1、FOREIGH LANGUAGE TEACHING AND RESEARCH PRESS AIR FORCE ENGINEERING UNIVERTISY,Section A,4,Speaking Chinese in America,Objectives,Some Westerners think that Chinese people tend to avoid saying “no” directly. What are the common ways in which the Chinese express disagreement, rejection or refusal in d
2、aily communication?,Chinese people generally use expressions like “possibly no” or “Im afraid it wont work” to say “no” to others. This makes them less direct in giving rejections.,2. Are all Chinese so “discreet and modest” that there arent even words for “no”?,No. When people with greater authorit
3、y or power say “no” to those in a lower status (e.g. parents to children), they can be very direct and straightforward, e. g. “absolutely no”.,1. What are the common structures Americans use to compliment each other? (a) What a ! (e.g. “What a nice hat!”) (b) _(Give one structure and one example),I
4、like your (e.g. “I like your hat.”) I love your (e.g. “I love your shoes.”),Are there any differences between Chinese and American cultures in how people compliment each other and how they respond to a compliment?,Yes, the traditional way is to say something to show that we or the object we own is n
5、ot that good. For example, we may say “哪里” (meaning “it is nothing”). But in modern days, many people have adopted the English way of responding to a compliment. They say “thank you” very often too.,China is casting such a huge _ on the United States that many Americans are _ to learn the Chinese la
6、nguage _ retain their competitive edge. “Interest in learning Chinese among American youth and their parents has grown dramatically in the past five years.”,Listen to a short passage and fill in the missing information.,shadow,To be continued,scrambling,in a bid to,said Vivien Stewart, vice presiden
7、t at the Asia Society, a US group trying to _ between Americans and the peoples of Asia and the Pacific. Chinas dramatic rise to near superpower _ and its telling effects politically, economically,bridge the gap,status,Listen to a short passage and fill in the missing information.,To be continued,an
8、d _ are driving the interest to learn the language, experts say. From _ to high schools, studies by the Asia Society show, there is a “rapid rise” in _ among pupils to study the Chinese language. ”,culturally,kindergartens,Listen to a short passage and fill in the missing information.,To be continue
9、d,interest,The Chinese rich cultural traditions and blossoming economy mean that is now _ all of our students to be better prepared to engage them and _ opportunities together,” said Michael Levine, Asia Societys executive director of education.,essential for,Listen to a short passage and fill in th
10、e missing information.,seize,Cultural Background,Chinese Americans,3. What are the popular columns in the historyof the New York Times Magazine?,Tips,1. What does Chinese Americans refer to?,The term “Chinese Americans” refers to Americans of Chinese descent. It also includes those with partial Chin
11、ese ancestry.,Cultural Background,the United Arab Emirates,2. What stereotypes of Chinese Americans are depicted in the media?,Chinese Americans are “foreign” and “unassimilated”. Chinese are alien predators. Chinese Americans are restricted toclichd occupations.Chinese Americans are polite. Chinese
12、 Americans as a whole are amodel minority.,Cultural Background,the United Arab Emirates,3. What are the popular columns in the historyof the New York Times Magazine?,Some of the popular columns in the history of the magazine are “On Language”, “The Ethicist”, “Consumed”, and “The Funny Pages”.,Cultu
13、ral Background,the United Arab Emirates,Why did the authors mother describe her Sau-sau by using the expression “nominal courtesy” at the dinner? (Para.1),When the authors mother offered the last scallop from the garlic seafood dish, Sau-saus response: (Para.2),Sighed. (Para. 7),Full, Im already ful
14、l. (Para.5),Byao, zhen byao! (Para.3),What did the authors mother suggest as the right way for the Chinese to respond at the dinner table in America? (Para. 8),Tips,They say directly whether they want to have anything or not. They would rather than refuse for the sake of politeness even if they in f
15、act want to eat it.,A story about a family dinner to introduce the topic of the essay, i.e. whether Chinese language and culture are _.,Part I (Paras. 1- _),9,indirect and polite,How did the article in The New York Times Magazine describe Chinese language and culture? (Para.10),Main Ideas of the Par
16、ts,Main Idea & Structure,Tips,It said that Chinese language and culture were very indirect and polite.,As any child of immigrant parents knows, there is a special kind of _ attached to knowing two languages. (Para.12),double bind,Why did the authors parents scold her when she answered them with a qu
17、estion? (Paras.13-17),If I consider my upbringing carefully, I find there was nothing _ about the Chinese language I grew up with, no censorship for the sake of _. My parents made everything abundantly clear in their _ demands: “Of course you will become a famous aerospace engineer,” they prodded. (
18、Para.18),discreet,politeness,consecutive,Para. 20,Having listened to both Chinese and English, Im suspicious of _ between the two languages, as I notice the reciprocal _ they each present. English speakers say Chinese is extremely difficult because different words can be denoted by very subtle varia
19、tions in tone. English is often bracketed with the label of _, a language of too many broken rules.,comparisons,challenges,not reliable,inconsistency,In Paragraph 21, the author mentions how an outside observer might view Chinese people by just listening to her mother speak. Why does she discuss thi
20、s?,What did the author worry? (Para. 22),How does the author feel about the description of Chinese people as being “modest and polite”? (Para. 24),Part II (Paras. 10-26),The author examines in detail the American view about Chinese language and culture and rebuts it with stories and observations fro
21、m her own life.,According to the text, how do Chinese people say “yes” or “no” when answering questions? (Para. 28),Part III (Paras. 27-31),There is no one word in Chinese for “yes” or “no”, which is not because Chinese people are discreet, but because their answer is specific to what is asked.,A st
22、ory about a family dinner to introduce the topic of the essay, i.e. whether Chinese language and culture are indirect and polite. (Paras. 1-9),Introduction,Refutation against the American view that Chinese language and culture are indirect and polite. (Paras. 10-26),There is no one word in Chinese f
23、or “yes” or “no”, which is not because Chinese people are discreet, but because their answer is specific to what is asked. (Paras. 27-31),Conclusion,Speaking Chinese in AmericaOnce, at a dinner, my mother whispered to me confidentially: “Sau-sau pretends too hard to be a polite _! Why bother with su
24、ch nominal _? In the end, she always takes everything.” My mother no longer patient with old taboos and courtesies.,recipient,courtesy,To be continued,I read an article in The New York Times Magazine, where the author mentioned that the interwoven _ of Chinese language and culture renders its speech
25、 indirect and polite. Chinese people are so “_ and modest”, that there arent even words for “yes” and “no”.,configuration,discreet,To be continued,If I consider my upbringing carefully, I find there was nothing discreet about the Chinese language I grew up with, no _ for the sake of politeness. Havi
26、ng listened to both Chinese and English, Im _ comparisons between the two languages, as I notice the reciprocal challenges they each present.,censorship,suspicious of,To be continued,Even more dangerous is the temptation to view the _ between different languages and behavior in translation. There is
27、 no one word for “yes” or “no”, but not _ to be discreet. _, I would say the Chinese equivalent of answering “yes” or “no” is specific to what is asked.,gulf,If anything,out of necessity,与有联系,(an accident / blame / be attached to),Dont worry because it was an accident and no blame is attached to stu
28、dents.,be attached to,短语逆译,短语应用,不要担心，因为这仅是意外，学生不应该受到指责。,意群提示,作为副业；作为兼职,(make sculptures / on the side),Her husband is a doctor who makes sculptures on the side.,on the side,短语逆译,短语应用,她的丈夫是个医生，业余时间做些雕塑。,意群提示,切入主题,(not have much time / come to the point),We dont have much time, so Ill come straight to
29、 the point.,get / come to the point,短语逆译,短语应用,我们时间不多，所以我就直入主题吧。,意群提示,以限制某人（的自由、机会等）； 包围；围住,(politicians / hedge in with),It is clear that politicians are often hedged in with their own interests.,hedge in with / by ,短语逆译,短语应用,很明显，政客们通常受到本身利益的制约。,意群提示,有代表性的；代表的,(be representative of / dominant / lite
30、rary themes ),These short stories are representative of the dominant literary themes of the 20th century.,be representative of,短语逆译,短语应用,这些短篇小说代表了20世纪具有主导性的文学主题。,意群提示,如果有什么不同；甚至正相反；甚至还不如说,(losing / if anything / relieve),Xiao Ming didnt seem too disappointed at losing. If anything, he seemed relieve
31、d that it was all over.,if anything,短语逆译,短语应用,小明看上去对输掉比赛并不是太失望。相反， 他好像因为比赛都已结束而感到如释重负。,意群提示,何必费劲讲究形式上的客套呢？,原句译文,逆译练习,Why bother with such nominal courtesy?,句型提炼,why + v. / n. / prep. phrase,句型提炼,应用提示,用于含蓄地表达观点。,句型应用,(TV program),典型例句,你可以在电脑上看电视节目，何必费劲买个 电视机呢？,意群提示,You can watch TV programs on the co
32、mputer, so why a television?,仔细想想自己的成长过程，我发现，我从小到大所接触到的中文并不是什么特别谨慎的语言。,原句译文,逆译练习,If I consider my upbringing carefully, I find there was nothing discreet about the Chinese language I grew up with.,句型提炼,If I consider my upbringing carefully, I find there was nothing discreet / difficult about sth. /
33、sb. I grew up with.,句型提炼,应用提示,用于表达“通过个人经历而形成的对某人/事的正确认识”。,句型应用,(upbringing / grow up with),典型例句,仔细想想自己的成长过程，我发现，我从小到大所接触到的英文并不是什么特别难的语言。,意群提示,If I consider my upbringing carefully, I find there was nothing difficult about the English language I grew up with.,在这一点上，我的确在某种程度上同意纽约时报杂志的那篇文章。,原句译文,逆译练习,A
34、t this junction, I do agree in part with The New York Times Magazine article.,句型提炼,At this junction, I do agree in part with sth.,句型提炼,应用提示,用于表达“部分认同”。,句型应用,(At this junction / agree in part with / raise),典型例句,在这一点上，我的确在某种程度上同意女孩要富养的理念。,意群提示,At this junction, I do agree in part with the idea that da
35、ughters should be raised in richness and happiness., Yes. French people are romantic, and the French language is beautiful; Italians are fashionable, and Italy has the best cuisine in the world. I have watched many movies in which French people are indeed romantic, although I have never met any Fren
36、ch in person. A common scene in the movies is that a French man gives flowers to his girlfriend or wife, or two persons meet by chance and fall in love quickly.,Do you know of any stereotype of a foreign country, its people, or its language? Have you ever met anyone who either fits or contradicts th
37、is image, and in what way?, No. I think people in different countries orcultures of the world have more similarities than differences. For instance, we all consider such values as honesty, diligence and patriotism important qualities of being a good man or a good citizen. Hence, I think there are no
38、 essentialdifferences between peoples or cultures, andI dont have any stereotype of any foreigncountry, its people, or its language.,2. If you are going to live in a foreign country for a number of years, what would you prefer to do: to adapt your behavior and manners to the culture of that country,
39、 or to stick to the norms of your own culture?, I will try to adapt my habits to local norms.For example, I will follow their rules ofdining, body language and gift giving. I would prefer to maintain Chinese traditions.Modern people value cultural diversity, so, Ithink people of the foreign country
40、I live inwill respect my choice.,Tips,Watch a video clip and discuss the following question.,Video Watching,Tips,What would you suggest as good ways for people to avoid misunderstandings of foreign cultures?,Back,Tips,Look for information about those cultures;Visit foreign countries, which will enab
41、le us to experience their cultures in person and understand them better; Make friends with foreigners who are traveling or are living in our country; Communicating with them in daily life will help us know their customs.,What would you suggest as good ways for people to avoid misunderstandings of fo
42、reign cultures?,Write a narrative with direct dialogA narrative essay tells a story. Important elements that make up a story include a setting (the location), a theme (the basic idea), a mood (the feeling or atmosphere), characters (people), and a plot (the sequence of events). One way to present th
43、ese elements is to use dialog. A good narrative essay often employs vivid dialog, through which it can bring characters to life and effectively arouse readers emotional responses.,to be continued,Write a narrative with direct dialogDialog is the verbal exchanges between two or more characters. There
44、 are two ways to tell the words of the characters. One is direct dialog, in which the exact words spoken by a character are quoted. These words are presented in quotation marks and attributed to the speaker. The other is indirect dialog, in which the words of a character are paraphrased and not put
45、in quotation marks.,to be continued,When writing direct dialog, we should follow the standard conventions of punctuation and formatting. The basic principles are as follows: Use quotation marks to indicate the exact words spoken by characters. 2. Begin a new paragraph whenever the speaker changes. 3
46、. Make sure readers always know who is speaking. Dialog tags (e.g. “He said”) are sometimes used to identify the speaker. 4. Use correct punctuation marks and capitalization.,to be continued,Example:,“Clean up your room,” Mother said, “or youre not going to the movie!” Jim shouted, “Thats not fair!
47、Its Bens room too!” “Ben will be home later to take care of his half. Now, are you going to get started?” Mother scolded. “I guess so,” muttered Jim. “Why doesnt Ben ever have to do anything around here?” “He does plenty,” Mother said. Jim said, “I never see him do much of anything but study.” “Well
48、,” answered Mother, “youre never around very much.”,Read the following outline and the sample essay.,Topic: A person special to me Introduction: My friend Jerry is a special person because he always chooses a good mood, and for him attitude is everything.,to be continued,Body: He is a natural motivator. He chooses to learn from bad things rather than to be a victim of them. He survived a gunshot injury with optimism. Conclusion: Restate the main idea: Attitude, after all, is everything.,
