1、英语专业笔译（一）,课程要求 课时安排 学习辅助网站 学习方法,1. Requirements This course aims at cultivating students ability of translating between Chinese-English, the ability to understand and master some basic theories and techniques about translation.,高等学校英语专业教学大纲 2000 年 3 月修订本 指出笔译课的主要目的在于使学生具备笔头翻译的基本能力。 通过介绍各类文体语言的特点， 汉英
2、两种语言的对比和分析以及各种不同文体的翻译方法， 使学生掌握英汉双语翻译的基本理论， 掌握英汉词语、长句及各种文体的翻译技巧和英汉互译的能力。,To pass this course, students must attain an average of 60% in the following categories: Participating: 10% Homework: 20% Tests: 70% Classroom polices: Late work: Copying and Plagiarism:,2. Teaching arrangement 16周: 每周2个课时 3. 学习
3、辅助网站 http:/ http:/ http:/www.websters-dictionary-online.org/ http:/ http:/www.webcorp.org.uk/ http:/www.natcorp.ox.ac.uk/ http:/ http:/193.133.140.102/JustTheWord/ http:/ http:/ http:/ 授课方法： 理论与实践相结合；课堂练习和课后练习相结合。 作业：（一部分同学）电子版和（其他同学）纸质版， 电子版供课上评讲，纸质版以备检查。 各班负责人尽快提供E-MAIL地址和班级学生名单。 5. 教材：汉英互译实践与技巧 许
4、建平编著 清华大学出版社，共16 单元 要求每周至少阅读一个单元。,第一讲：翻译概述,教学目的：本讲旨在让学生了解什么是翻译，掌握翻译标准；同时了解部分中西代表译论。 教学内容： 翻译的定义 翻译的标准 归化与异化 直译与意译 翻译容易吗？,1. What is translation?(翻译的定义),The Oxford English Dictionary: to turn from one language into another(从一种语言转换成另一种语言); Websters third New International Dictionary of the English Lan
5、guage: to turn into ones own or another language (转换成本族语或另一种语言)。 翻译是一种“语言转换”活动。,The definition is: Translation is a rendering from one language into another, i.e., the faithful representation in one language of what is written or said in another language. To be more exact, in Nidas words 美国翻译理论家Euge
6、ne A. Nida：所谓翻译，是指在译语中用最切近而又自然的对等语再现原语的信息，首先在语义上，其次在文体上。,Alexander Fraser Tytler: 好的翻译应该是把原作的长处完全地移注到另一种语言，以使译入语所属国家的本地人能明白地领悟、强烈地感受，如同使用原作语言的人所领悟、所感受的一样。(泰特勒，1790) A good translation is one which the merit of the original work is so completely transfused into another language as to be as distinctly
7、 apprehended and as strongly felt by a native of the country to which that language belongs as it is by those who speak the language of the original work.,综合各家之长: 翻译是把一种语言表达的意义用另一种语言传达出来，以达到沟通思想情感、传播文化知识、促进社会文明，特别是推动译语文化兴旺昌盛的目的。 Translation is an activity of reproducing in one language the ideas whi
8、ch have been expressed in another language.,2. Criteria of Translation 严复：信、达、雅“faithfulness”, “expressiveness”, and “elegance” or “refinement”) raised by Yan Fu (18541921). 天演论 译例言Evolution and Ethics ： “译”事三难：信、达、雅。求其信，已大难矣。顾信矣不达，虽译犹不译也，则达尚焉。,如何翻译如下句子： 1) 五讲、四美、三热爱。 2) 您吃了吗？ 3) “您的英语真棒！” “哪里，哪里。”
9、1) Five talks, four beauties, three lovers. 2) Have you eaten your meal? 3) “Your English is excellent!”“Where? Where?” 以上翻译是否做到了“信”呢？,要弄清楚其语用意义Pragmatic meaning. 1)“五讲、四美、三热爱”具体的内容是： “五讲”，即讲文明、讲礼貌、讲卫生、讲秩序、讲道德； “四美”，即心灵美、语言美、行为美、环境美；“三热爱”，即热爱共产党、热爱祖国、热爱社会主义。 The five stresses, four points of beauty
10、and three aspects of love stand respectively for the advocating of decorum, manners, hygiene, discipline and morals; the beauty of the mind, language, behavior and the environment; love of the motherland, socialism and the Communist Party of China,2)您吃了吗？How are you? Good morning (afternoon, evening
11、, etc.) 3) “您的英语真棒！” “哪里，哪里。”“Your English is excellent!” Thank you.,Other translators also put forward some ideas about translation. Fu Lei said the purpose of translation was to achieve the spirit of the original, then he added: 以效果而论，翻译应像临画一样，所求的不在形似，而是神似。 He compared translation to copying a pai
12、nting and raised the idea of “spiritual similarity”, which is, however, very difficult to grasp.,Qian Zhongshu (钱钟书) put forward the idea of “conversion”, which aimed at “perfection”: 文学翻译的最高理想可以说是“化”。 把作品从一国文字转变成另一国文字，既不能因语文习惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹，又能完全保存原作的风味，那就算得入于“化境”。,Some of the sayings by western scho
13、lars: 1)A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work.2) The style and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original.,3) A translation should have all the ease of the original composition. -Alexander Fraser Tytler 4) Faithfulness, expre
14、ssiveness, and gracefulness were considered the golden rule in the field of translation.,5）感受：翻译的任务是把原文信息的思想内容及表现手法，用译语原原本本地重新表达出来，使译文读者能得到与原文读者大致相同的感受。 来也匆匆，去请冲冲。 Come with a rush. Go with a flush. Come in a rush and leave after a flush. Flush after use. Flush,（1）content (思想内容） 译文要把原作的思想内容完整地移植到译文信
15、息中。 例如： 郑州已形成“米”字形的铁路网。 Zhengzhous railways look like a Chinese character “rice”. Zhengzhous railways look like a Chinese character “米” which means rice. 宾馆设有中餐厅和西餐厅。 There are central dinning hall and west dinning hall in our hotel.,改译：A railway network has been built in Zhengzhou area. Zhengzhou i
16、s a city of railway hub, with many railways crossing here. There are Chinese and Western restaurants in our hotel. The hotel serves both Chinese and Western foods. Both Chinese and Western foods are available in our hotel.,（2） form or style （文体风格） 不同文体所用的语言不同。政论性、科技文章、文学作品、新闻报道。 林肯葛底斯堡演说最后一句： and th
17、at government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. 原译：并且使这个民有、民治、民享的政府永世长存。 改译：要使这个归人民所有，由人民管理，为人民办事的政权在世界上永远存在。,李白的静夜思： 床前明月光，疑是地上霜。 举头望明月，低头思故乡。 A Tranquil Night Abed, I see a silver light, I wonder if its frost aground. Looking up, I find the moon bright;
18、 Bowing, in homesickness Im drowned.,Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise. 早睡早起身体好。 早起早睡,让人健康、富有、智慧。 早起早睡，健康聪慧！ 早睡早起，使人聪明、富有、健康。 早起早睡使人健康、富足、明智。 天天早起和早睡，健康富裕有智慧。,早起早睡，使人愉快聪慧。 早起早睡使人健康、富足、聪慧。 睡得早，起得早，使人身强脑子好。 睡得早，起得早，聪明、富裕、身体好。 睡得早，起得早，使人健康、富足、智力好。 早睡觉，早起床，使人聪慧、富足又健康。,
19、Expressiveness: 就是要通顺，符合目的语的习惯。 “宁信不顺” 和“宁错务顺”之争。 Lu Xuns (鲁迅)translation principle: Rather be faithful (in thought) than smooth (in language) in opposition to Liang Shi-qius translation principle in 1930s. （宁信不顺）,我想，在最初，是有将我和恰如各各的群居的动物, 如果那知底能力而发达到在人类似的活动和高度, 便将获得和我们一样的道德底概念那样的思想, 是(相距)很远的事, 宣告出来的必
20、要的。 从这段话可以看出，鲁迅的翻译抛弃了汉语的语法约束，而保留了与汉语不同的英文语法特征。也难怪梁实秋评价说: “读这样的书 ,就如同看地图一般, 要伸着手指来寻找句法的线索位置。”,Liang Shiqiu s and Zhao Jingshens (梁实秋，赵景深) translation principle in 1930s: “Its better to have a smooth version than a faithful one.”宁错务顺 梁实秋的莎士比亚全集40册、沉思录等。 正如在一切动物，美的感情是天禀的一样，虽然他们也被非常之多的种类的事物引得喜欢，它们(也)会有关
21、于善的和恶的概念，虽然这概念也将它们引到我们完全反对的行动去。,严复文风取向是复古，是求尔雅。他曾说，他“行文欲求尔雅”。尔的意思是靠拢，他所说的“雅”，是指古文写作规范。 新时代应赋予“雅”以新的意义，即： 1）文体相符 2）尽量发挥目的语优势。 例：The survival of the fittest. 物竞天择，适者生存。,翻译标准总结： 1. 忠实 2. 通顺 3. 感受相近。,3. Domestication and Foreignization,1. The guiding principle in actual translation is very important in
22、judging the quality of a translation. There are two popular terms concerning this.Domestication(归化) :a translation version should minimize the strangeness of the foreign text for readers of the translation.,The translation version of Gone with the Wind by Fu Donghua can be thought to have followed t
23、he principle of Domestication. For example, the names of the characters are translated with Chinese characteristics:Scarlett OHara 郝斯嘉 Rhett Butler 白瑞德 Melanie Hampton 韩梅兰 Ashley Wilkes 魏希礼,He was bronzed and lean now, where he had once been fair and slender, and the long golden moustache drooping a
24、bout his mouth, cavalry style, was the last touch needed to make him the perfect picture of a soldier. 傅东华译：从前他是风度翩翩的，现在他变成红铜色了，瘦了。两撇金黄的长髭须挂在口角，竟是一个道地的兵大爷了(归化）。,The following are some more examples of translation guided by the principle of Domestication. The English translations are idiomatic and wi
25、ll surely read smooth by native speakers of English.,他每天要处理许多棘手的问题。 He has to address many troublesome issues every day. He has to handle many difficult problems every day. He has many hot potatoes to handle every day.,妻子骂骂咧咧地闯了进来，这个得了“气管炎”的男人一下子手足无措。 The hen-pecked man became awkward and sheepish （
26、紧张不安）when his wife scolded her way into the room.,Foreignization (also called alienation，异化), which aims to retain some foreign or exotic flavor of the original. Examples considered to have followed the foreignization:,1. To kill two birds with one stone 一石二鸟 foreignization一箭双雕、一举两得domestication 2.
27、To teach a fish to swim. 教鱼游泳foreignization 班门弄斧domestication,3.He was bronzed and lean now, where he had once been fair and slender, and the long golden moustache drooping about his mouth, cavalry style, was the last touch needed to make him the perfect picture of a soldier. 黄建人译：从前他白白净净，身材修长。如今皮肤晒
28、成古铜色，形容消瘦，唇上蓄的两撇骑兵式金色胡须，给他的军人形象又增添了完美的一笔（异化）。,4. Literal Translation and Liberal Translation,There has been an argument going on in China for years between 直译 and 意译(Literal Translation and Liberal Translation or free translation). Literal translation does not mean word-for-word translation. As for
29、“free translation”, the translator is never really “free”, but is always restricted by the source text.,When the target language can express the same idea through a form (idiom, sentence pattern, etc.) similar to that of the source language, it seems to be a literal translation. However, it is not r
30、eally word-for-word translation without any change.,For example, 我是农民。 I am peasant. I am a peasant. I am a farm worker. I am a farmer.,peasant：“A member of the class constituted by small farmers and tenants, sharecroppers, and laborers on the land where they form the main labor force in agriculture
31、.” 由小农、佃农、土地劳动者等构成的阶级中的一员，形成了农业方面主要的劳动力。,农民 和 peasant 的褒贬色彩不同 在汉语中农民是中性词 peasant 在英语口语中却含有贬义 指 老粗 、土包子、没教养的人 。 在西方国家 人们一般用 farmer 来称呼那些长期从事农业生产的人 牛津高阶英汉双解词典第六版 Farmer: a person who owns or manages a farm 农场主，农人。 这和汉语中的农民并不完全吻合。,十六大报告之前： peasants 十六大报告至今： rural producers rural residents residents in
32、rural areas rural workers in cities 农民进城务工 migrant workers (in cities) 进城务工农民,我是学生。 I am student. possible versions: I am a student. I am a pupil. I am a middle school student. I am a college student. I am a scholar.,student: One who is enrolled or attends classes at a school, college, or university
33、. 一般指大学生或中学生。 pupil: someone who is taught, especially a child. 一般指小学生。,The following is a joke about word-for-word translation: F: your wife is very beautiful! I: 你的太太真漂亮！ C： 哪里，哪里！ I: Where, where? F: From head to toe. C: 不见得， 不见得。 I： Not to be seen, not to be seen.,So, the above examples are not
34、literal translation. The so-called literal translation means to keep the style and form of the original, if possible. For examples: 同一个世界， 同一个梦想 One world, one dream. 一国两制 One country, two systems. 血浓于水 Blood is thicker than water. 趁热打铁 Strike while the iron is hot. 纸老虎 paper tiger,However, it is im
35、portant for us to keep a clear mind that literal translation is not equal to the word-for-word translation, it will be quite ridiculous if we translate “dogs house”into 狗室 高频高压电源蔽罩 black-eye bean 黑眼豆 豇豆 bulls eye 牛眼睛 靶心,意译：是指原文的有些内容与形式不宜用目的语直接表达，而是经过解析后以另外的形式表达出来，也就是说更着重于意思的翻译，而不拘泥于表面文字。 For example
36、: He bent solely upon profit. 他这个人唯利是图。 It indeed makes a good story. 真是无巧不成书。,As to literal and free translation, a principle has been put forward like this: “Translate literally, if possible, or appeal to free translation.” For example:,1) Smashing a mirror is no way to make an ugly person beautif
37、ul, nor is it a way to make social problems evaporate. 直译：砸镜子不能使丑八怪变漂亮，也不能使社会问题烟消云散。 意译：砸镜子并不能解决实际问题。 2) Dont lock the stable door after the horse has been stolen. 直译：不要等马被盗后，才去锁厩门。 意译：不要贼走关门。,From the above examples we can see that similar language effects can be kept by literal translation while f
38、ree translation can retain the general meaning, but lose the vivid figures of speech. If literal translation cant work, then free translation is adopted, for example,I gave my youth to the sea and I came home and gave her (my wife) my old age. 直译：我把青春献给海洋，我回家的时候便把老年给了我的妻子。 意译：我把青春献给海洋，等我回到家里见到妻子的时候，
39、已是白发苍苍了。,The examples of using free translation: 1) One boy is a boy, two boys half a boy, three boys no boy. 一个和尚挑水吃，两个和尚抬水吃，三个和尚没水吃。 2) Dont cross the road till you get it. 不必自寻烦恼. 3) Little fish does not eat big fish. 胳膊拧不过大腿。 4) What the tongue says, the neck pays for,5. Is Translation Easy? Som
40、e people think translation is easy. As long as you know some grammar rules of a foreign language, you can translate with the help of a dictionary. Is it really so? Now look at the following examples.,1) The stranger robbed his wife. 那个陌生人抢了他的妻子。 那个陌生人抢了他妻子的钱（东西）。 rob:To take property from (a person)
41、 illegally by using or threatening to use violence or for,I cant agree more. 我不能同意更多的了。 我完全同意。 Her mother died of difficult labor. 她母亲劳累而死。 difficult labor :难产 她母亲死于难产。,Labor:The process by which childbirth occurs, beginning with contractions of the uterus and ending with the expulsion of the fetus
42、or infant and the placenta.,校园里有一只羊。 There is a sheep in the campus. There is a sheep on campus. There is a goat on campus. There is a lamb on campus. There is a ewe on campus. There is a ram on campus. Sheep: a farm animal that is kept for its wool and its meat.,郑州大学有个广场叫“五星广场”，五星即太阳系中九大行星的五颗，即“金、木
43、、水、火、土星” ，这五颗星的名称正好和中国古代的”五行说”相对应。 这个广场的名称被译为：Five Star Square,Star: large celestial body composed of hot gases emitting electromagnetic radiation, especially light, as a result of nuclear reactions inside it. Planet: In the traditional model of solar systems, a celestial body larger than an asteroi
44、d or comet, illuminated by light from a star, such as the sun, around which it revolves.,Five Star：人们最多的联想是 Five Star Hotel， 难道这个广场是五星级的吗？ 能否改为：Five Planet Square 改后的名称至少不会象Five Star Square遭人诟病，但这个名字太科技化。,请看以下名称的译： 天安门广场：Tiananmen Square 千岛湖: Qiandao Lake 龙虎山: Longhu Mountain 五台山：Wutai Mountain 泰山：
45、Taishan Mountain 太湖： Taihu Lake 从以上例子不难看出地名、人名的英译基本上是采取拼音的方法。,孟轲悔过 孟子是我国古代一个大学问家。他姓孟名轲。幼时家境贫穷，生活困难。在他三岁时，父亲不幸去世了，母子无依无靠，处境更加艰难。怎么办呢？孟母向人借了一架织布机，靠织布维持生计。 孟轲渐渐长大了。但他非常贪玩，不爱读书。有一天，还不到放学的时候，他悄悄溜出学堂，跑回家来。孟母发现孟轲提前逃学回来，非常生气，她从织布机上站起来，严肃地问儿子：“你又逃学了？”孟轲看了看母亲，低下头，说：“念书没意思，我不念了！”,母亲一听，气得浑身哆嗦，拿起剪刀，把没有织完的绸子剪断了。母
46、亲的行动惊呆了孟轲，他睁着惊愕的眼睛，不知如何是好。 孟母痛心地指着那一根根丝线，语重心长地说：“你看，这绸子是一根根丝线用力气织起来的。人的学问是一点一滴积累起来的。你不读书，荒废学业，就如同我剪断了这没织成的一匹绸子一样，是件废物。你不读书，怎么能长大成材呢！ 孟轲听了孟母的话，看着那剪断的丝绸和伤心的妈妈，心里难过极了。他觉得母亲的话说得有道理，自己确实不对，于是惭愧地说： “请母亲原谅我。我错了，今后坚决改掉毛病，努力读书学习！” 从此之后，孟轲变了。他再也没有逃过学，日夜苦读，钻研各家学说，终于成为我国封建时期的一位大思想家。,Meng Kes RepentanceMencius i
47、s a great scholar of ancient China. His family name is Meng and his given name Ke. （或合并译为：Meng Ke, generally known as Mencius, is a great scholar of ancient China.）Born into a poor family, he led a hard life in his early childhood. At the age of three, he lost his father. With no one to support them
48、, mother and son found life more difficult. What was to be done?Mengs mother borrowed a loom and began to weave for a living.As he grew older（“渐渐”省略不译，减词用法）, Meng Ke still loved to play and hated to study（读书）.,One day, he slipped out of school and went home before class was over.Finding that Meng Ke
49、 was playing truant, the mother got very angry. She rose from the loom and said to her son in a serious tone, “So you are playing truant again!”（用进行时）Meng Ke cast a glance at his mother and hung his head, grumbling, “I find my lessons dull. I want to quit.”（用两个单句译更能体现口语化）,Meng Kes RepentanceMencius
50、was a great scholar in ancient China. His family name was Meng, and given name Ke. He was born in a poor family and led a hard life in his early childhood. His father died when he was three years old. With no support, their life was harder. What was to be done? Meng Kes mother borrowed a loom and be
51、gan to weave for a living.As he was older, Meng Ke loved to play and hated to study. One day, he slipped out of the school and went home before class was over. Finding him play truant, the mother got very angry. Rosing from the loom, she asked the son seriously, “So you are playing truant again?” Meng Ke cast a glance at his mother and looked down, “I feel boring in school. I want to quit.” Said Meng Ke.,
