1、FHEL 1014 BASIC ENGLISH,FOUNDATION IN ARTS & SOCIAL SCIENCEYEAR 1 SEMETER 1,OBJECTIVES,To enable students to: Listen critically when engaging in conversation Read and understand a variety of texts Use appropriate language when greeting people. Make formal and informal introductions To acquire a good
2、 basic foundation in grammar To improve their command of the English Language for tertiary education,Topics Covered,1.Listening Pronunciation and phonetic symbols Note taking Critical listening of a conversation 2. Grammar 3. Speaking Expressing opinion in a conversation Converse Discussing & analyz
3、ing conversation Job interview,Text Used,Main Texts:1. Smalley, R.L. and Mary K.R. (2000). Refining composition skills: Rhetoric and grammar. (5th ed.). Boston: Heinle & Heinle Publishers. 2. Carlisi, K. & Christie, S. Tapestry. (2000). Listening and speaking: Book 3. Boston.: Heinle & Heinle Publis
4、hers. 3. Faizah Mohamad Nor, et. al. (2006). English for Professional Communication. Petaling Jaya: Prentice Hall. 4. Solomon, J.S. & Chuah, A.B. (2003). English for Malaysians. Subang Jaya : Pelanduk Publications.,Additional Texts.,1. Azar, S.A. (2002). Understanding and using English grammar. (3rd
5、 Ed.). New York: Longman. 2. Soo Kim Suwe, Chanthra Balasingam, & Rathabai Kunchiram. (2007). Progressive English: Book 1. (4th Ed.). Kuala Lumpur: McGraw Hill. 3. Ang Yian Tze, et al. (2010). Skills, preparation & Practice. Kuala Lumpur: Federal Marshall Cavendish Education.,Week 1 LISTENING,Pronun
6、ciation Stress Rhythm Intonation in Speech,OBJECTIVES,Help students to pronounce English better. Enable students to read phonemic scripts in a dictionary so that they can improve their pronunciation Recognize commonly mispronounced words,Introduction to Pronunciation,The English language has a stres
7、s-based pronunciation. Words are not pronounced as they are spelt.Example Ratio Rendezvous Plateau,Why are English words pronounced differently than they are written?,English “agglomerative“ language. Agglomerative absorbed/borrowed words from many different languages English today is made up of:30%
8、 German Words40% French wordsSpelling maintained from foreign language, pronunciation different/changed,Words like “tough“ and “rough“, for example, have Germanic roots, where the “gh“ had a more guttural sound that is no longer heard in spoken English. A more subtle example would be the word “diamo
9、nd.“ A very careful English speaker will pronounce all the letters of the word, but the common pronunciation is more like “diemon.“,The English language has,26 letters in the written language:21 consonants5 vowels44 sounds/phonemes in the spoken language:24 consonant sounds21 vowel sounds,Letters, S
10、yllables and Sounds,A syllable is a unit of pronunciation which is larger than a single sound but smaller than a word. It usually contains a vowel sound Example:sky 1 syllablemother - 2 syllablesintroduction 4 syllables,A phoneme/sound is the smallest unit in the sound system of a language.Words are
11、 transcribed with these phonemes to show their pronunciations. In transcription, the phonemes are placed between slashes. Eg. / kt/ cat / b / boy / stu:dnt/ student,PHONETIC SYMBOLS,Vowel sounds,i: as in see, key as in sit, pit e as in pen, ten as in cat, map : as in car, arm as in got, shot : as in
12、 saw, thought as in put, hook u: as in too, cool as in cup, tuck i as in happy, Wendy,More vowel sounds,: as in fur, girl as in ago, about e as in hey, page as in home, so a as in why, five a as in now, cow as in join, boy as in ear, near e as in air, hair as in tour, sewer,Consonant sounds,Blue unv
13、oiced : Green - voiced,Voiced Sounds & Unvoiced Sounds,Unvoiced (Voiceless) sounds are made with the vocal cords wide open. When the air passes through a large gap, there are no vibration. There are 9 of them Example:Bat, fat, chase, pack,Voiced sounds,Voiced sounds are made with the vocal cords sli
14、ghtly open. When the air passes through the small gap, vibrations are caused. All vowels are voiced Some consonants are voiced. There are 16 of them. Example:Bad, lived, bag, robes, edged,Word Stress,All words of more than one syllable have what is called word stress. This means that at least one of
15、 the syllables is l o n g e r and louder than the other syllables.,In the following examples, stressed syllables are in capital letters: PHOtograph phoTOgraphy photoGRAphic PENcil comMITtee volunTEER MARyland soCIety inforMAtion,Cont,In many cases, word stress must simply be learned as new vocabular
16、y is acquired. However, there are several rules for word stress which can make it easier to deal with,I. Compound Nouns,In one word compound nouns, the stress will be on the first partExample: Bluebird grandfather Blackboard basketball Notebook book-mark Bookstore Toothbrush Keyboard,2. Two-word com
17、pound nouns Noun+ Noun Compounds,In two word compound noun, the stress is on each part, but stress is greater on the first noun than the second Air conditioner Computer programmer Nail polish French fry Doctors office Tennis player,Similar to the rule for compound nouns, the first part of the compou
18、nd-here, the first word-gets the stress. e.g. Good boy (Good 1st word, stressed)If the “unstressed“ part of the noun+noun compound is more than one syllable, it will have some word stress. However, the first part of the compound will get even more stress.e.g. Good studentGood Primary stressstu Secon
19、dary stressResearch department,III. Phrasal Verbs versus Compound Nouns derived from phrasals,Phrasal verbs consist of a verb + preposition. In the following examples, the words on the left are phrasal verbs. The words on the right are nouns. In phrasal verbs (2 words), the preposition gets the word
20、 stress. In their noun counterpart (1 word), stress on first part,IV. Homographs,Homographs words with same spelling different pronunciation.In English, the stress depends on the part of speech it is. If you listen carefully, you will hear that the vowel sounds change depending on whether they are s
21、tressed or unstressed.,The noun carries the stress on the first syllable while the verb carries it on the second,ExampleNoun Verb A record to record Progress to progress A present to present A permit to permit An object to object An insult to insult A perfect to perfect,Homographs,A number of words
22、will have different stress depending on the meaningMinute vs minute Invalid vs invalid Resign vs resign,Words with affixes (e.g prefix and suffix ),The stress usually falls on the root word, not the affixes Example Unhappy Forgotten appliance looking,Words with a double ee, oo or ette have the stres
23、s on that syllable,Engineer Trainee Balloon Cigarette proceeding,Underline the stressed syllable1) university 10) telephone2) magic 11) computer3) difficult 12) delicious4) school 13) cold5) magazine 14) Australia6) breakfast 15) calendar7) dinner 16) table8) festival 17) examination9) hotel 18) eng
24、lish,Lets Try,Commonly Mispronounced Words,Sometimes, words in the English language can be mispronounced due to a number of reasons. 1 Silent letters 2 Wrong stress 3 Foreign words 4 Poor articulation 5 Mother- tongue influence 6 Wrong syllable division,First and foremost,Pronunciation Wrong - /prna
25、nsen/ Correct- /prnntsen/Their Wrong /r/ Correct - /er/Correct Wrong /krekt Correct - /krekt/,Silent Letters,Debt Wrong - /debt/ Correct - /det/Doubt Wrong - /dabt/ Correct - /dat/Climb Wrong /klamb/ Correct - /klam/,Wednesday Wrong /wednsde/ Correct - /wenzde/Evening Wrong /i:vn/ Correct /i:vn/Vege
26、table Wrong /vetbl/ Correct /vetbl/,Foreign Words,Clich Wrong /kli:/ Right /kli:e/Sachet Wrong /st/ Right /se/Rendezvous Wrong /rendezvu:s/ Right /rndevu:/,Poor Articulation,Path Wrong /pf/ Right /p:/Pleasure Wrong /pler/ Right /pler/Pressure Wrong /prer/ Right /prer/,Other reasons,Mother-tongue Inf
27、luence Light - /lat/ Right - /rat/Wrong Syllable Division Backache - /bkek/, not /bk/ /ek/,Try this out,I take it you already know Of tough and bough and cough and dough. Others may stumble but not you, On hiccough, through, lough and thorough. Well done! And now you wish, perhaps, To learn of less
28、familiar traps.Beware of heard, a dreadful word That looks like beard and sounds like bird, And dead-its said like bed, not bead. For goodnesss sake, dont call it deed! Watch out for meat and great and threat: They rhyme with suite and straight and debt.,A moth is not a moth in mother, Nor both in b
29、other, broth in brother, And here is not a match for there, Nor dear and fear for bear and pear, And then theres dose and rose and lose - Just look them up - and goose and choose, And cork and work and card and ward, And font and front and word and sword, And do and go and thwart and cart. Come, com
30、e, Ive hardly made a start.A dreadful language? Man alive, Id mastered it when I was five,Sentence Stress,In an English sentence, some words stressed on more than the others. In other words, some words are pronounced louder than others. Sentence stress music of spoken English. Like word stress, sent
31、ence stress can help you to understand spoken English, especially when spoken fast.,Sentence stress is what gives English its rhythm or “beat“. Word stress - emphasis on one syllable within a word. Sentence stress emphasis on certain words within a sentence.Most sentences have two types of word:cont
32、ent wordsstructure wordsContent words are the key words of a sentence. They are the important words that carry the meaning or sense.,Structure words,Not as important as content words. Small, simple words - to make sentence correct grammatically. Give the sentence its correct form or “structure“.Once
33、 removed, sentence still makes sense.In comparison, if content words are removed from a sentence, you will not understand the sentence. (The sentence has no sense or meaning.),Rules for Sentence Stress in English,The basic rules of sentence stress are: 1. content words are stressed 2. structure word
34、s are unstressed 3. the time between stressed words is always the same,Content words - stressed,Structure words - unstressed,Exceptions,The rules in the previous slides are for what is called “neutral“ or normal stress. But sometimes we can stress a word that would normally be only a structure worde
35、.g : To correct information“Theyve been to Mongolia, havent they?“ “No, THEY havent, but WE have.Note also that when “be“ is used as a main verb, it is usually unstressed.,Combination of word stress and sentence stressI am a proFESsional phoTOgrapher whose MAIN INterest is to TAKE SPEcial, BLACK and
36、 WHITE PHOtographs that exHIBit ABstract MEANings in their photoGRAPHic STRUCture.,Intonation,Intonation contours in English Not all rises and falls in pitch in an English phrase can be attributed to stress. The same set of segments and word stresses can occur with a number of pitch patterns. Consid
37、er the difference between: Youre going. (statement) Youre going? (question),The rise and fall of pitch throughout is called its intonation contour. English has a number of intonation patterns which add conventionalized meanings to the utterance: question, statement, surprise, disbelief, sarcasm, tea
38、sing.,Cont,An important feature of English intonation is the use of an intonational accent (and extra stress) to mark the focus of a sentence. Normally this focus accent goes on the last major word of the sentence, but it can come earlier in order to emphasize one of the earlier words or to contrast
39、 it with something else.,Cont,Questions,The normal intonation contours for questions in English use: final rising pitch for a Yes/No question Are you coming today? final falling pitch for a Wh-question When are you coming? Where are you going?,Using a different pattern typically adds something extra
40、 to the question. Falling intonation on a Yes/No question can be interpreted as abruptness. Example:Is your favourite colour pink? (rising pitch: Question, falling pitch: odd, abrupt end),Falling intonation on a Yes/No question can also mean that you already know the answer.Example: Shes coming to t
41、he party, isnt she?(Rising pitch: You do not know if shes attending. Falling pitch: You know shes attending. Youre confirming it with your listener),Rising intonation on a Wh-question can imply surprise or that you didnt hear the answer the first time and are asking to have it repeated.Example:Speak
42、er A: I hear that Jenny has a new boyfriend. So whos the lucky man? (falling pitch)Speaker B: Tom CruiseSpeaking A: Whos the lucky man? (rising pitch),Put these into words (94 words),/bf:r mrd/hi:/ : /jes , t l:st/ , /t wz s h:d t wet/i:/ : /d ju: wnt mi: t li:v / ?/hi:/ : /n ! dnt i:vn k bat t/i:/
43、: /d ju: lv mi:/ ?/hi:/ : /v k:s ! vr nd vr/ !/i:/ : /hv ju: evr ti:td n mi:/ ?/hi:/ : /n ! wa :r ju: i:vn :sk/ ?/i:/ : /wl ju: ks mi:/ ?/hi:/ : /evri t:nt s a get/ !/i:/ : /wl ju: ht mi:/ ?/hi:/ : /:r ju: krezi ! am nt t kand v p:sn/ !/i:/ : /kn a trst ju:/ ?/hi:/ : /jes/i:/ : /d:l/ !/:ftr mrd/na ri:d s frm btm t tp/,
