1、大学英语四级讲座 CET 4,写 作 部 分,课程介绍,第一讲 大学英语四级写作总论1.写作命题剖析2.评分原则与标准3.命题规律与预测4.考试流程与时间分配5.复习备考注意事项 第二讲 论说文写作1.写作方法2.万能句型3.写作中的5C法则4.真题讲解,第三讲 应用文写作1.告示通知类2.书信类3.图表分析类4.经典范文分析 第四讲 翻译1.解题技巧2.分析考题3.翻译练习,第一讲 写作总论,1.写作命题剖析 大纲要求：写作部分要求考生用英语进行短文写作，思想表达准确、意义连贯、无重大语法错误。写作部分考核的技能是：A.思想表达1）表达中心思想2）表达重要或特定信息3）表达观点、态度等,B.
2、篇章组织4）围绕所给的题目叙述、议论或描述，突出重点5）连贯地组句成段，组段成篇 C.语言运用6）运用恰当的词汇7）运用正确的语法8）运用合适的句子结构9）使用正确的标点符号10）运用衔接手段表达句间关系(如对比、原因、结果、程度、目的等),D.写作格式11）运用正确的符合英语表达习惯的写作格式大学英语四级考试写作部分要求考生达到教学要求中的一般要求，即“能完成一般性写作任务，能描述个人经历、观感、情感和发生的事件等，能写常见的应用文，能就一般性的话题或提纲在半小时内写出至少120词的短文，内容基本完整，用词恰当，语意连贯。能掌握基本的写作技能。”,2. 四级写作评分原则和标准 评分原则： 1
3、.CET是检查考生是否达到大学英语教学大纲规定的四六级教学要求，对作文的评判应以此要求为准则。2.CET作文题采用总体评分(Global Scoring)方法。阅卷人员就总的印象给出奖励分(Reward Scores), 而不是按语言点的错误数目扣分。3.从内容和语言两个方面对作文进行综合评判。4.避免趋中倾向。该给高分的给高分，包括满分;该给低分的给低分，包括0分。一名阅卷人员在所评阅的全部作文卷中不应只给中间的几种分数。,评分标准： 本题满分为15分. 共分五等：2-4分、5-7分、8-10分、11-13分及14-15分。 2-4分 条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或在部分句子均有错误，且
4、多数严重错误。 5-7分 基本切题。表达思想不清楚，连贯性差。有较多的严重语言错误。 8-10分 基本切题。有些地方表达思想不够清楚，文字勉强连贯；语言错误相当，多其中有一些是严重错误。 11-13分 切题。表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。 14-15分 切题。表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯性好。基本上无语言错误，仅有个别小错误。 注： 1.白卷，作文与题目毫不相关，或只有几个孤立的词而无法表达思想，则给0分。 2.如题目中给出主题句，起始句，结束句，均不得计入所写字数 3.只写一段者：04分；只写两段者：09分（指规定三段的作文）,3. 四级写作命题规律与预测 1）新：对传统的三段论
5、式作文提出挑战，新的题型层出不穷。特别是2003年以来，先后考过交通事故目击证词、导游词等首次出现的题目，所以仅仅依靠背诵套句变得越来越行不通。需要同学们重视提高自己的真正写作水平，以不变应万变。 2）综合能力考核：纯粹的记叙、说明或议论文的考核被同时考核三种能力的综合性题目所代替，如2003年9月份的考题，就要求考生在第一段叙述你的classmate生病或受伤的过程，第二段要求说明一下各方面对他的关心，第三段要求你对这个事件展开讨论。这要求我们要全面发展自己的写作能力，不可偏废。 3）实用：实用文体的写作出现得越来越多，书信作文屡次出现，2004年6月还考了一篇导游词。这体现了四级作文对学生
6、实际运用英语能力的关注，也是四级作文备考训练的重点之一。,3.1 最近几年四级考试作文题目 2006.6 Volunteers Needed(应用文) 2006.6.On StudentsSelecting Lecturers（论说文） 2006.12.Spring Festival Gala on TV(论) 2007.6. Welcome to our club （应） 2007.12. What Electives to Choose（论） 2008.6. Recreational Activities(论) 2008.12. Limiting the Use of Disposal B
7、ags （论） 2009.6. Free Admission to Museums（论） 2009.12. Create a Green Campus,3.2.命题形式 3.2.1. 提纲作文 提纲作文实质上是议论文，其下可分为四种类型： 现象阐释型 : 2003年1月四级作文考题 Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic It Pays to Be Honest. You should write at least 120 words accord
8、ing to the outline given below in Chinese. 1. 当前社会上存在许多不诚实的现象； 2. 诚实利人利已，做人应该诚实。,问题对策型：分析问题，找出成因，提出解决办法，题目实例如下： 1997年6月四级英语作文真题 Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Getting to Know the World Outside the Campus. You should write at least 100 wo
9、rds and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below: 1. 大学生了解社会的必要性； 2. 了解社会的途径（大众媒介、社会服务等）； 3. 我打算怎么做。,观点对比型辨析两种对立观点，题目实例如下： 1995年1月四级作文真题 Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Can Money Buy Happiness? You should write
10、 no less than 100 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below: 1.有人认为金钱是幸福之本（source of happiness） 2.也有人认为金钱是万恶之源（root of all evil） 3.我的看法,论说反驳型支持或驳斥一种观点，题目实例如下： 1998年6月四级作文真题 Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on th
11、e topic Do “Lucky Numbers” Really Bring Good Luck? You should write at least 100 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below: 1. 有些人认为某些数字会带来好运； 2. 我认为数字和运气无关，,3.2.2. 图表作文 近十年来图表作文只考过一次柱状图 情景作文的实质是记叙文，主要考过如下类型： A. 书信 （1）告知信/ 建议信:2004年1月 四级作文真题 Directions: For t
12、his part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a letter in reply to a friends inquiry about applying for admission to your college or university. You should write at least 120 words according to the outline given below in Chinese: 1. 建议报考的专业及理由； 2. 报考该专业的基本条件； 3. 应当如何备考。,2）综合信 2002年1月四级作文真题 Direction
13、s: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic: A Letter to the University President about the Canteen Service on Campus You should write at least 120 words, and base your composition on the outline given in Chinese below: 假设你是李明，请你就本校食堂的状况给校长写一封信，内容应涉及食堂的饭菜质量、价
14、格、环境、服务等，可以是表扬,可以是批评建议,也可以兼而有之。,B. 演讲致辞 2005年1月四级作文真题 Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a campaign speech in support of your election to the post of chairman of the student union. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below in Chinese. A Campaig
15、n Speech 1. 你认为自己具备是什么条件(能力，性格，爱好)可以胜任学生会主席工作， 2. 如果当选你将会为本校同学做什么？,3.3.四级作文可能会出现的题目 1）考试的命题作文大都是议论文结构，一般来说题目内容应该是考生所熟悉的，能够有话可说的，如那些社会热点问题就是经常出的题目。 2）但不是所有的热点问题都会成为考试题目。考试题目还要和考试对象的文化背景，年龄特点相一致，所以有关大学生生活，学习，理想等的题目经常出现。 3）作文题目会考虑到考生的语言水平，也就是说学生要求掌握的词汇和结构能否足够表达所考的题目。,热点话题：Economy Society Science and te
16、chnology Media Entertainment Education Environment,4.考试流程与时间分配 1）流程 8：45 验证入场（准考证、身份证、学生证） 8：55-9：00 试音考前准备过程 9：00 考试正式开始 9：009：10播考场指令并发答题卡一、二答题卡一写作与快速阅读部分答题卡二听力、阅读、完型和翻译 9：109：40 开始答题 写作部分（9：35发试题册）,2） 写作时间分配 i)审题（5分钟）要解决的问题：分清题型确定体裁、揣摩题意紧扣主题、构思写作环环相扣例如：For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to
17、 write a short essay in honor of teachers on the occasion of Teachers Day. You should write at least 120words following the outline given below. 1.向老师表达祝贺 2.从一件难忘的事回忆老师的教诲和无私奉献 3.我如何回报老师的关爱,再比如： For this part, your are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Trying to Be A Good Univer
18、sity Student. You should write at least 120 words and you should base your composition on the outline(given in Chinese) below:（1）做合格大学生的必要性 （2）做合格大学生的必备条件（可以德智体 等方面谈） （3）我打算这样做,ii)写作过程（20分钟） 要注意的事项： A)选择恰当的词汇 注意选词的准确性： 例如：学习知识 learn knowledge （） acquire/get knowledge（）As the only child in my family,
19、 Im not used to sleeping with so many people in the same dormitory. （）As the only child in my family, Im not used to sharing a room with so many people. （）,Professor Li is very popular with the students because he is modest and childish. （） childishchildlike Mary won Jane in the speech contest won b
20、eat With the development of big cities, a problem has arisen before us: traffic in cities has become more and more serious than before. （） more and more serious heavier and heavier,They can clean the air, beautify the city, develop a good climate and weaken noise. They can clean the air, beautify th
21、e city, develop a healthy climate and reduce noise. In addition, a bicycle will never give off poisonous gas as a car and it needs only a little place to park.In addition, a bicycle does not give off poisonous gas as a car and it needs only a small place to park.,注意词义 With the industrious developmen
22、t, there is a great need for different kinds of energy. industrious industrial TV commercials have a profound influence on our every day life. every day everyday First we should use our natural resources in an economic way. economic economical,注意词汇的搭配 However, the speed of a car is much faster than
23、that of a bicycle. However, the speed of a car is much higher than that of a bicycle. In the past the price of milk was so expensive that most families could not afford it. In the past the price of milk was so high that most families could not afford it. The opportunity to be promoted in a joint ven
24、ture will be smaller if one cannot speakEnglish. The opportunity to be promoted in a joint venture will be poorer if one cannot speak English,In recent one and two years, people who take TOEFL have decreased. In recent one and two years, the number of people who take TOEFL test has decreased. In the
25、 past few years, grain has decreased by nearly 20%. In the past few years, the consumption of grain has decreased by nearly 20%.,注意修饰语 He neither speaks English nor Chinese. He speaks neither English nor Chinese. At the age of six, my father began to give me English lessons. When I was six years old
26、, my father began to give me English lessons. Having carried out economic reforms in our country, peoples living standard has been greatly improved. Since economic reforms have been carried out in our country, peoples living standard has greatly been improved.,To improve ones writing skill, regular
27、practice is essential. To improve ones writing skill, one must make a regular practice. 注意词性 This term well very busy. This term well be very busy. The cave like a room very much. The cave looked very much like a room.,注意连接词 I started to play table-tennis in middle school, still play it now. I start
28、ed to play table-tennis in middle school, and I still play it now. TV becomes an important part in our daily life. Because we cannot live without it. TV becomes an important part in our daily life, because we cannot live without it. The sun had just risen, shining brilliantly, everything seemed to b
29、e covered with a layer of golden silk. The sun had just risen, shining brilliantly and everything seemed to be covered with a layer of golden silk.,In spite of this obvious advantage, it also brings inconvenience to some people, who have to take buses not their cars, and so slow down their speed. b.
30、 In spite of this obvious advantage, it also brings inconvenience to some people, who have to take buses instead of their cars, and so slow down their speed. The old ones may think too much about safety, the young ones accept it more quickly. b. Old people may think too much about safety, while/but/
31、whereas young people accept them more quickly.,Second, whoever breaks the regulation should be fined or punished. Then everyone will comply with this regulation. Second, whoever breaks the regulation should be fined or punished so that everyone will comply with this regulation. But in fact, there ar
32、e also many people who think numbers have nothing to do with luck. But there are also many people who think that numbers, in fact, have nothing to do with luck.,注意指代关系 People have been fighting against the influences of TV commercials, but it often proves useless. People have been fighting against t
33、he influences of TV commercials, but this effort often proves useless. Television provides us with a vivid, colorful world, which enables us to enjoy life thoroughly. By providing us with a vivid, colorful world, television enables us to enjoy life thoroughly.,选词的丰富性： 例如： 除了用clear, 还可用obvious、appare
34、nt, evident 来陈述观点-Its very clear that 可替换imprortant 的还有 significant, vital, crucial, momentous, etc. B)句与句、段与段之间的转折和承接 but, and, so that, as well as, not onlybut also Firstly Secondly/Moreover/In addition/ FurthermoreFinally.By way of conclusion,C)时态和语法This is what we called the problem of populatio
35、n explosion. (注意时态)This is what we call the problem of population explosion. Smoking harms our health. （注意习惯） It is harmful to smoke. This year my listening skills have made much progress.（注意文法） I have made great progress in my listening this year.,注意时态 With the opening of our country toward the wor
36、ld in recent years, English becomes more and more important.With the opening of our country toward the world in recent years, English has become more and more important. Do you have a feeling that the world is getting smaller and smaller although the size of the earth doesnt change?Do you have a fee
37、ling that the world is getting smaller and smaller although the actual size of the earth hasnt changed?,The need for more jobs makes us develop our industries. b. The need for more jobs will make us develop our industries.注意习惯：切勿写中国式英语 Reading books can acquire knowledge. Through reading one can acq
38、uire knowledge. Now people go abroad is not easy. It is not easy for people to go abroad now.,Nowadays young people who seek to go abroad are becoming more and more. Nowadays more and more young people seek to go abroad. The chief reasons for the change have five points. There are five main reasons
39、for the change. His joke made me laugh to death. I was quite amused by the joke he just told.,注意句法 Good numbers bring good luck is a false conclusion. That certain numbers bring good luck is a completely false conclusion. What on earth is the role money playing in our society? What on earth is the r
40、ole money plays in our society? Only in this way, you can get the true job of achieving your goals.Only in this way, can you get the true job of achieving your goals.,注意一致性 But now large amounts of water and air has been polluted, which brings about various problems troubling mans life.But now large
41、 amounts of water and air have been polluted, which brings about various problems troubling their life. My ideal job is a teacher. My ideal job is to be an excellent teacher.,Study hard now so that we can cope with the change and challenge of the twenty-first century. Study hard now so that you can
42、cope with the change and challenge of the twenty-first century. One serious problem human beings are faced with are how to use our natural resources economically. One serious problem human beings are faced with is how to use our natural resources economically.,注意逻辑的严密性 Some students who are interest
43、ed in social work can join many clubs. Students who are interested in campus activities can join different clubs.I take CET-6 not only for passing the test, but for improving my English.I take CET-4 not only for passing the test, but for further improving my English. .,They recite words at the very
44、moment and after some time. They try to memorize words at the very moment they come across them and review them time and again.Almost everyone of us has bought some fake commodities.Almost everyone of us has had the experience of buying fake commodities,D)书写和卷面清洁 iii) 检查（5分钟） 主要任务： A) 语法：重点看时态过去、现在、
45、将来 B) 拼写 The harmfulness of fake commodities is as follow. follow follows People discuss about weather smoking advertisement should be banned or not. weather whether,环境 enviroment environment 政府 goverment government 现代的 morden modern C) 标点：不可一逗到底 慎用分号 双引号名言、谚语、某人说的话（前逗号，后双引号） 破折号-解释、说明 下划线-杂志、书名、文章题
46、目,5.复习备考注意事项 1）熟悉常见三种文体(论论、说明、应用文)的写作方法，在总结规律和背诵相关模板的同时，要学会灵活运用 模板，切忌生搬硬套，更忌无中生有画蛇添足; 2）熟练掌握各种句式间相互转换的技巧，避免句式单一或句式复杂; 3）尽量能抽取时间来阅读一些与大学或日常生活相关的英语新闻、报纸或杂志;,4）要学好使用关联词，但避免大量使用关联词语，坚持“内容决定形式”的写作原则，切忌为了凑字数而胡乱堆砌关联词语; 5）要吃透重点词汇的用法，切忌生造词汇或囫囵吞枣; 6）无需在应用文上投入太多精力，只要将其基本格式吃透就可以，因为其具体内容的写法或结构基本等同于常见的三种文体,背会如下写作
47、高分的词汇搭配： 经济的快速发展 the rapid development of economy 人民生活水平的显著提高/ 稳步增长 the remarkable improvement/ steady growth of peoples living standard 先进的科学技术 advanced science and technology 面临新的机遇和挑战 be faced with new opportunities and challenges,人们普遍认为 It is commonly believed/ recognized that 社会发展的必然结果 the inev
48、itable result of social development 引起了广泛的公众关注 arouse wide public concern/ draw public attention 不可否认 It is undeniable that/ There is no denying that,热烈的讨论/ 争论 a heated discussion/ debate 有争议性的问题 a controversial issue 完全不同的观点 a totally different argument 有充分的理由支持 be supported by sound reasons 发挥着日益重
49、要的作用 play an increasingly important role in,正如谚语所说 As the proverb goes 对产生有利/不利的影响 exert positive/ negative effects on 利远远大于弊 the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages 导致，引起 lead to/ give rise to/ contribute to/ result in,复杂的社会现象 a complicated social phenomenon 责任感 / 成就感 sense of responsibility/ sense of achievement 竞争与合作精神 sense of competition and cooperation 开阔眼界 widen ones horizon/ broaden ones vision,学习知识和技能 acquire knowledge and skills 经济/心理负担 financial burden / psychological burden 考虑到诸多因素 take many factors into account/ consideration 从另一个角度 from another perspective,
