1、四级作文应试指导,安工大外国语学院大外部,大学英语四级写作评分原则,大学英语教学和四级考试都面临新的改革，但是短文考试评分原则和评分标准仍然从语言和内容两个方面进行把握。 （1）四级作文是检查考生是否达到大学英语课程教学要求（试行）规定的教学要求，对作文的评判应以大学英语课程教学要求（试行）为准则。 （2）四级作文采用总体评分方法，阅卷人员就总的印象给出奖励分，而不是按语言点的错误数目扣分。(3)从内容和语言两个方面对作文进行综合评判。内容和语言是一个统一体，作文表达题目所规定的内容，而内容要通过语言来表达。要考虑作文是否切题，是否充分表达思想，也要考虑是否用英语清楚而确切地表达思想，也就是要
2、考虑语言上的错误是否造成理解上的障碍。 (4) 作文评分避免趋中倾向。该给高分的给高分，包括满分；该给低分的给低分，包括 0分，阅卷人员在所阅的全部作文卷中不应只给中间段分数。,大学英语四级写作评分标准,1.总指导原则：“总体评分”和“综合评判” 相结合。四级作文采用总体评分（ Global Scoring ）方法,阅 卷人员就总的印象给出奖励分（Reward Score),而不是按语言点的错误数目扣分。2.具体评分标准：5等级法（14；11；8； 5；2）3.Range Finder：每个等级有一篇4.考委会强调：该给满分的给满分，该给0分的给0分，避免分数趋中现象，阅卷人员在所阅的全部作文
3、卷中不应只给中间段分数。,具体评分标准,阅卷的标准分为 5等： 14分、 11分、 8分、 5分和2分。阅卷人员有标准样卷一至二份，参照样卷对考生的作文进行评分。先确定短文档次，然后则上下浮动1分。（1）14分标准：切题，表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯性好，基本上无语言错 误，仅有个别小错。 （2）11分标准：切题，表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。 （3）8分标准：基本切题，有些地方表达思想不够清楚，文字勉强连贯，语言 错误相当多，其中有一些是严重错误。 （4）5分标准：基本切题，表达思想不清楚，连贯性差，有较多的严重语言错 误。 （5）2分标准：条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部
4、分句子都有错误，且多数为严重错误。除了以上五个主要标准之外，评分时还考虑以下三个因素：（1）白卷，作文与题目毫不相关，或只有几个孤立的词而无法表达思想，则给 零分。 （2）字数不足者酌情扣分，所计字数不包括卷面上已给主题句。 （3）只写一段者 0-4分，只写两段者 0-9分。,阅卷剪影,四级作文命题规律,历年作文题 1995.1 Can Money Buy Happiness? 1995.6 Advantages of a Job Interview 1996.1 The TwoDay Weekend 1996.6 Global Shortage of Fresh Water 1997.1 P
5、ractice Makes Perfect 1997.6 Getting to Know the World OutsideCampus 1998.1 Harmfulness of Fake Commodities 1998.6 Do Lucky Numbers Really BringGood Luck?,1999.1 Dont Hesitate to Say No 1999.6 Reading Selectively or Extensively? 2000.1 How I Finance My College Education 2000.6 Is a Test of Spoken En
6、glish Necessary? 2001.1 How to Succeed in a Job Interview 2001.6 A Letter to a Schoolmate 2002.1 A Letter to the University President aboutthe Canteen Service on Campus 2002.6 Students Use of Computers 2003.1 It Pays to Be Honest 2003.6 An Eye-Witness Account of a TrafficAccident,2003.9 The Day My C
7、lassmate Fell Ill (orGot Injured) 2003.12 A Letter in Reply to a Friend 2004.6 An Introduction for Tourists 2005.1 A campaign speech 2005. 6 In honor of Teachers On theOccasion of Teachers Day 2005. 12 Should the University Campus BeOpen to Tourists? 2006.6 An Announcement for a VoluntaryProgram,200
8、6,12 The Spring Festival Evening Get-together 2007,6 Welcome to our club (欢迎词) 2007,12 The selection of electives 2008,6 The Internet 2008,12 Limiting the use of disposal bags 2009, 6 Free admission to museums 2009,12 Create a green campus 2010,6 Due attention should be given to spelling 2010,12 How
9、 should parents help children to be independent,2011, 6 Online shopping 2011,12 Nothing succeeds without a strong will 2012,6 College students on the job market,2012,12 (1) A letter applying for a bank loan（信件）(2) Education pays（图表作文，无中文提示） 2013,6 （cartoon作文-图画作文）(1) The importance of doing small th
10、ings(2) The importance of reading literature(3) The importance of learning basic skills 2013,12 （cartoon作文-图画作文）(1) The overusing of the cell phone in peoples life(2) The impact of the Internet on the way people communicate(3) The impact of the Internet on learning,2014年6月英语四级作文第1套,China)，题目是“Suppos
11、e a foreign friend of yours is coming to visit your China, what is the most interesting place you would like to take him/her to see and why?”。 2014年6月英语四级作文(第1套,hometown)，题目是“Suppose a foreign friend of yours is coming to visit your hometown, what is the most interesting place you would like to take
12、 him/her to see and why?”。 2014年6月英语四级作文(第1套,campus)，题目是“Suppose a foreign friend of yours is coming to visit your campus, what is the most interesting place you would like to take him/her to see and why?”。,The most interesting placeDear Pacival,I am thrilled to know that you are going to visit my h
13、ometown and I cant wait see you again. I miss everything that happened when I was in your city, and your parents and you were so kind to me that I will try my best this time to make your stay an enjoyable and memerable one.My home town，Changsha, is the capital of Hunan province and best known as the
14、 star city for its well developed entertainment industry and tourism. There are numerous places and attractions worth recommending, and Yuelu Mountain is the first one that Id like to introduce to you. Firstly, in the foot of Yuelu Mountain is the prominent Yuelu Academy. It has an exceedingly long
15、history and its architecture is characteristic of Song Dynasty. Then, after a half hour, we will reach the Bird Forest. There are various rare birds there, and they can sing, perform, and interact with us. After about an hour, we will arrive at the peak, Baiyun Summit. The scenery there is spectacul
16、ar and we can have a wonderful panorama of the whole city.I bet you must be very excited about all these activities, and the Yuelu Mountain is waiting for us to explore. All you need to do is pack up and go, and I assure you that this trip will be a great fun.Should you have any question and suggest
17、ion, please let me know.I am looking forward to your arrival.,2014年12月英语四级作文：1.印象最深的校园活动 2.印象最深的一门课3.我印象最深刻的朋友,四级写作命题的新特点,四级写作旨在考核学生英语书面表达能力，要求学生在30分钟内写出一篇不少于120词的短文。考试的作文内容为社会、文化或日常生活的一般常识。对作文的要求是：切题、文理通顺、表达正确、意思连贯、无重大语言错误。 (1)改变成绩报告方式。 2005年6月（试点）起，四级考试成绩采用710分的记分体制，每位考生成绩报告单包括总分和各单项分，写作能力测试部分比例为
18、15%，满分106分。 （2）从2012年12月起，四级考试采用多题多卷。(3) 作文命题呈多种体裁并用趋势，评价考生综合写作能力。四级写作常见 文体是议论文和说明文，近年来应用文也频繁出现，越来越多测试考生观察、分析和解决问题的英语思维能力。图画作文,话题作文成为当下热点题型。要求考生先对漫画进行描述。如2013,12作文题 (1) The overusing of the cell phone in peoples life(2) The impact of the Internet on the way people communicate(3) The impact of the In
19、ternet on learning,命题规律,1. 传统的三段论式作文面临挑战，新的题型层出不穷。特别是2003年以来，先后考过交通事故目击证词、导游词等首次出现的题目。所以仅仅依靠背诵套句变得越来越行不通。需要考生重视提高自己的真正写作水平，以不变应万变。2. 综合能力考核：纯粹的记叙、说明或议论文的考核被同时考核三种能力的综合性题目所代替：如2003年9月份的考题，就要求考生在第一段叙述你的classmate生病或受伤的过程。第二段要求说明一下各方面对他的关心。第三段要求你对这个事件展开讨论。这要求考生要全面发展自己的写作能力，不可偏废。3. 实用：实用文体的写作出现得越来越多。书信作文
20、屡次出现。2004年6月还考了一篇导游词。这体现了四级作文对学生实际运用英语能力的关注，也是四级作文备考训练的重点之一。4. 纵观2012年12月以来的四级作文题，不难发现越来越重视考察考生的语言综合能力。图画作文、话题作文成为流行趋势，或许会是未来几年的主考题型（个人观点）。,四级作文写作流程,1 认真审题文章切题是写好文章最重要的前提。考生要仔细阅读试题要求及相关信息，准确把握出题者意图。以免“下笔千言，离题万里”。审题不仅要分析题目，还要结合给出的提纲，明确文章要写的内容。这样就能对全文的构思做到心中有数。2 根据提示，列出提纲作文考试时间只有30分钟，草拟详细提纲不现实，但列出粗略提纲
21、还是非常必要的。草拟提纲时，要紧紧围绕提示信息，尤其是关键词，构筑出文章的框架。为了避免段落内容跑题，围绕关键词开拓思路，发挥联想。 3.依据提纲，写出段落主题句段落主题句统领段落中心内容，通常是一个语法结构完整、内容概括、用词简洁的句子。段落主题句置于段落的开头，可使文章结构更清晰说服力更强。,4. 紧扣段落主题句，完成段落有了段落主题句，还需要顺着段落主题句的思路，完成各个段落内容写作。具体操作应该注重三方面问题。(1) 确保段落结构的思路与各段的主题句的一致性。(2) 综合考虑三个段落内容安排，避免段落内容的交叉。(3) 用连接词，保持段落内句子的连贯性。 5.修改润色，复查定稿四级考试
22、时间紧张，疏漏在所难免，因而有必要复查，修改，及时纠正，从而将作文质量再提高一步。检查主要针对四个方面： 切题：一是整篇文章内容是否切合文章标题要求；二是段落主题句的内容是否与各段落提示句内容相一致；三是段落内部的内容是否与段落主题句的表达相一致。 连贯：检查上下文是否连贯，句子衔接是否自然流畅，句子是否通顺，连接词是否合适。 语法错误：主谓是否一致，动词的时态、语态、语气，词组的搭配。,大小写、拼写、标点错误。在检查、改错的过程中，切忌乱涂乱抹。保持卷面清洁，无疑会给阅卷者留下好印象。总之，由于四级考试文章篇幅和考试时间的限制，无论是记叙文还是说明文，都不可能要求阐述得十分具体，描写文也不可
23、能描写得相当细腻，议论更不可能论述得非常透彻。再者，考试题型比较固定，题材较为常见，因此，考生有必要掌握一些写作技巧，多加练习，力争提高写作的质量和水平。,四级作文常用关联词,1. 引起话题的时间、地点短语： Now, nowadays, at present, today, recently, lately 等，以及其他地点短语。 2. 列举事例的短语Firstly, secondly, thirdly,finally;First of all, above all, most importantly; In the first place, in the second place；On t
24、he one hand, on the other hand; 3. 表示递进的短语Besides, in addition, additionally, moreover, furthermore, what is more, etc. 4. 表示转折的短语However，but, nonetheless, nevertheless, on the other hand, etc. 5. 表示结果的短语：Therefore, thus, so, as a result, consequently, etc. 6. 表示总结、概括的短语：In a word, in short, briefly
25、, to be brief, in conclusion, to conclude, in summary, to summarize, to sum up, etc. 7. 表达个人观点的短语： In my opinion, in my eyes, as far as I am concerned, from my point of view, from my viewpoint, for me, etc.,命题形式,1. 提纲作文:提纲作文实质上是议论文,其下 可分为四种类型 现象阐释型 : 2003年1月四级作文考题It Pays to Be Honest. 问题对策型：分析问题，找出成
26、因，提出解决办法，题目实例:1997年6月四级英语作文真题Getting to Know the World Outside the Campus,观点对比型:辨析两种对立观点,1995年1月四级作文真题Can Money Buy Happiness? 论说反驳型:支持或驳斥一种观点,1998年6月四级作文真题Do Lucky NumbersReally Bring Good Luck? 2. 图表作文2012,12 (2) Education pays（图表作文，无中文提示） 3. 情景作文实质是记叙文,主要考过这几种类型3.1.书信3.1.1.告知信/ 建议信:2004年1月 四级作文真题
27、,3.1.2.综合信 2002年1月四级作文真题 2012,12 (1) A letter applying for a bank loan 3.2.演讲致辞: 2005年1月四级作文真题 3.3综合叙事2003年6月2003年9月 4. 图画作文：2013,6；2013,12 5.话题作文：2014,6；2014,12,提纲作文,提纲式作文是给出二三个汉语或英语提示句作为写作框架，展开文章的一种作文形式，属于一种指导性作文，是四级作文测试中最常见的一种。这种作文主要采用三段式谋篇方式。在写这种作文时，考生首先要根据文章标题和提示句，展开思路，把标题和提纲联系起来思考确立文章的中心思想，构思文
28、章的段落层次，并依次写出各段的主题句，然后缀段成章，完成作文。,提纲作文,Free Admissions to Museum？ 1.越来越多的博物馆现在免费向公众开放，目的是 2.有人认为这样做会带来一些问题 3.在我看来( 2009年6月),Free Admissions to Museum？,Nowadays, many museums are opening free to the public, reaching out more and more audiences. However, the free-admission policy has also triggered many
29、 problems.First and foremost, there is the pressure on the conservation of the exhibits. Since they are exposed to countless touches and camera flashes each day, many of them are in poor condition or even damaged. Besides, the exhibition rooms are often polluted by visitors with little environment a
30、wareness. Last but not least, with too many people crowding and making noise in the exhibition hall, the museum becomes a very busy street instead of a quiet cultural place. Therefore, the original purpose of a museum is lost.All in all, though free museums are a sign of civilization progress, admis
31、sion must be conducted in a controlled manner.,情景作文（书信）,在四级考试中，此类作文一般就某一事件或情景进行论述，表达自己观点，或以实例为论据，得出自己结论。书信作文属于应用文范畴，有其独特的格式。信函的格式一般由以下各部分组成：（1）信头（heading）：是写信人的地址和写信日期。日期的年份应完全写出，月份用英文也可用公认的缩写形式，日期用基、序数词均可。一般信件信内地址可以省略。(2) 信内地址（inside address)(3) 称呼 (salutation): 从左边顶格写起，低于信内地址一二行。(4) 正 文（body）开头写写信
32、目的或寒暄，正文中部叙述写信人的要求和目的，最后是祝愿和结束语。(5) 结束语（complimentary close）一般低于正文一二行从顶格或 中间开始。写给亲属或挚友:Yours ever;Yours.写给上级或长者:Yours respectfullly ；Respectfully yours.写给机关或不熟悉的人:Yours faithfully; Yours truly等。,情景作文（书信）,An Application Letter 简要介绍自己并说明应征何职位 告知对方为何对此感兴趣 3. 简述你为何是合适人选,Dear Sir or Madam,I am Li Ming, a
33、 would-be graduate from Nanjing University. My major is English. Through the job advertisement, I have learned that you are hunting a qualified individual for a personal secretary to the General Manger of your esteemed company. I am fully convinced that I am the right person for the job. I realize t
34、hat my future boss is extremely busy. However, it is exactly the challenge of my prospective position that attracts me. I am sure that my honesty, carefulness, patience, expertise, commitment and extensive knowledge will produce an excellent job performance.Next month, I am going to graduate from th
35、e English Department of Nanjing University, and I have two years of secretarial experience. I have enclosed the details of my academic record, skills, and language abilities. Thank you for your time in considering my application.Yours Sincerely,Li Ming,图表作文,图表作文要求考生用文字来描述图表或对图表显示的关系作解释。因此它要求考生用文字概述该
36、图表中的数字信息，对数据变化进行评述或得出结论。该类作文有时也采用提纲式，要求考生就所给出的信息描述某一情形，分析原因，然后提出看法、归纳结论等。图表作文要求考生有一定的观察力、分析力和想像力，一般考生认为此类型作文较难，不知从何入手。,图表作文,Direction: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition of no less than 120 words on the topic Should Women Have Equal Job Opportunities With Men based on t
37、he information given in the table. Write three paragraphs to 1. State the facts briefly 2. Give possible reasons for the facts 3. Stage your attitude You should quote as few figures as possible and write your composition in readable writing,As can be seen in the table, the percentage of people who a
38、gree with this opinion exceeds that of people who disagree, especially in China; however, in Japan and the U.S., particularly in Japan, there are still some people against womens equal job opportunities with men. Possible reasons for the facts are as follows:On the one hand, the womens liberation mo
39、vement across the world has raised womens social positions a lot. In China concerned laws have been passed to protect womens rights in many areas. In the U.S. it is illegal to discriminate against women in employment. On the other hand, women are till thought inferior to men in many aspects as a res
40、ult of traditional ideas as well as physiological difference between men and women and this is rather serious in Japan.It is my opinion that womens importance in society should be admitted by more. The society should provide them with more job opportunities rather than look down upon them.,图画作文,首段应是
41、图画描述，不应发表太多议论，否则属于跑题。 图画描述至少应有两句，根据大纲解析，如果图画只字未提，扣三分之一的分数；如果图画只描述一句，属于描述不充分，扣分。,写作框架,1）第一段主要是描述图画中的信息和表达的含义。 2）第二段的全文的重点，一般都是要求具体分析图画中暗含的社会现象。 3）第三段的要求一般视具体的试题而定，有的要求给出自己的评论、有的要求举例、有的要求考生提出自己的建议以及针对现象应该采取的措施。 Tips：第二段和第三段的开头最好写一个主题句，既可以防止离题，又符合英文写作的习惯。,框架结构：3段 第一段：引言/起始/淘金段，图画描述，3句 1. 总体描述：人物/动物/事物动
42、作环境 1句 2. 挖掘细节词、串连成句： 1句 3. 文字说明/象征寓意： 1句,第二段：主体段，意义阐释 1. 主题句：象征寓意，1句 2. 论证： 1）因果论证 2) 举例论证 3) 联系现实：图画作文创作原则（以小见大，把握象征寓意，个体想为群体，具体想为抽象） 4)正反论证 3. 小结：概括论证，总结本段,第三段：结论段，建议措施，4句 1. 结论句：1句 2. 针对双方提建议：2句 3. 包装结尾、展望未来：1句Only in this way can we solve this problem. It is high time that we solved this proble
43、m.,描述图画的常用词,有关图画的名词 描述图画的形容词 修饰动词的副词 “寓意”、“字幕”如何翻译？,替换picture的词语,drawing 指用线条或色彩绘成的图画。 cartoon 指幽默或讽刺性漫画。(amusing drawing in a newspaper or magazine, esp one that comments satirically on current events (报刊上的)漫画；（尤指）时事讽刺画。) portrait 指肖像，只用于指人。,描述图画的形容词,thought-provoking发人深省的 enlightening 有启迪作用/使人感悟的
44、compelling/striking/intriguing引人注目/引起兴趣 profound含义深刻 =far-reaching implications instructive有益的（=informative）（搭配ADV: extremely, highly, most, particularly, very/quite ） amusing 令人发笑的， ridiculous 荒谬可笑的 illuminating (particularly revealing or helpful) 富有启发性的；很有助益的； impressive 印象深刻的， exaggerative 夸张的,字幕
45、,Caption: words printed with an illustration or a photograph in order to describe or explain it （附於插图、照片上的）说明文字1) We are informed by the caption that “_”. 2）The caption reads/indicates that “_”.,第一句 概括性句子怎么写？,As is vividly depicted in the cartoon above, 描述图画 . The cartoon subtly 巧妙地 and symbolically
46、 象征性地 depicts a thought-provoking scenario 场景 in which + 描述图画 . What is clearly illustrated/ presented /portrayed/described in the drawing above is that + 描述图画. It is symbolically/ explicitly明白地/ vividly illustrated/ demonstrated in the drawing that + 描述图画,As is vividly depicted in the cartoon above
47、, the boy expresses his worries about the disposal of nuclear wastes, while his father asks him to empty the dustbin in the room first.,第二句由图片描述上升到文字说明或寓意的阐释,As is vividly depicted in the cartoon above, the boy expresses his worries about the disposal of nuclear wastes, however, his father asks him
48、to empty the dustbin in the room first.Funny and common as the conversation sounds, it reflects that the father intends to advise his son to do small things before undertaking big.,主体段落如何写？,第二段：主体段，意义阐释，5句 1. 主题句：象征寓意，1句 2. 论证：3句 1）因果论证 2) 举例论证 3) 联系现实：图画作文创作原则（以小见大，把握象征寓意，个体想为群体，具体想为抽象） 4)正反论证 3. 小
49、结：概括论证，总结本段 1句,主题句（全段核心）,What can be inferred in this picture is virtually a prevalent social issue and the significance of _. The purpose of the picture is to inform/remind us of the fact that we should not neglect the significance of _. The unique metaphor in this enlightening drawing endows us with the notion that _.,过渡句,Several factors, (both individual and social), could account for the (negative/ positive) phenomenon. The reasons for the phenomenon may be complicated, but we can , to a large extent，ascribe/ owe/attribute (归结于) it to the following factors.,
