1、Love is fallacy,Lets review this part, the organizational pattern: 86-96 Contradictory Promises 97-98 Interposition. He wants to give the girl back. 99-104 Ad. Misericordiam 105-108 False Analogy 109-114 Hypothesis Contrary to Fact 115-124 Poisoning the Well 125-154 backfiring of all the arguments,词
2、汇,chirp (v.) :speak in a lively，shrill way嘁嘁喳喳地说 - deposit (v.) :put，lay or set down放下，搁下 - glum (adj.) :feeling or looking gloomy，sullen忧郁的，闷闷不乐的 - ember (n.usuin p1.) :the smoldering remains of a fire常用复余烬,余火 - smolder (v.) :burn and smoke without flame；be consumed by slow combustion闷烧；熏烧 - fraugh
3、t (adj.) :filled，charged，or loaded充满的；蕴含的 - blubber (v.) :weep loudly, like a child(小孩般)大声哭 -,analogy (n.) :an explaining of something by comparing it point by point with something similar类比 - brief (n.) :a concise statement of the main points of a law case，usually filed by counsel for the informati
4、on of the court诉讼摘要；辩护状 - blueprint (n.) :a photographic reproduction in white on a blue background，as of architectural or engineering plans(建筑或工程设计用的)蓝图 - hypothesis (n.) :an unproved theory，proposition，supposition，etctentatively accepted to explain certain facts or to provide a basis for further i
5、nvestigation，argument，etc假设；前提 - yummy (adj.) :echoic of a sound made in expressing pleasure at a tastecolloqvery tasty；delectable；delicious表示享受美味的象声词口美味的，可口的 - chunk (n.) :a short，thick piece，as of meat，wood，etc一厚块(肉、木头等),- pitchblende (n.) :a brown to black lustrous mineral，the massive variety of
6、uraninite沥青铀矿 - fracture (v.Amslang) :cause to react with enthusiasm美俚使着迷 -gurgle (v.) :make a bubbling sound in the throat，as a contented baby does(婴儿高兴时)发咯咯声 - notorious (adj.) :widely but unfavorably known or talked about声名狼藉的，臭名昭著的 - indignation (n.) :anger or scorn resulting from injustice, ing
7、ratitude, or meanness; righteous anger愤慨，义愤 - exultant (v.) :exulting；triumphant；jubilant狂欢的；欣喜的；兴高采烈的 - hamstring (v.) :disable by cutting a hamstring；lessen or destroy the power or effectiveness of割断的腿腱以使残废；削弱(或破坏)的力量(或功能) - cretin (n.) :a person suffering from cretinism；a stupid person愚侏病者；白痴，傻瓜,
8、- letup (v.) :a slackening or lessening。as of effort；a stop or pause放松(努力)；中止，休止 - chink (n.) :a narrow opening；crack；fissure；slit缝隙；裂口 - grueling (adj.) :extremely tiring；exhausting折磨人的；使人筋疲力竭的 - wellheeled (adj.) :slangrich；prosperous俚有钱的，富有的 - fashion (v.) :shape；mold塑造；做成 - constellation (n.) :t
9、he part of the heavens occupied by a number of fixed stars星座；星宿 - languish (v.) :lose vigor and vitality；become weak变得萎靡不振；倦怠 - holloweyed (adj.) :having deepset eyes or dark areas under the eyes，as from sickness or fatigue(由于生病或疲倦)眼窝凹陷的，有黑眼圈的 - hulk (n.) :an abandoned wreck or shell废船 - surge (v.)
10、:have a heavy，violent swelling motion；move in or as in a surge汹涌澎湃 - perspiration (n.) :sweat汗,para94,If there is.irresistible force. An irresistible force and an immovable object cannot coexist.,Para97,The girl simply had a logical-proof head: Polly had a head that was resistant to (would not be af
11、fected by) logic. proof : resistant to, unaffected by fireproof防火的 waterproof防水的,Para98,Maybe somewhere . into flame: crater: the bowl-shaped opening in a volcano or a geyser 火山口 ember (n. usu. pl.) : ash of a dying fire 常用复余烬,余火 smolder (vi.): to burn with smoke but no flames; be consumed by slow c
12、ombustion火星；闷烧；熏烧,Para98,Maybe somewhere . into flame: Metaphorcomparing Pollys mind to the extinct crater of a volcano, and “embers” to some spark of intelligence. Perhaps there is still some intelligence left in Pollys empty mind.,Para101,When the boss . is coming: a long loose sentence, which ord
13、inarily would be broken up into two or three separate sentences. In conversation such loose sentences are quite common.从句子“信息重心”角度来看，有圆周句和松散句。这种句式的使用，会使文章波澜起伏，文气收放自如。松散句即指将信息和实质部分在句子的前面先提出，因此读者在看到最初的几个词后就知道了这句话的意思。,Para104,Have you. handkerchief: Polly is moved to tears by the poverty and misery of
14、the worker. The writer manages quite successfully to make the readers like or at least sympathize with Polly by describing her as a simple, nice girl with the right feminine emotions. On the other hand the writer dislike the shrewd, conceited and calculating freshman.,Para105,surgeons . an operation
15、: Surgeons use X-ray photographs to guide them during an operation. It is seldom considered a “metonymy”，but now because X-rays are now commonly taken to mean “photographs” made by means of X-rays.,Para109,“Nuts，”I muttered. Doggedly (固执的、顽强的) . on:I went ahead stubbornly. I kept on persistently. We
16、 can see that there is a phrase “work like a dog”拼命工作，苦干 its a good word which exactly express the feeling of the young man. tired, impatient ,but still have to do.,Para110,Sounds yummy (美味): Sounds fine. yummy: (American colloquialism, echoic of a sound made in expressing pleasure at a taste) very
17、tasty; delectable (令人愉快的) delicious: also used, chiefly by women, as a generalized term of approval,Para111,If Madame curie had not happened to leave a photographic plate in a drawer with a chunk of pitchblende，the world today would not know about radium.本局使用了虚拟语气的混合条件句，主句与从句夫的动作发生在不同的时间，这叫做混合条件句。本句
18、中if从句用了had done，表示与过去实事相反的假设，主句用了would do，表示与现在实事相反的假设。,虚拟语气,1、表示与现在事实相反的情况： if+主语+过去时+其他+主语+should/would/could/might + do+其他 例： 1.If I were you, I would take an umbrella.如果我是你，我会带把伞。（事实：我不可能是你） 2.If I knew his telephone number, I would tell you. 如果我知道他的电话号码，我就会告诉你。（事实：不知道）,虚拟语气,2、表示与过去事实相反的情况 if+主语
19、+had done +其他+主语+should/would/could/might + have done+其他 例： 1. If I had got there earlier, I should/could have met her. 如果我早到那儿，我就会见到她。（事实：去晚了） 2.If he had taken my advice, he would not have made such a mistake. 如果他听我的劝告的话，就不会犯这样的错误了。（事实：没有听我的话）,虚拟语气,但是有时，虚拟条件句中，结果主句和条件从句的谓语动作若不是同时发生时，虚拟语气的形式应作相应的调整
20、。 If I had worked hard at school, I would be an engineer, too. 如果我在学校学习刻苦的话，我现在也会成为一个工程师了,Para112,it just knock me out: I was excited and filled with pleasure by the movie. knock (oneself) out: (American slang) to elicit (引起) enthusiasm or an emotional response, especially deep sympathy or laughter
21、I mean he fractures me: See notes to the text, point 11. fracture: American slang meaning, to evoke a strong reaction in someone；to cause to react with enthusiasm.,Para114,They ought . more pictures: They ought to let Walter Pidgeon act in more movies. picture: same as “movie picture”; a movie film,
22、Para115,One more chance, I decided: ellipsis and inversion. （省略跟倒装） I decided that I would give her one more chance. But just one more: ellipsis. But I d give her just one more chance, that s all.,Para115,There is a limit to what flesh and blood can bear: synecdoche (提喻法) Here we use flesh and blood
23、 to stand for a original person.凡夫俗子 There is a limit to what any human being can bear.,Para115,Poisoning the well: the logical fallacy “ad hominem” or speaking “against the man” rather than to the issue. The writer compares “the personal attack on a person holding some thesis” to “poisoning the wel
24、l” - a metaphor.,Para118,I watched her . in concentration: knit her creamy brow: to draw her soft brows together (as when thinking very hard) I watched her as she thought very hard. a glimmer . into her eyes: From her eyes I could see that for the first time she was beginning to understand the probl
25、em.,Para119,The first man . drink from it: Metaphorcomparing the first speakers personal attack to poisoning the well,Para119,He has hamstrung (使残废). even start: hamstrung (v.) : disable by cutting a hamstring；lessen or destroy the power or effectiveness of割断的腿腱以使残废；削弱(或破坏)的力量(或功能) Metaphor compare
26、the speakers personal attack to disabling a person by cutting one of the tendons at the back of the knee,Para123,Heartened by the knowledge that Polly was not altogether a cretin, I began a long, patient review of all (that )I had told her. Encouraged by the idea that Polly was not an idiot complete
27、ly, I patient began to go over what we have discussed with her for a long time.,Para123,Over and over . without let-up: to hammer away (at): to work without stopping and with a lot of effort ；to keep emphasizing ；to attack frequentlye.g. 1.He kept hammering away at his demand for a public inquiry le
28、t up: stopping; relaxing放松(努力)；中止，休止 Over and over again I gave examples and pointed out the mistakes in her thinking. I kept emphasizing all this without stopping.,Para123,At first . all was bright: The comparison is kept up and developed through the rest of the paragraph. After a lot of hard work
29、he managed to make Polly think logically. When he went out at the other end of the tunnel he found the sun shining brightly. Everything looked bright and happy.,Para124,Five grueling . worth it: Inversion to emphasize “five grueling (极度紧张的、精疲力尽的) nights”. grueling: (adj.) extremely tiring and diffic
30、ult, and demanding great effort and determination: 累垮人的，令人疲惫不堪的 e.g. He eventually won the match after five grueling sets. This (teaching Polly logic) took five extremely trying (exhausting) nights, but it was worth all the trouble.,Para124,I had made a logician out of Polly: I had turned Polly into
31、 a logician. out of: from (material etc. ) e.g. made out of stone She was worthy of me at last: This, once again, shows the conceit of the narrator. Polly was now good enough to be his wife.,Para124,She was a fit . well heeled children: mansion: a large, imposing house; stately residence well-heeled
32、: (American slang) rich, prosperous Here the narrator describes the role, which he thinks, a wife should play. First she should be a proper hostess of a rich man who owns many mansions. In other words she should be good at entertaining his rich friends and clients and thus further his career. Second
33、, she should be a good mother and properly look after his rich and prosperous children.,Para135,You are the whole worldof outer space: For me you are as important as the whole world ,the moon, the stars, and the universe. Constellation: a number of stars that forms a shape in the sky 星座,para138,I wa
34、s not by the throat: I planned to be Pygmalion, to fashion an ideal wife for myself; but I became Frankenstein for Polly ( my student) ultimately rejected me ( her teacher).,para138,Frantically through me: Desperately I tried to stop the feeling of panic that was overwhelming me.,Para 147,That did i
35、t: That was the finial straw. That made me lose my patience. That made me lose my self-control.,Para 151,After he made my hand: 省略句。 He did traitorous act after he promised, after he made a deal, after he shock my hand.,Para 153,Look at me coming from: Look at me a clever student, a profound scholar
36、, a man with a safe and secure future. Look at Petey a stupid person, and emotionally unstable, a person with a very uncertain future. 用了对照的修辞手法.,Writing techniques:,Max Shulman has a style quite his own. The story goes forward at a very fast pace with a lively dialogue full of American colloquialis
37、m and slang. He employs a whole variety of writing techniques to make his story vivid, dramatic and colorful. 1.The lexical spectrum is colorful from the ultra learned terms 极端学术语 used by the conceited narrator to the vulgar language for Polly Espy. 1) The use of exclamatory 感叹词words “Gee” “Oo” “Wow
38、-dow”,2) The use of ultra learned terms “Dicto Simpliciter” “Post Hoc” “Ad Misericordiam” 3) The use of colloquial 口语化words “dumb” “pin-up” “kid” “go steady” “date” “Holy Toledo” “casual kick” , “terrif” “magnif” “yummy” “fire away” 4) The use of slangs “nothing upstairs” “keen” “deal” “nut” “knock
39、one out” “dreamy” “how cute” “rat” “knot-head” “jitterbug” “guy” “fracture”,To sum up, the lexical spectrum is made so colorful by the writers use of exclamatory words, ultra learned terms, colloquial words and slangs. These lexical devices together help to contribute to the vividness and aesthetic
40、beauty of the essay. 2.Rhetorical devices Simile (1)“My brain was as powerful as a dynamo, as precise as a chemists scales, as penetrating as a scalpel.(para.4) (2)“First he looked at the coatwith the expression of a waif at a bakery window.”(para.50) (3)“He looked like a mound of dead raccoons.”(pa
41、ra.57),Metaphor隐喻 Maybe somewhere in the extinct crater of her mind, a few embers still smoldered. Maybe somehow I could fan them into flame.”(para.98) Metonymy转喻 “There is a limit to what flesh and blood can bear.”(para.115) Here “flesh and blood” refers to “a person”.,Antithesis对立 (1)“It is,after
42、all,easier to make a beautiful dumb girl smart than to make an ugly smart girl beautiful.”(para.27) (2)“Back and forth his head swiveled,desire waxing, resolution waning.”(para.50) (3)“If there is an irresistible force,there can be no immovable object.If there is an immovable object,there can be no irresistible force.” (para.94) Hyperbole夸张 (1)“It is not often that one so young has such a giant intellect.”(para.5),
