1、重症甲型H1NI流感 早期诊断和救治,邱海波 东南大学附属中大医院,甲型H1N1流行病学,WHO最新统计,截止2009年11月13日,全球206个以上国家和地区人类感染H1N1全球确诊的H1N1病例为503,536例以上,死亡病例约6260例2009年6月到8月,澳大利亚和新西兰的冬天,H1N1的发病率为同期美国发病率的8倍2009年6月1日至8月31日,澳大利亚和新西兰确诊H1N1感染患者722例(187ICUs),入ICU治疗患者占28.7% ,入住ICU患者数为往年同期患者的15倍以上,http:/who.int N Engl J Med 2009;361:1925-34. N Engl
2、 J Med 2009;361:1935-44.,内容提要,重症与流行病学病理与病理生理重症患者的临床特征与早期识别重型甲型H1NI流感的监测与治疗,临床表现,潜伏期 一般为1-7天,多为1-3天 流感样症状: 发热、咳嗽、咽痛、咯痰、流涕、鼻塞、头痛、全身酸痛、乏力 部分病例出现呕吐和/ 或腹泻 约10%病例可不发热 体征 主要包括咽部充血和扁桃体肿大,肺炎(我国的病人出现了以轻症为主的程度不同的肺炎 ) 少数为重症病例,实验室检查,外周血象:白细胞总数一般不高或降低 血生化:部分低钾,LDH CK 肝酶升高 病原学检查: 病毒核酸检测:RT-PCR 病毒分离 血清学检查 动态检测血清甲型H
3、1N1流感病毒特异性中和抗体水平呈4倍或4倍以上升高 胸部影像学,什么是重症甲型H1N1?,普通甲型H1N1出现以下任一情况 合并双肺渗出性改变,即并发ARDS(FLAA-ARDS) 并发感染性休克 继发细菌性肺炎 合并气流受限,ICM, 2009, 20, published on line.,重症甲型H1NI流感(中国卫生部),当确诊或疑似病例出现以下情况之一 合并肺炎和/或低氧血症、呼吸衰竭 合并感染中毒性休克 合并多脏器功能不全或多脏器功能衰竭,Day 1,Day2,重症病例:出现以下情况之一 持续高热3天;剧烈咳嗽,咳脓痰、血痰,或胸痛 呼吸频率快,呼吸困难,口唇紫绀 反应迟钝、嗜睡
4、、躁动、惊厥等 严重呕吐、腹泻,出现脱水表现 影像学检查有肺炎征象 CK、CK-MB等心肌酶水平迅速增高 原有基础疾病明显加重危重病例:出现以下情况之一 呼吸衰竭 感染中毒性休克 多脏器功能不全 或其他需进行监护治疗的严重临床情况,重症甲型H1NI流感(中国卫生部 update),重症甲型H1N1流行病学,至09-09-05,全世界因甲型H1N1发病25万余人,死亡达2837人从09-08-28到09-09-05一周内死亡652人,占总死亡人数的23钟南山院士及中国疾控中心流行病学首席专家曾光认为甲型H1N1开始第二波流行,重症甲型H1N1流行病学特征-病死率,美国2009年5月1日到6月9日
5、,确诊甲型H1N1病例272例,25%甲型H1N1患者入住ICU,ICU病死率28.4%。澳大利亚和新西兰2009年6月1日至8月31日,确诊甲型H1N1感染患者722例,28.7%患者入ICU治疗,14.3%死亡2009年4月16日至7月13日,168例入住加拿大成人和儿科ICU重症甲型H1N1患者,28天病死率14.3%。,N Engl J Med 2009;361:1925-34. N Engl J Med 2009;361:1935-44 JAMA, 2009, 302: 1872-1879,.,Patients with pneumonia and ALI Mortality 39P
6、atients with mechanical ventilation Mortality 58%,N Engl J Med 2009;361:680-9.,重症甲型H1N1流行病学特征-病死率,重症甲型H1N1流行病学特征-影响预后因素,高龄、存在基础疾病和ICU治疗期间需要机械通气是重症H1N1患者死亡独立危险因素多元回归分析标明,尽早开始抗病毒治疗,尤其发病后48h内的抗病毒治疗显著改善重症甲型H1N1患者预后。死亡组患者入住ICU时APACHEII评分和SOFA评分均显著高于存活组患者。,N Engl J Med 2009;361:1925-34.,N Engl J Med 2009;
7、361:1935-44.,JAMA, 2009, 302: 1872-1879.,内容提要,重症与流行病学病理与病理生理重症患者的临床特征与早期识别重型甲型H1NI流感的监测与治疗,Two pathway Direct injurySIRS: inflammatory storm,MODS,病理与病理生理 (Pathogenesis of severe H1N1 infections),甲型H1N1流感病毒和季节性H1N1的区别,季节性H1N1主要在鼻腔复制,甲型H1N1除在鼻腔复制外在器气管、支气管和细支气管复制,Science. 2009, 325: 481-483.,Virus shed
8、ding from the nose and throat of inoculated animals,甲型H1N1流感病毒和季节性H1N1的区别,甲型H1N1从上呼吸道脱落的病毒数量更多,通过气溶胶的传播也更有效,Science 2009, 325: 481,Virus titers in the respiratory tract tissues of ferrets inoculated with seasonal and 2009 A(H1N1) influenza viruses. Virus titers in nasal turbinates, trachea, and lung
9、 were determined by means of end-point titration in MDCK cells. No virus was detected in liver, spleen, kidney, and brain tissue for either virus ,病理与病理生理 (Pathogenesis of severe H1N1 infections),Science 2009, 325: 481,病理标本来源: 2009年4月23日到2009年5月15日,5例确诊为甲型H1N1感染的墨西哥居民尸检结果肺组织大体标本:肺组织重量增加(650-1200g vs
10、 450g);肺实变上呼吸道改变:喉和气管、细支气管粘膜水肿、充血、坏死肺组织:毛细血管内皮细胞损伤、毛细血管内液体渗出、血管内纤维血栓形成、肺泡间隔水肿、透明膜形成、II型肺泡上皮细胞增生、肺水肿和实变,N Engl J Med 2009;361;20,病理与病理生理 (Pathogenesis of severe H1N1 infections),N Engl J Med 2009;361:680-9.,Diffuse alveolar damage with prominent hyaline membranes,The specimen hematoxylin and eosin) s
11、hows necrosis of bronchiolar walls,a neutrophilic infiltrate,病理与病理生理 (Pathogenesis of severe H1N1 infections),甲型H1N1 能在人与人之间传播 易产生严重的临床症状 易累及上呼吸道和肺, 不易累及liver, spleen, kidney, and brain 可累及肌肉、心肌和肝脏,病理与病理生理 (Pathogenesis of severe H1N1 infections),内容提要,重症与流行病学病理与病理生理重症患者的临床特征与早期识别重型甲型H1NI流感的监测与治疗,Tim
12、e between onset of symptoms and admission to the hosp: 4 to 25 daysThe median time of presentation to the hosp: 6 d after the onset of symptoms,N Engl J Med 2009;361:680-9.,发生重症表现的时间 vs in Mexico,Case 1 22-years old pregnant woman Pulmonary edema and Respir failure 3d after onset of symptomsCase 2 4
13、0 years-old man 1week after Onset of symptomsCase 3 40 years-old man Respir failure and ARDS 10d after onset of symptoms,发生重症表现的时间 vs China,重症患者的 年龄分布 Mexico vs China,N Engl J Med 2009;361:1925-34.,重症患者(ICU)的 年龄分布 In ANZIC,Fever, with Temperatures higher than 38C, cough in ALL pats Dyspnea Or respir
14、atory distress in ALL pats SpO2: 71% (room air) Wheezing: two patients (11%) Diarrhea: Four of the five children (all under 14 years of age) APACHE II: 14 (range, 4 to 32) Sequential Organ Failure Assessment: 6 (range, 1 to 13),N Engl J Med 2009;361:680-9.,重症患者的早期线索 (Mexico vs China vs Canada),Fever
15、, with Temperatures higher than 38C, cough in ALL pats Dyspnea or respiratory distress in ALL pats SpO2: 56% (room air) Wheezing: two patients,重症患者的早期线索 (Mexico vs China vs Canada),最常见的症状:发热(90.5) 呼吸困难或呼吸窘迫(94.6%) 无力(55.9%) 肌痛(40.1%) 呕吐(25%)和腹泻(25%) 伴随疾病或器官功能障碍: 细菌性肺炎(32.1%) 休克(13.7%) 哮喘或AECOPD(13.7
16、%) 神志改变(10.1%) 急性肾衰(7.1%) 缺血性胸痛(3.0%),JAMA, 2009, 302: 1872-1879,重症患者的早期线索 (Mexico vs China vs Canada),重症患者的早期线索,呼吸困难或呼吸窘迫口唇紫绀咯粉红色泡沫痰或血性痰胸片出现斑片状阴影,2009年4月16日至7月13日,168例入住加拿大38个成人和儿科ICU重症甲型H1N1患者,JAMA, 2009, 302: 1872-1879,重症患者的早期线索-年龄与基础疾病 in Canada,N Engl J Med 2009;361:1925-34.,N Engl J Med 2009;3
17、61:1935-44.,2009年6月1日至8月31日,722例入住澳大利亚和新西兰ICU重症甲型H1N1患者,2009年5月1日到6月9日,美国确诊重症甲型H1N1病例67例患者,重症患者的早期线索-年龄与基础疾病 in USA and ANZIC,年龄:65岁以下,其中以5岁以下婴幼儿和18到45岁高发,65岁以上患者均有基础疾病孕妇(7%-9%)肥胖(28.6%-45%,BMI大于35)基础疾病(44%-84%):哮喘或慢性肺疾病,糖尿病等免疫抑制病史、神经系统疾病,重症患者的早期线索-年龄与基础疾病 in USA and ANZIC,重症患者的早期线索,具有基础疾病 高原地区 (222
18、0m) 基础的呼吸系统疾病(COPD Athama) 肥胖(BMI 30) 妊娠 先心病,重症患者的临床特征 in Mexico,N Engl J Med 2009;361:680-9.,Radiologically confirmed pneumonia Bilateral patchy alveolar opacities (predominantly basal) OR Linear, reticular, or nodular shadows (interstitial opacities)Affect three or four lung quadrants in 11 pats.,
19、N Engl J Med 2009;361:680-9.,重症甲型H1N1的影像学改变 in Mexico,重症甲型H1N1的影像学改变 in USA,胸片: 表现:双侧渗出性改变(70.8%),双侧上下肺均受累(41.1%);多病灶实变和胸膜渗出; 重症者可出现轻度纤维化。 局限性:灵敏性低,不能早期诊断胸部CT:分辨率高,显示早期改变,N Engl J Med 2009;361:1935-44.,N Engl J Med 2009;361:680-9.,重症甲型H1N1的实验室检查 in USA,重症甲型H1N1的实验室检查 in USA,N Engl J Med 2009;361:193
20、5-44.,Cough and fever (3) blood in sputum (1) Sudden onset of symptom (3) Dyspnea and respir distress(3) MV on admission (3) Hypotension (1?) Ventricular fibrillation/Cardiac arrest Hepatic dysfunction (2),重症患者的临床特征 in China,Radiologically confirmed pneumonia,重症患者的临床特征 in China,Increased LDH and CK
21、(2)WBC: normal or increased (3) Lymphopenia: ?,重症患者的临床特征 in China,临床特征,Pneumonia / Respiratory failurePulmonary edemaMyotitis / MyocarditisHepatic dysfuntion Cardiopulmonary collapse Septic shock Ventricular fibrillation,病毒RNA阳性载量 vs 严重程度,The clinical course of Severe H1N1 influenza A,Stage 1: Onset
22、: Influenza - like symptom.Stage 2: Pneumonia and ARDSStage 3: Multiple organ failure Stage 4: Convalescence,内容提要,重症与流行病学病理与病理生理重症患者的临床特征与早期识别重型甲型H1NI流感的监测与治疗,严密监测 治疗重点提前 遏制病毒的复制与炎症反应风暴 预防ARDS和呼吸衰竭对于已发生MODS 强化治疗和支持衰竭的多个器官,临床监测与救治,Patients require symptomatic treatment only抗病毒治疗药物对症治疗:发热、呕吐、腹泻等处理注意排除
23、其他感染性和神经系统疾病发病35天后继发感染的防治(特别是应用激素),Stage 1: Influenza like,重型患者,不管基础疾病或是否注射疫苗,均应尽早(病程48h内)开始抗病毒治疗,可显著改善患者预后 即使病程超过48h,患者也可从抗病毒治疗中受益,故FDA推荐这类患者也应接受抗病毒治疗N Engl J Med 2009;361:1935-44CDC推荐用药:oseltamivir 或zanamivirCenters for Disease Control and Prevention.(Accessed October 19, 2009, at http:/www.cdc.go
24、v/h1n1flu/recommendations.htm.),.,病因治疗 - 抗病毒,Resp: RR Oximeter readings Examination of lung (X-ray CT scan)Urine output and bladder stateTissuse perfusion Extermity perfusion Arterial lactate/ ScvO2,Monitoring at stage 1,Stage 1: Influenza like,Most patients who present in stage 1 recover without se
25、quelae within 1 week. Only a very few progress to the next stage.,Stage 1: Influenza like,With signs and symptoms of circulatory and resp failure (dyspnea or respir distress )or poor perfusionAdmit to hospital / ICU,Stage 2: Pneumonia and ARDS,Stage 2: Pneumonia and ARDS,Antivirus therapy Respirator
26、y support Anti-inflammatory Steroid Immunoglobulin Aprotinin Fluid restriction and diuretics/albumin Sedatives to pats with agitation Antibiotics,呼吸支持治疗 氧疗 无创机械通气 有创机械通气 肺保护性通气 肺复张 PEEP的选择 自主呼吸、半卧位、俯卧位通气 体外膜氧合技术(ECMO),MV in ALI/ARDS,ARDS- Oxygen therapy vs MV,病理改变表现为肺内渗出增加,肺间质和肺泡水肿,导致肺泡塌陷与不张,且病情进展迅速
27、,鼻导管吸氧往往疗效不佳,需及时改为机械通气治疗加拿大168例重症甲型H1N1患者中,136例(81%)患者需机械通气,128(76.2%)为有创通气,55(32.7%)为无创通气。美国患者研究中,67例重症患者中42例(63%)需要机械通气澳大利亚和新西兰研究中,706例重症甲型H1N1患者中454例(64.6%)需要机械通气,High PEEPLow Driving PressureRMBarotrauma,ARDS- MV Strategies,加拿大168例重症甲型H1N1机械通气患者PEEP水平为9.8-10.4cmH2O,维持1-2w。平均机械通气时间为12天。澳大利亚和新西兰研究
28、中,重症甲型H1N1患者PEEP水平14-18cmH2O,机械通气时间平均为8天,ARDS- Duration of MV,大量肺泡塌陷,肺泡上皮细胞与毛细血管内皮细胞受损 机械通气时需应用较高水平PEEP,并维持相对长时间,以维持细胞修复,ARDS vs ECMO,Patients: 2009Australia and New Zealand ICU中68例并发ARDS的甲型H1N1患者 Before ECMO, PaO2/FIO2 56 (48-63), PEEP 18 (15-20) cmH2O Duration of ECMO: 10d (7-15d). Outcome: 48/68(
29、71%) 转出ICU;32出院;16例仍住院治疗。14/68(21%)死亡,6例仍在ICU, 2例仍进行ECMO治疗。并发ARDS的甲型H1N1患者,经机械通气不能缓解,可应用ECMO进行呼吸治疗,JAMA. 2009;302(17):1888-1895,Immunoglobulin: No data from controlled studies are available that support the use. Until controlled evidence is available were commend Can be used only for severe cases an
30、d only in the early stages of the disease. 5-20g/d for 35d Steroid: Methyprednisoline 12mg/kg.d/ high dose for severe cases Aprotinin: 2030万U, Tid Thymosin a1(Thymopeptids),Stage 2: Pneumonia and ARDS,Steroid,BMJ 2008;336;1006-1009.,A possibility of reduced mortality and increased ventilatorfree day
31、s with steroids started after the onset of ARDS was suggested.,Timing: Steroid Late stage (7d) of ARDS,Persistent ARDS: excessive fibroproliferation, ongoing inflammation - prolonged MV, and a substantial risk of death. multicenter, randomized controlled trial Pats with persistent ARDS (day 7 - 28 a
32、fter the onset of ARDS), n=180 Methylprednisolone 2mg/kg, 0.5 mg/kg q6h for14d, 0.5 mg/kg q12h for 7 days, and then tapering of the dose.,Groups: Randomization within 713 Days after ARDS Onset Randomization within 1428 Days after ARDS Onset 180-Day mortality according to baseline BAL procollagen pep
33、tide type III level(PCPIII) Median,N Engl J Med 2006;354:1671-84,糖皮质激素明显改善呼吸和循环功能,P=0.04,P=0.02,P=0.02,Outcome vs Steroid at ARDS onset 7-13d vs 14d,液体治疗与肺水肿,Qf = Kf (Pc-PIF) (c- IF),影响肺水肿的主要因素 Starling equation,静水压对肺水肿的影响,Circ Res 1959, 7: 649-57,通透性 vs 肺静水压 对肺水肿的影响,Relationship between pulmonary h
34、ydrostatic pressure and lung edema formation under normal conditions and increased permeability,Chest 2007;131;913-920,Increased EVLW has been associated with poor outcome in ARDS patsReduction in PCWP associated with increased survival in ARDS pats,increased edema,decreased vital organ perfusion wi
35、th a lower intravascular pressure,balancing,ARDS的液体管理策略,问题:是否应该限制液体,限制性的液体管理是否影响其他器官功能 Randomized study n=1000 pats with ALI Conservative vs liberal strategy of fluid management,N Engl J Med 2006;354,限制性液体管理 不改善预后,但改善呼吸功能,胶体渗透压对肺水肿的影响,Circ Res 1959, 7: 649-57,Antibiotics,Infection Virus Bacteria Fun
36、gus,Resp: RR (High vs Low) Oximeter readings Examination of lung Chest X-ray CultureCirculation: Blood pressure (high or low) HR (High vs Low), EKG CkMB/TnITissuse perfusion Extrimity perfusion Arterial lactate/ ScvO2,Monitoring at stage 2,Temperiture: Sustained high feverMetabolism Blood sugar leve
37、ls should be closely monitoredUrine output and renal/hepatic functionImmuno-states HLA-DR T cell subtype,Monitoring at stage 2,Patients who present with tachypnea or apnea, hypotension, hypoxemia, and renal failure Should be admitted to the ICU.,Stage 2: Pneumonia and ARDS,Stage 3: MODS,The landmark
38、s are hypertension, renal failure, etc Fluid resuscitation to restore intravascular blood volume Positive-pressure MV with increased PEEP for treatment of pulmonary edema.CRRT for renal and extra-renal support,EGDT,中心静脉压812mmHg 平均动脉压=65mmHg 尿量=0.5ml/kg.h-1 中心静脉或混合静脉血氧饱和度=70% 若液体复苏后ScvO2或SvO2 仍未达到70%
39、输注浓缩红细胞使血细胞比容达到30%以上输注多巴酚丁胺(最大剂量至20ug/kg/min),N Engl J Med 200;345:1368-77.,Sepsis bundle- Golden hours,黄金6小时 血清乳酸水平测定 抗生素使用前留取病原学标本 急诊在3小时内、ICU在1小时内开始广谱抗生素治疗 积极液体复苏,如果低血压不能纠正,加用血管活性药物,达到EGDT目标,Sepsis bundle- Silver day,白银24小时 积极的血糖控制 糖皮质激素应用 机械通气患者平台压30cmH2O 有条件情况下使用APC,Both early and late fluid ma
40、nagement of septic shock complicated by ALI can influence patient outcomes,Fluid management in ALI secondary toseptic shock,Liberal, Conservative, or Both?,Maybe we need both Different Fluid-Management Strategies in different phase The transition point is very important,Stage 4: Convalescence,1. Lon
41、g-term care needs include tracheostomy and referral to respiratory care centers.2. Sufficient chest care is necessary to avoid recurrent pneumonia.,ICU resource,Case,病史特征:38岁孕妇,孕31w,于2009年8月4日入ICU 临床表现:发热、寒战、咳嗽、呕吐和乏力一周入院生命体征:中心温度 39.8C,HR135次/分,RR40次/min,SpO2 92%,FiO2 10 l/min,BP100/50mmHg 胸片:双肺广泛渗出
42、性改变 初步诊断:H1N1感染? 确诊依据:鼻咽部取样RT-PCR检测H1N1阳性,ICM, 2009, 10, published on line.,Case,治疗原则:抗病毒:oseltamivir,75 mg,tid 抗细菌:cefotaxim, spiramycin,linezolid无创通气:Phigh 14cmH2O, PEEP 5cmH2O,FiO2 100% 疗效观察:胸部CT(8月17日):无好转 治疗调整:甲强龙2mg/kg/d(8月17日开始)剖宫产后患者病情好转、痊愈,无创通气在孕妇H1N1感染的应用 激素在甲型H1N1感染中的应用 需探讨,小 结,早期认识,早期治疗严密观察和监测是判断病情变化的关键控制ARDS是治疗的关键积极实施器官功能支持, 维持内环境稳定集中收治,OK, 我们能够避免吗?,