cheating is bad behavior, so professors surely want to get r
25、id of it. Therefore, the meaning of eliminate must be get rid of.,Text Decoding,Discussion,Jotter,Reading Skill Finding out word meanings,Text Decoding Through Finding out Word Meanings,Through adoption of the words contrary to each other in meaning“rising rudeness” and “rays of hope”, the author im
26、plies that rude deeds become so widespread (i.e. rising rudeness) that they attract public attention, thus making it possible to reverse the trend (rays of hope).,What does the title imply?,Reading Skill,Discussion,Jotter,As the writers linear way of thinking implies, the first paragraph normally se
27、rves as an introduction to his general statement about his writing and the first sentence as the topic sentence. If this is the case with this text, therefore, the first sentence reveals the main idea of the whole passage, i.e. rudeness is a common element of modern life. Now lets go on with reading
28、 to see how the writer centers his writing on the common element of modern liferudeness.,What is the main idea of the text? (Para. 1),Reading Skill,Discussion,Jotter,Text Decoding Through Finding out Word Meanings,How to find out the meaning of the phrase “lump it”? (Para. 1)As indicated by the sign
29、al words “Or” and “Or”, the three expressions get stronger in the degree of force. So if the expression “Get out of the way” means “Go away” and the expression “Mind your own business” means “Ignore it”, the expression “lump it”, as the least rude one of all, may mean “live with it” or “put up with
30、it”.,Removal of barriers to our reading,Text Decoding Through Finding out Word Meanings,Reading Skill,Discussion,Jotter,As the first sentence of this paragraph implies, the writer makes it through citation of diverse rude practices in large cities: Taxi drivers drive on despite the “Walk” sign; some
31、 talk loudly on the cell phone despite an obvious nuisance to others around; and herds of commuters elbow their way to grab seats, intimidating the old, the disabled and the pregnant.,How does the writer support his argument? (Para. 2),Text Decoding Through Finding out Word Meanings,Reading Skill,Di
32、scussion,Jotter,What is the meaning of the word “prompting”? As our common sense tells us, anyone who kicks your car usually makes you so angry as to teach him a lesson. So from the context clues, we know that the drivers ignorance of the “Walk” sign in driving made the pedestrian so angry as to kic
33、k his car, which in turn served as the direct cause of the drivers chase. So the new word “prompt” herein means “make sb. do something as a reaction”.,Removal of barriers to our reading,Text Decoding Through Finding out Word Meanings,Reading Skill,Discussion,Jotter,From the context clues, we can inf
34、er that the pedestrian kicked the cab because its driver drove on rather than stop at the “Walk” sign.,Why did the pedestrian kick the taxi? (Para. 2),Text Decoding Through Finding out Word Meanings,Reading Skill,Discussion,Jotter,What is the meaning of the new words “elbow” and “intimidate”? (Para.
35、 2)To the best of our knowledge about word formation, the root word of “intimidate” is “timid” meaning “shy”, the prefix “in-“ means “cause (sb./sth.) to be in the state of”, and the suffix “-ate” serves as a verb-formative. In that light, the word “intimidate” is no longer unknown, meaning “cause s
36、b. to be in the state of being shy.”,Removal of barriers to our reading,Text Decoding Through Finding out Word Meanings,Reading Skill,Discussion,Jotter,What is the meaning of the new words “elbow” and “intimidate”? (Para. 2) Then, what is likely to frighten the old, the disable, and the pregnant? Fr
37、om the context clues, we know that subway stations are full of crowds of riders eager to take the subway, which is a common sight in China. So “elbow ones way to grab seats” means “push others aside with ones elbows so as to take seats”.,Removal of barriers to our reading,Text Decoding Through Findi
38、ng out Word Meanings,Reading Skill,Discussion,Jotter,From the context clues, we know that peoples ideas are not cut from the same cloth. Some experts attribute the trend to peoples resistance to traditional values and manners, whereas others ascribe it to the pace of modern life that is too fast for
39、 people to be polite to each other.,What is behind the trend of rising rudeness? (Para. 3),Text Decoding Through Finding out Word Meanings,Reading Skill,Discussion,Jotter,From the context clues “In a small town, In the city, ”, we know that people in large cities are unlikely to meet again the perso
40、n to whom they are rude.,Why do people in large cities seem ruder than those in smaller towns? (Para. 3),Text Decoding Through Finding out Word Meanings,Reading Skill,Discussion,Jotter,As the first sentence of the paragraph implies, stress also contributes to the trend of rising rudeness. According
41、to the counselor Cindy Kludt, rudeness corresponds with the stress of people working under life-and-death circumstances. The same holds true for motorists under stress, as shown in Paragraph 5.,What factor also fuels the trend of rising rudeness? (Para. 4),Text Decoding Through Finding out Word Mean
42、ings,Reading Skill,Discussion,Jotter,From the context clues, it is clear that public servants are rude to them, as people notice, which in turn leads them to deal with the public servants in a rude way as well, just as rudeness cuts both ways.,Why are public officials often the target of peoples fru
43、stration? (Para. 6),Text Decoding Through Finding out Word Meanings,Reading Skill,Discussion,Jotter,What is the meaning of the word “perceive”? (Para. 6)As our knowledge about word formation tells us, the root of the word “perceive” is “ceive”, which means “take” and the prefix “per-“ means “through
44、”. So the word “perceive” means “understand, see through”.,Removal of barriers to our reading,Text Decoding Through Finding out Word Meanings,Reading Skill,Discussion,Jotter,From the first sentence of the paragraph, we know that rude behavior is not merely confined to rude language, as shown in the
45、typical examples herein: A waiter was slapped and cursed in work; a man was beaten and punched for complaining to a woman for her use of bad language; and utility workers suffer from more and more violence.,What is the effect of rudeness on social life? (Para. 7),Text Decoding Through Finding out Wo
46、rd Meanings,Reading Skill,Discussion,Jotter,From the context clues “In fact, the norm of non-involvement” ”, we know that people tend to avoid getting involved.,What is the popular attitude toward rudeness in public? (Para. 8),Text Decoding Through Finding out Word Meanings,Reading Skill,Discussion,
47、Jotter,What is the meaning of the word “norm”? (Para. 8)From the context clues, it is clear that “the norm” is another name of “a new pattern”. So the meaning of the word “norm” is similar to that of the “pattern”, i.e. “the normal or usual way of doing sth.”,Removal of barriers to our reading,Text
48、Decoding Through Finding out Word Meanings,Reading Skill,Discussion,Jotter,From the detailed analysis of the whole text, we can grasp the mode of writing the author adopts for his purpose: Statement complete with evidence (Para. 1-2) + Analyses of cause and effect (Para. 3-7) + Conclusion with rays
49、of hope (Para. 8),Text Decoding Through Finding out Word Meanings,Reading Skill,Discussion,Jotter,1. It is generally thought around the world that the inhabitants of large cities are ruder than their fellow citizens from smaller towns or the countryside. (para. 2)In this sentence, with the help of our knowledge about the comparison of same things, we can grasp the meaning of inhabitant, since its synonym is “ fellow citizen”.,
