1、四级汉译英题型解析,2014年4月,四级汉译英题型解析,140-160个汉字的段落,涉及历史、文化、经济、社会发展等题材。时间为30分钟。,一 题型分析,二 翻译三部曲,理解是翻译成功与否的先决条件和重要步骤,666666666666666666666666,转换、重构和表达是理解的深化和表现,确保译文准确、通顺。,理解,校核,重构/表达,三 翻译技巧,1. 句子语法结构分析,2. 用词搭配,3. 把握句内/间 逻辑关系,4. 整合检查,下面分别从词、句角度分析翻译技巧,1、词的翻译 1.1 词义的确定 1.2 词类转换 1.3 词的增补（1）语法需要（2）意思表达需要 （3）文化背景解释需要
2、 1.4 词的减省 1.5 词的替代,词的翻译,正确选词是保证译文质量的重要前提。主要应根据上下文正确理解原文的词义。,1.1词义选择,（1）日服三次，每次一片 To be taken three times a day, one tablet each time.（2) 你说得有道理，我服了。 What you said is reasonable. Im convinced.（3）他不服指导。 He refused to obey directions.,诗人应具有丰富想象力。A poet should have rich imagination.真遗憾，你的想象力太丰富了。What a
3、pity! Youve got into wild flights of fancy.,张将军真是足智多谋啊！General Zhang is really wise and resourceful.那个敌参谋长可是诡计多端的呀！The enemy chief of staff has a whole bag of tricks.,苏州是吴文化的发源地，苏绣、绘画、篆刻、昆曲、评弹苏剧以及饮食、服饰、语言等融汇成其丰富的内涵。,Suzhou is the cradle of Wu Culture, which covers Suzhou Embroidery, painting, seal c
4、utting, Kunqu Opera, Suzhou Ballad Singing, and Suzhou Opera as well as the local cuisine, costume and dialect.,1.2 词类的转换,词类转换是汉英翻译中的重要手段之一，运用得当，可以使译文通顺流畅，符合英语习惯。反之，译文则会变得生硬累赘。,常见的词类转换现象1,常见的词类转换现象2,常见的词类转换现象3,杭州历来盛情招待来自全世界的游客和客商。,Hangzhou has long been hospitable to the tourists and businessmen fro
5、m all over the world.,她漂亮得无法形容。,Her beauty is beyond description.,国家采取各种措施，切实保护妇女各项权利不受侵犯。,The State has adopted measures to effectively protect womens rights against infringement.,2001年，中国成功地取得了2008年 夏季奥运会的举办权。,In the year of 2001, China was selected to host the 2008 Summer Olympics. .,1.3 词的增补,汉英两
6、种语言由于用词造句的规律不同，因而在表达同一内容是需要在译文中增补原文中没有的词。（1）语法需要（2）意思表达需要（3）文化背景解释需要,If you have never tasted the bitterness of gall, how can you know the sweetness of honey?问遍千家成行家。Learn from numerous advisors, and you will become a master. / After learning from numerous advisors, you will become a master.,（1）为了保证
7、译文语法结构完整而增词。 增补词类：代词（名词）、连词、介词和冠词,不知苦中苦，哪知甜中甜。,教室太吵，宿舍太闷，校园里的树林中，小河边，假山旁，芳草上全是同学知己，一个个手捧书本，口中念念有词。,As the classroom was too noisy and the dorm too stuffy, I went outdoors, only to find the fellow students everywherein the woods, by the brooks, beside the rockery, and on the lawn, all with books in t
8、heir hands and reading the texts aloud.,（2）为了保证译文意思明确而增词.,增补的词有：原文中暗含而无需明言的词、概括性词和注释性词语。例如： 1、班门弄斧。Show off ones proficiency before Lu Ban, the master carpenter.2、三个臭皮匠，合成一个诸葛亮。Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang, the master mind.,3、学而不思则罔，思而不学则殆。 To learn without si , thinking
9、 , will lead to confusion. Or：To think without learning, however, will lead to fruitless exhaustion.,乐山水光山色独特，地理环境优越，素有“绿杨夹岸水平铺”之称，举行龙舟竞渡得天独厚。,Famous for its “tranquil river fringed with rich vegetation”, Leshan in Sichuan Province has the ideal setting for its Dragon Boat Festival.,也就在这一幅绚烂的图画旁边，在河
10、湾之畔，一群羊正在低头觅食。他们几乎没有一个顾得上抬起头来，看一眼这美丽的黄昏。也许它们要抓紧时间，在即将回家的最后一刻再一次咀嚼。这是黄河滩上的一幕。牧羊人不见了，他们不知在何处歇息。只有这些美生灵自由自在地享受着这个黄昏。这儿水草肥美，让他们长得肥滚滚的，像些胖娃娃。如果走近了，会发现它们那可爱的神情，洁白的牙齿，那丰富而单纯的表情。,Beside this picture with profusions of colors, a group of sheep are lowering their heads, eating by the river bank. Hardly none o
11、f them would spare some time to raise their eyes to have a glance at the beautiful dusk. They are, perhaps, taking use of every minute to enjoy their last chew before being driven home. This is a picture of the Yellow River bank, in which the shepherd disappears, and no one knows where he is resting
12、 himself. Only the sheep, however, as free creatures, are joyfully appreciating the dusk. The exuberant water plants have nurtured the sheep, making them grow as fat as balls. When approaching near, you would find their lily-white teeth and a variety of innocent facial impressions.,Just beside this
13、splendid picture, a flock of sheep is grazing by the riverside. They spare no time to raise their eyes to have a glance at the beautiful dusk. They are, perhaps, making use of every minute to enjoy their last chew before going home. This is a glimpse of the Yellow River bank. The shepherd must be at
14、 rest somewhere, leaving these creatures to enjoy this moment of twilight with full ease and freedom. Here the rich grasses put them in a well-fed and chubby way. When getting close to them, you will find their white teeth as well as their rich innocent expressions.,1、人不可貌相，海水不可斗量。 2、勤能补拙。 3、知识的问题是一
15、个科学的问题，来不得半点的虚伪和骄傲，决定的需要的倒是其反面诚实和谦虚的态度。你要有知识，你就得参加变革现实的实践。你要知道梨子的滋味，你就得变革梨子，亲口吃一吃你要知道革命的理论和方法，你就得参加革命。一切真知都是从直接经验发源的。但人不能事事直接经验，事实上多数的知识都是间接经验的东西，这就是一切古代的外域的东西。,参考译文：,1、It is impossible to judge people from their appearance, and impossible to measure the ocean by pints./We cant judge people from the
16、ir appearance, just as we cant measure the ocean by pints. 2、Diligence makes up for the deficiency/inability.,3、Knowledge is a matter of science, and no dishonesty or conceit whatsoever is permissible. What is required is definitely the reverse-honesty and modesty. If you want knowledge, you must ta
17、ke part in the practice of changing reality. If you want to know the taste of a pear, you must change the pear by eating it yourself. If you want to know the theory and methods of revolution, you must take part in revolution. All genuine knowledge originates in direct experience. But one cannot have
18、 direct experience of everything; as a matter of fact, most of our knowledge comes from indirect experience, for example, all knowledge from past times and foreign lands.,1.4 词的减省,1.5 词的替代,2. 句的翻译,2.1 确立主干2.2 语序调整,3. 句间及段落间衔接,句子的翻译 一、主语的选择（The Selection of Subjects）主语的选择有三种方法：选择原句的主语；选择原句中别的成分作主语；增添
19、主语 二、谓语的选择 （The Selection of Predicates）动词使用时要符合时态、语态、语气三个语法范畴的要求，同时，数、时、体上和主语保持一致，必须与主语、宾语、甚至其他成分搭配自然。 三、语序的改变（The Change of Word Order）汉语重视：时序律；范围律（英语相反）；主客律与表里律（英语也存在）；因果律 四、衔接方式的调整（The Adjustment of Cohesive Devices）指称衔接（referential cohesion）;逻辑衔接（logical cohesion）;词汇衔接（lexical cohesion）,（1）指称衔接
20、也称为照应（co-reference，anaphora），是指文本中某一句法成分与另一成分之间的相互解释关系。按指称范围：（内指、外指；回指、下指）按指称手段：人称代词照应、指示代词照应、比较照应（2）逻辑衔接是指体现句子成分之间逻辑关系的手段。（3）词汇衔接是指本中词汇之间的语义联系。这种衔接可大致归纳为词的重复（repetition）和搭配（collocation）两大类。词的重复指使用相同的词、同义词或近义词，上义词（superordinate）也称概括词（general word）和下义词（subordinate）也称具体词（specific word）.,语序的变换,在翻译中，原文中
21、某一种语序在译文中变换成另外一种语序，就叫做语序变换。汉英两种语言的某些句子成分和词语的排列顺序有可能不一样，在翻译时，必须对其进行语序变换。常见的语序变化情况有： （一）定语位置的变换； （二）状语位置的变换； （三）汉英叙事重心不同； （四）强弱词语顺序不同； （五）其它句子成分和词语位置变换。,中国有句比喻时间宝贵的古谚：“一寸光阴一寸金，寸金难买寸光阴。”古人更有珍惜“寸阴”、“分阴”的美谈。为什么时间会用长度单位来表述呢？这与我国古代使用的计时仪器有关。在漫漫的历史进程中，我们的祖先在不同的时间发明和制造了各种适应当时社会经济发展和人们生活需求的计时器。其中最要有圭表(gnomon-
22、and-ruler)、日晷(sundial)、漏刻(clepsydra)、机械计时器(time-measuring machines)等几种。,An old Chinese saying that stresses the value of time goes, “An inch of time is worth an inch of gold; yet you cant buy an inch of time at an inch of gold.” Many anecdotes praise those who use every “inch” or “ a tenth of an inc
23、h” of time well. Why should time be measured by unit of length? The answer lies in the time-measuring instruments used in ancient China. Throughout their long history, the Chinese peoples ancestors invented and manufactured different time-measuring instruments in different eras to meet the needs of
24、social and economic development and daily life. The major ones are the gnomo-and-ruler, sundial, clepsydra and time-measuring machines.,三、样题讲解,（依据学生现场翻译讲解）,四、四级新题型实战演练,Practice 1,在中国，喝茶是一种仪式（ritual）,一种精致品味（refined taste）的展示。人们在饮茶的同时，也领略着品茶的情趣之意。喝茶聊天是中国人中最流行的打发时间的方式。过去，他们是以进有名的茶馆（teahouse）而开始一天的生活的。中
25、国的茶馆相当于法国的咖啡馆和英国的酒馆。人们到这里不仅是为了喝茶，也是为了议论当地的新闻或就政治话题进行激烈的（furious）争论。,Tea drinking in China is a ritual and a demonstration of the refined taste. While drinking tea，people also take delight in the essence of tea itself. Chatting over a pot of tea is a very popular way of pastime among ChineseIn the pa
26、st，they would start the day with a visit to a wellknown teahouse. Chinese teahouses would be the equivalent of French cafes and English pubs. People come here not just for tea，but also to discuss local news or to have furious political debates .,Practice 2,在中国，中小学教育需要花费12年的时间来完成，分为小学、初中和高中三个阶段。小学教育持
27、续5年或6年。在初中阶段，大多数学生上3年学，极少数上4年学。几乎98的学生在前一种学校人学。在小学和初中的9年教育属于义务教育。普通高中教育持续3年时间，在整个义务教育阶段，要求学生每学期末参加期末考试。,In China，primary and secondary education takes 12 years to complete，divided in to primary, junior secondary and senior secondary stagesPrimary education lasts either five or six years. At junior s
28、econdary stage，most have three years schooling with a tiny part of four years. Almost 98 percent of students are enrolled in the former schoolsThe nine-year schooling in primary and junior secondary schools belongs to compulsory education. General senior secondary education lasts three years. Throug
29、hout the whole process of compulsory education，students are required to take final examinations at the end of each semester,Practice 3,Practice,旅游业是最近二十年来在世界各地迅速发展起来的一个行业，现在正引起中国公众愈来愈大的注意。许多人给报纸写信，就促进中国的旅游业的发展提出了种种建议。人们的看法是，发展旅游业将有助于促进中国人民和其他国家人民之间的相互了解和友谊，并将有利于文化，科学，技术方面的交流。还会有助于为中国的伟大事业积累资金。,Touri
30、sm，a fast developing business over the last two decades in all parts of the world，is now receiving increasing attention among the Chinese publicMany people have written to the press making suggestions for the promotion of tourism in ChinaIt is believed that the development of tourism will help promo
31、te mutual understanding and friendship between the people of China and other countries and facilitate exchanges in the field of culture，science and technologyMoreover，it will help accumulate funds for Chinas great cause.,Practice 4,传统中国绘画是一门独特的艺术，无论是风格还是技巧都与世界其他艺术门类迥然不同。传统的日本绘画可能算是例外，但是不要忘了，它是深受中国文化
32、影响的。中国人绘画采用毛笔蘸墨汁或颜色，灵巧地挥洒(wield)在纸上。画家用深、浅、浓、淡的点和线构成一幅图画。在优秀画家的手里，毛笔和墨汁不仅是绘画的工具，也是画家艺术追求的象征。,Traditional Chinese paintings constitute a unique school of art, a school that, in style and techniques is widely different from any other art school in the worldTraditional Japanese art may be the only exce
33、ption，but it has to be remembered that it has been heavily influenced by the Chinese cultureThe Chinese do paintings with brushes，dipping their brushes in ink or paint and then skillfully wielding themPainters produce on the paper pictures with lines and dotssome heavy，and some light，and some deep，a
34、nd some paleIn the hands of a good painter，brushes and ink are not only tools for drawing pictures，but also the symbol of his or her artistic pursuit.,Practice 5,在媒介文化高度发展的今天，年轻人接触外来文化的方式越来越多。根据中国互联网信息中心（CNNIC）的统计，截止到2004年6月30日，中国上网用户总数达到8,700万人，其中多数是年轻人。现代社会的开放性和多样性使得年轻人不得不在西方文化的冲击中寻找自己的文化定位。实际上，现在
35、很多年轻人在很多生活方式上已经很难分清它是来自西方还是东方。,In the era of highly developed media culture, young people have more contact than ever with foreign culture. According to CNNIC statistics，by June 30，2004，China had had 87 million Internet users, most of which are young people. Coupled with the openness and diversity o
36、f modern society，young Chinese people now have to seek their culture orientation within the ambit （范围，界限）of western cultureOn the surface, many aspects of the western or Eastern lifestyle are so blended that many young people find it difficult to make those lifestyles distinguishable,Practice 6,世界贸易
37、组织成立于1955年1月1日，目的是确保一个稳定的全球贸易经济环境。在当今世界的190多个国家中，世界组织的成员国有158个。在处理国家之间的贸易规则方面，世界贸易组织是唯一的全球性国际组织。世界贸易组织的事务应该引起我们的关注，因为世贸组织制定的规则对我们国家的经济和国民生活都有一定的影响。,The WTO (World Trade Organization) was founded/established on January 1, 1955, aims to ensure a stable trade and economic world environment. The WTO is
38、an associate of 158 member countries, of more than 190 countries in the world today. The WTO is the only global international organization dealing with the rules of trade between nations. The business of the WTO should be of interest to us because the rules that are being decided therein(在其中) have a
39、 certain impact on our national economy and peoples lives.,Practice 7,7 奥运会是国际性的体育盛会，体育项目种类繁多，分为夏冬俩季，均是每4年举办一次。最初有记载的奥运会于公元前776年在希腊的奥林匹亚举行。奥运会是最大的媒体活动之一。2000年悉尼奥运会上，有超过1.6万名播音员和新闻记者参与报道。据估计，有38亿观众通过电视收看了此届盛会。然而，奥运会发展也是奥运会要面临的一大问题。,The Olympic Games are an international multi-sport event subdivided i
40、nto two seasons of summer and winter sporting events. The Summer and Winter Games are held every four years. The original Olympic Games were first recorded in 776 BC in Olympia, Greece. The Olympics are one of the largest media events. In the 2000 Olympic Games of Sydney, there were more than 16000
41、broadcasters and journalists involved in reporting. It is estimated that 3.8 billion viewers watched the event on TV. However, the development of the Olympic Games is one of the largest problems the Olympics face today.,Practice 8,三国演义由罗贯中创造于14世纪，是一部中国历史题材的小说。小说以汉朝末年和三国时期历史演变为背景，叙述了在这个动荡时期发生的一系列重大事情
42、。整个故事情节从公元168开始一直到公元280年领土统一时结束。小说篇幅长达80万字，分为120个章节，共描述了1191个人物角色，堪称中国文学史上四大经典小说之一。,“Romance of the Three Kingdoms“， written by Luo Guanzhong in 14th century, is a Chinese historical novel based upon events in the turbulent years near the end of the Han Dynasty and the Three Kingdoms era, starting in A.D. 168 and ending with the reunication of land in A.D. 280. It is acclaimed as one of the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese literature, with a grand total of 800,000 words, . 1191 characters, and 120 chapters.,Thank You !,Practice makes perfect. Come on, boys and girls! Success to you!,
