1、大学英语四六级,Tips for CET Writing,英语作文 评分标准与写作技巧,英语四六级写作要求,大学英语教学大纲对写作的基本要求是：能在阅读难度与课文相仿的书面材料时做笔记、回答问题和写提纲，能就一定的话题或提纲在30分钟内写出120-150词的短文，能写通知或便条，表达意思清楚，无重大语言错误。 对写作的较高要求是：能就一定的话题、提纲、表格或图表在30分钟内写出四级120-180词，六级150-200词的短文，能写日常应用文（如信函、简历等），内容完整，条理清楚，文理通顺。 英语四六级写作考试的目的：测试学生用英语进行书面表达的能力。,大学英语四六级考试作文评分原则,CET作文
2、题采用总体评分方法。阅卷人员就总的印象给出奖励分,而不是按语言点的错误数目扣分。从内容和语言两个方面对作文进行综合评判。内容和语言是一个统一体，作文应表达题目所规定的内容，而内容要通过语言来表达。要考虑作文是否切题，是否充分表达思想，也要考虑是否用英语清楚而确切地表达思想，也就是要考虑语言上的错误是否造成理解上的障碍。避免趋中倾向。该给高分的给高分，包括满分；该给低分的给低分，包括0分，一名阅卷人员在所阅的全部作文卷中不应只给中间的几种分数。,大学英语四六级考试作文评分标准,本题满分为15分。 阅卷标准共分五等：2分、5分、8分、11分及14分。各有标准样卷1至2份。 阅卷人员根据阅卷标准，对
3、照样卷评分，若认为与某一分数（如8分）相似，即定为该分数（即8分）；若认为稍优或稍劣于该分数，即可加一分（即9分）或减一分（即7分），但不得加或减半分。 评分标准： 2分条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或者部分句子均有错误，且多数为严重错误。 5分基本切题。表达思想不清楚，连贯性差。有较多的严重语言错误。 8分基本切题。有些地方表达思想不够清楚，文字勉强连贯；语言错误相当多，其中有一些是严重错误。 11分切题。表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。 14分切题。表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯性好。基本上无语言错误，仅有个别小错误。,注意：白卷，作文与题目毫不相关，或只有几个孤立的词而无法表达
4、思想，则给0分。 1.如题目中给出英文主题句，起始句，结束句，均不得计入所写字数 2.规定的内容未写全者， 按比例扣分。只写一段者：04分；只写两段 者：09分（指规定三段的作文）,四六级考试作文评分注意事项,全国大学英语四、六级考试 作文题评分原则及标准,英语作文最低分的有关规定： 1. 根据目前考生的作文均值，将作文分的最低分定为6分； 2. 作文分为0分，总分若高于60分，报道时一律做59分不及格处理；若低于60分则报道时一律再减6分； 3. 作文分大于0分，小于6分，则按下式计算成绩： 最终得分原卷面总分6分作文实得分 例: 总分为63分，作文分为2分，报导分为 63-6+2=59分；
5、凡作文为0分者，全卷至多拿59分。,back,大学四六级考试写作要求是文章切题（要求考生写的作文不跑题）、条理清楚（每段的议论正反清楚）、语言准确（语法、词汇使用正确，符合英语表达习惯）、字数符合要求（不少于120词）。 一、确保文章切题的两大技巧： 审题：这是看到作文题目后第一件要做的事情，也是很重要的一件事。审题要着重解决以下两个问题： 体裁：四六级考题主要包括议论文、说明文和描述文三种体裁，就考试趋势来看，其作文不是单一的体裁而是多种体裁的综合体。,快速成文口诀和快速成文模式,确定主题句主题句是写作不跑题的重要环节。四六级考试多是提纲式作文，我们可以将中文提纲中的各句译成英语作为主题句。
6、如上例各段主题句分别为：1It is very necessary to get to know the world outside2There are several ways to get to know the world outside3To me，I will take the following ways：另外，有时提纲为简短的英文要求句，如上例也可以这样出题：1Necessity of getting to know the world outside2Ways to do it.3My own practice这是我们的对策是将其进行变换，使之成为主题句，扩展形式与前同。,二、
7、确保条理清楚技巧：1议论文：正反论述要有条理。如上例第一段可以这样写：主题句(It is very necessary to get to know The world outside)+正面(Familiar with the world outside，we can)+反面(Otherwise，we will)。2说明文：各列条要清楚。如上例第二段可以这样写：主题句(There are two ways to know the world)+举例(Firstly Secondly )注意：举例列条时最好选出很简洁的连词或副词，这样会使文章写得更有条有理。3描述文：怎么做要有条理。如上例第三
8、段可以这样写：主题句(To me，I will take the following ways)+具体描述注意：主语要保持一致。,三、确保字数符合要求的快速成文口诀：横向写作正反论述主题不变添非重点词。1.横向写作：指围绕一个主题进行扩展，一段只有一个中心。四六级作文多是三段式，可在每一段中采用“主题句+两三句扩展句+一句结论句”的模式。其中结论句多出现在议论文的体裁中。2正、反论述。在实际考试时考生通常会由于紧张或平时积累不够而感觉无法对主题句进行充分的论证。这时就可采用正、反论述的方法快速成文。3主题不变，添非重点词。若感觉字数仍不够，可在保持主题不变的情况下，添加一些非重点词。如上例第三
9、段：,There are two ways (for us) to know the world outside (out of the campus)(主题句)Firstly，we may take the advantage of the media，such as reading the newspaper，(watching the television)，surfing on the internet and so on.(扩展句一)Secondly，its also good to take a parttime job，such as tutoring (or working f
10、or a software company)(扩展句二)(Any of these methods will enable us to get in touch with society)(结论句),1现象分析,解决问题型:第一段：Its a common phenomenon thatWe often hear thatMore and more attention has been focused on the problem ofThe whole society should pay close attention to the problem of+问题The first reaso
11、n is thatFirstly+理由一BesidesSecondly+理由二(或It brings not onlyIts results may be+后果一But alsoIt will also bring the changes to our society such as+后果二)第二段：As the reasons above，we should do something such asWhen we think about it，we find three constructive solutionsFirst，People have figured out many ways
12、 to solve the problemFirstly+解决方法一We can alsoSecondSecondly+解决方法二+And finally+解决方法三第三段：Personally，I believe thatIn my opinionI think thatTo meI will take the following ways to solve the problemIn my view+我的看法,快速成文模式,2. 正反观点对比型 第段：Some peopleperson holdthinkinsisttend to thinksay that+观点They point ou
13、tbelieve that+理由一SecondlyAdditionally+理由二第二段：On the contraryHowever，Other people hold the view+观点二They argue that+理由一Whats more +理由二 第三段：In my opinionSo far as I am concernedI thinkAs for me+我的观点The reason is that+理由一。 And also十理由 So+结论,道理论证型第一段：People believe in the proverb+谚语owing to the moral it
14、teaches；+谚语内涵第二段：An example of this case isExamples can be easily found to make a case for this proverb+举例第三段：In a word+结论,图表题第一段：As we can see fromAccording toAs shown in the chartgraphdiagram，there is a minimals1ightsmallsteepdramaticrapid suddensteadyslowgradualsharp increase risedecreasedeclinef
15、luctuationreductiondroop of+图表描述对象第二段：There are three mainly reasons responsible for this instanceFor one thing+理由一。For another+理由二The last but not the least thing is that+理由三第三段：Although this graphcharttablediagram may not predict the entire situation in the future，I believe+预测。或To solve this probl
16、em，there are a lot of things for us to do+建议,表示举例说明,For example, for instance, for one thing, to illustrate, as an illustration, a case in point, Lets take as an example. Take for example. is a typical example of is a typical/proper case in point.,表示递进关系,In addition, furthermore, moreover, besides,
17、also, whats more Not only, but also, similarly, Another is is another is also a factor.,表示对比对照,In contrast, by contrast, on the other hand,in comparison, on the contrary, unlike, like, contrary to, whereas, while, conversely, differ/vary greatly/vastly from Different from,表示因果关系的过渡语,Because of, on a
18、ccount of, due to, owing to, thanks to, for, because, since, as, for this reason Therefore, so, as a result, consequently, in consequence, accordingly, hence, thus The reasons why/for are/lie in results in result from,表示转折的过渡语,Though, although, however, nevertheless, nonetheless, even though Lets lo
19、ok at the other side of the coin. As everything has two sides, we should not neglect the other side of the coin. Just as there are two sides of a coin, the negative aspect of cannot be overlooked.,表示结论,To sum up, to conclude, to summarize In sum, in summary, in conclusion, in all, in a word, in shor
20、t, in brief So, therefore, thus We can come to the conclusion that A conclusion can be reached that,To sum up, the advantages of far outnumber/ outweigh the disadvantages. All things considered, the benefits of are more than the problems. Having taken all the factors into consideration, we can see t
21、hat doing something does more good than harm to somebody.,In my opinion From my point of view Personally, I think /believe I take the position that I hold/take the attitude that As far as I am concerned Were it left to me to decide,Lets join in the efforts to do Only by doing this, can we （再加上一个倒装句强
22、调） Lets spare no efforts to do Only in this way, can Lets take effective measures to do Only through such means/measures, can Lets take immediate actions to do Lets take practical steps to do ,四六级英语写作类型,体裁: 1)记叙文 2)应用文 3)说明文 4)议论文 最近几年的六级作文的体裁以夹叙夹议的议论文为主。偶尔六级作文有书信。 段落类型： 议论文所采用的文章扩展模式一般以比较/对照，举例、列举、
23、因果、引用等居多。 出题方式：可能是标题作文、主题句作文或情景、图表作文等等，一般是命题+提纲式写作，中文提纲，一般为三句或两句。,如1： topic: The Popularity of Blog outline：1)近年来“博客”越来越流行，许多人利用“博客”来表达心声、交流想法。2)博客流行的原因。3)目前的博客中可能存在的问题。 【思路点拨】本题属于提纲式文字命题。提纲第1点指出一种现象，提纲第2点要求说明导致该现象的原因，提纲第3点要求分析该现象中可能存在的问题，由此可判断本文应为现象解释型作文。 如2： topic: My Choice for Joboutline:1)有些人会选
24、择收入高但工作时间长的工作;有些人则宁愿选择收入低但工作时间却相对较短的工作。2)如果让你选择，你会选择哪种工作?理由是 【思路点拨】本题属于提纲式文字命题。提纲第1点指出两种不同的工作选择，提纲第2点要求表明“我”的倾向，由此可判断本文应为对比选择型作文。,考试时答题卡会提前发放，应迅速看一下答题卡一上的作文题目和提纲，让其在大脑中留有一席之地，这样我们就可以充分利用考前时间来把握作文。认真审题，弄清文章及各段主题，实现由提纲到主题句的转换。 打腹稿：摆事实，理清思路，从易于表达，且论证丰富的观点入手，不局限于一种看法，一种表达法或一种句式。 具体写作时要分段来写，字迹要工整，卷面要保持清洁
25、，给阅卷人一个好印象。 写完后仔细检查作文中用词、句法方面有无不准确的地方；句式有无变化；句与句之间，段与段之间有无合适的连接及过渡等。,临场注意事项,高分作文标志,篇幅：围绕给定的题目四级120-150字；六级150-180字； 句式：是否长短句交叉,即是否有句式变换； 选词：用词是否恰当、准确、形象，要有几个能够抓人眼球的闪光词； 关键词：是否换用，切勿老用重复词； 连贯性：是否善于使用标志词和过渡词实现文章层次间的衔接。 书写卷面工整。（作文没有草稿纸，也没有打草稿时间，要训练一次写成功。） 无重大语言错误。考生最常犯的语言错误有三类：语法、拼写、标点。最常犯的语法错误包括：时态、冠词、
26、主谓一致、名词单复数等。要避免拼写错误；避免语法错误；避免中文式英语。如：Some people are begin; There are some people want ; Why happen these things。,高分作文tips,要想让分数上一个档次,文章中还需要多几个闪光点。 闪光点体现在用词上、用的句子结构上。在用词时尽量不要用中学时“小儿科”的词汇,多用四六级词汇表中的“新词”。避免重复使用诸如象”think, believe, important”之类的词汇和诸如：”Some people think , I think , Do you think so?”。这样的文
27、章，如果去掉相同的词汇就剩不了几个词汇了。象这样的作文又怎么能够拿到高分呢?写议论文、说明文都需要讲理由,就需要排序,考生多用first, second, third等,就不如用新颖些的in the first place效果好。句子结构也要尽量新鲜。比如Everybody knows that.就不如It is well known to everyone that. 来得精彩,更能博阅卷老师青睐。I think可以写成：in my eyes; I firmly think; personally, I think.,四六级写作没有太大的自由发挥空间。阅卷老师在阅卷的过程中更多的是关注同学们
28、的用词和句型的使用。,高分作文tips,怎样使句子多样化？ 同一件事，可以用不同的句式表达。如果句子清一色是简单句，文章必定很单调乏味。如果全篇充满了冗长的复杂句，读起来也很费力。最好的方法是以简单句为基础，配合适当的并列句和复杂句。简单句可长可短，通常要加些附属成分，如分词短语、介词短语、副词短语、不定式动词短语，以及节缩成分。 总之，作者可根据情况，使句子多样化，使文章灵活多姿。例如下列五个句子的基本概念一样，但是句式不同，内容重点也有些差别：,(1) The goats grazed peacefully in the farm and were unaware of the appro
29、aching hunter. (并列分句(1)+(2) (2) Grazing peacefully, the goats in the farm were unaware of the approaching hunter. (现在分语短语+简单句) (3) In the farm, the goats grazed peacefully and were unaware of the approaching hunter. (副词短语+并列分句(1)-(2) ) (4) There were goats grazing peacefully in the farm, unaware of
30、the approaching hunter. (简单句+形容语短语) (5) As the goats grazed peacefully in the farm, they were unaware of the approaching hunter. (原因副词从句+主句),看看这两个句子要如何多样化呢？ (1) The young pilot was on his first overseas training. (2) He felt very uneasy.,高分作文tips,(a) The young pilot on his first overseas training fe
31、lt very uneasy. (b) The young pilot felt very uneasy during his first overseas training. (c) The young pilots first overseas training made him feel very uneasy. (d) Extreme uneasiness seized the young pilot on his first overseas training. (e) The young pilot was on his first overseas training, feeli
32、ng very uneasy. (f) It being his first overseas training, the young pilot felt very uneasy. .,(g) Being on his first overseas training, the young pilot felt very uneasy. (h) The young pilot was on his first overseas training and felt very uneasy. (i) The young pilot, who was on his first overseas tr
33、aining, felt very uneasy. (j) When the young pilot was on his first overseas training, he felt very uneasy. (k) As the young pilot was on his first overseas training, he felt very uneasy. (l) The young pilot was on his first overseas training, so that he felt very uneasy,如何使英文句子上下连贯，段落衔接过渡自然？(1)如分段叙
34、述某一个问题或表示顺序时，可用First， Second， Third或In the first place, In the second place, Last but not the least来表示衔接。 (2)举例说明时可用for example, for instance, to illustrate, a case in point is 来表示。 (3)进一步阐述时可用furthermore, in addition, similarly, moreover来加以提示。 (4)强调某一点的重要性时，可用surely, truly, undoubtedly, clearly, in
35、deed, as a matter of fact来加强句子的力度。,高分作文tips,(5)作结论时可用therefore, in summary, consequently, in conclusion, in short, in a word等来导出。 (6)分析因果时可用because，due to，so that，as a result等来表现主从句之间的逻辑关系。 (7)转换思路时，可用but，however，nevertheless，otherwise等以示转折，而on the one hand, on the other hand;on one side of the coin
36、, on the other side of the coin 则可用来连接两个相反的事实或观点。 (8) It follows that. It can be inferred that. It suggests that.则将读者引入作者的逻辑推理思路。,高分作文tips,英语写作用词的准确表达,要把握选词的准确性, 可以从下面三方面入手。 一、要有广泛的阅读积累，才能了解词与社会、历史、文化及政治因素的关系，选词时才能符合语言习惯并与社会文化诸多背景一致。例如，英美人对landlord的理解与中国人截然不同。英美人对其的理解首先是“房东”，然后才是“地主” ，而First lady（第一
37、夫人）绝不能理解为汉语的原配夫人，因此在写作中应特别注意这类词，否则会导致冒犯和误解。,由于东西方社会历史文化的差异，许多词所引申或代表的内容也大相径庭，Phoenix在西方象征“复活”、“再生”，而汉语的这一词却表示“祥瑞”。Peach在汉语中象征“长寿”而在英语中却用以指代“特别讨人喜爱的人或物”。又比如在表示色彩的词中green是青春的颜色，常表示希望、活力，但在英语中green又与“妒忌” （to be green with envy，green-eyed）和“没有经验的”（a green horn）联系起来。如果没有广泛的阅读积累，单凭想当然地选词，势必会词不达意。即使同一事物，在美
38、国和英国也可能有不同的表达。例如：corn一词在美国指“玉米”而在英国泛指“谷物”；“地铁”在英国用tube或under-ground美国则用subway。此类的例子还有pavement/sidewalk, Chemists shop/drug store等。,高分作文tips,二、在英语写作中特别要注意区分同义词，选词时要考虑主题、对象及情景（subject, audience, situation）。由于历史的原因，现代英语除本族语外，还包括大量的法语和拉丁来源的词，这就使英语的同义词相当丰富。总的来讲，英语本族语大多是短词，小词，听起来朴素、亲切，大量用于口头表达；法语来源的词庄重文雅，
39、多与行政、宗教、军事、服饰、饮食等有关；拉丁来源的词，书卷味浓。 同义词除了来源的不同会影响措词的选择外，它们在程度、感情色彩上也有不同。比如“瘦”可以用slender，slim，lean, thin，underweight，gaunt, lanky，skinny等来表达，而slender表示“苗条”是褒义的，skinny却是贬义的，underweight则是中性的词。,英语写作用词的准确表达,即使同是褒义词，表达的感情色彩也不同。比如little和small两个同义词都可以表示 “小的” ，但little更强调“可爱的”或“可怜的”。因此在选词表达思想时，一定要分清主题，对象及情景。 另外让
40、中国学生头痛的是一些同义词的习惯搭配。比如large和big都指“大”，但large通常用来修饰诸如number，amount及quantity（a large number of students，a large amount of money，a large quantity of wine，etc）。但象“勇气”，“信心”，”能力”、“智慧”等表示个人素质的名词，人们通常用great而不用big或large来修饰。由此可见，在英语写作实践中，区分同义词的用法是相当重要的。,高分作文tips,三、选择措词应把握好英语和汉语词汇无法对应的部分 不是所有的英语词汇都有相应的汉语表达，一些不同的
41、英语词汇也有可能用同样的汉语来表达，这就使我们在用英语来表达思想时面临更多选择上的困难。比如family和home两词都可译成汉语的“家”，但它们却不是同义词。Family主要指家庭成员，与人有关，而home主要指所居住的地点、住宅。Except和besides有时都译成同样的汉语“除了”,但他们的意思却是相反的。因此我们不能依赖于单纯的汉语译意。否则我们可能会被误导。尽管许多英语对应的汉语词汇都能表达它们真正的意思，但往往有些英语词汇没有准确的汉语对应词；,英语写作用词的准确表达,所以只有在不同的上下文中才能确定它们真正的意思，比如send一词，如果单把它理解成汉语的“送”的话，象这样的句子
42、“她送信给我”也许会被写成she sent me the letter.而英语准确的表达应是she brought me the letter.再如“他将送朋友去机场”，如果写成He will send his friend to the airport。就又错了。正确的表达应该是He will go to the airport with his friend to see him off. 实际上send sth. to a place 应该是请别人送去，自己不去。因此，要确定我们所选的词是否准确、恰当，单凭查词典还不行。,四六级英语作文模板,对比选择型或对比论述型作文模板,图表类作文模板
43、,书信类作文模板,观点论证型作文模板,问题解决型作文模板,现象评述型、现象解释型作文模板,对比论述型作文模板,A有人认为X 是好事，赞成X，为什么？ B有人认为X 是坏事，反对X，为什么？ C我的看法。 Some people are in favor of the idea of doing X. They point out the fact that 支持X 的第一个原因。They also argue that 支持X 的另一个原因。 However, other people stand on a different ground. They consider it harmful
44、to do X. They firmly point out that 反对X 的第一个理由。 An example can give the details of this argument: 一个例子。 There is some truth in both arguments. But I think the advantages of X overweigh the disadvantages. In addition to the above-mentioned negative effects it might bring about, X also may X 的又一个坏处。,对
45、比选择型或对比论述型作文是六级考试中常见的类型，它的标志十分明显。作文要求较明确，富有针对性，即直接要求考生比较两种观点或做法，进而表明自己对问题或事务的态度或观点，也就是做出选择。,A有人认为X 是好事，赞成X，为什么？ B有人认为X 是坏事，反对X，为什么？ C我的看法。 Some people are in favor of the idea of doing X. They point out the fact that 支持X 的第一个原因。They also argue that 支持X 的另一个原因。 However, other people stand on a differ
46、ent ground. They consider it harmful to do X. They firmly point out that 反对X 的第一个理由。 An example can give the details of this argument: 一个例子。 There is some truth in both arguments. But I think the advantages of X overweigh the disadvantages. In addition to the above-mentioned negative effects it migh
47、t bring about, X also may X 的又一个坏处。,对比论述型作文sample 1,Topic: On TV Programs of Dating Outline:1.电视相亲的节目现在很流行；2.人们对此现象观点不一；3.我的观点。,On TV Programs of DatingNowadays, there emerge quite a few TV programs of dating, such as “If You Are the One” and “Lets Have a Date”, which attract many young people to ta
48、ke part in. The new form of dating evokes heated debate.Some people believe it has provided an open platform for the young people, giving them a chance to show up and pursue their beloved ones. However, other people consider dating or pursuing love is a private thing, which shouldnt be carried out i
49、n public. Whats more, it has bad influence on the young people, because sometimes the guests on TV dating programs show many bad morals, like attaching much importance to appearance or wealth.In my personal opinion, TV dating should not be prohibited. As long as this kind of programs are guided and supervised properly, they will function well in providing chances for the single and entertainment for the audience.,
