1、第五章 汉英数词和倍数的翻译,1、分数翻译,汉语表示分数与百分数还常用“分、成、股、折”等词, 其含义表示1/10或10%。如果汉语中“分”前的数字超过“十”,便成了夸张说法。如: 七分成绩,三分错误 增加三个百分点 我有十二分把握。万分抱歉 32/5英语表示分数有几种形式, 1/2,a/one half, one over two, one divided by two。 2/3 two thirds three fourths 19/56 nineteen over fifty-six 31/144 thirty-one over one four four 5 2/3 five and
2、two thirds A fifth of the women questioned Three quarters of the population 75% of the population,I am more than 100 percent sure.,70 per cent achievements,30 per cent mistakes,increase of three percentage points,be extremely sorry,three and two fifths,2. 小数,79.3 seventy-nine point three 3.142 three
3、 point one four two 0.67 zero point six seven (American English)nought point six seven (British English) Nought 在英国英语中用以表示数字、年龄等。 A million is written with six noughts. The car goes from nought to sixty in ten seconds.nil (especially BrE) the numeber 0 ,especially as the score in some games. Newcast
4、le beat Leeds four nil.英语复数概念大于one的数量。大于one的数在可数名词前要求名词变复数。但英语中小于one的小数所修饰的名词很多场合也用复数,如:,One centimeter equals 0.3937 inches.,3. 英美十亿以上的计数,英美十亿以上的计数有时需要互换,翻译时需注意材料的来源。,英语中1000以上的数字表示法: 33,423 (formal)/33 423 (informal) 2,768,941(formal)/ 2 768 941 (informal),4. 倍数的翻译,汉语与英语表示倍数的差异 1.汉语只用倍数说明数量的增加,而说明
5、数量的减少要用分数。英语的倍数可表增加,也可表示减少。 2. 汉语表倍数有的包括基数,有的不包括基数。英语不管基数,其倍数都包括基数。 3.汉语表达倍数的方法比英语简单,汉语表示增加的倍数表达法:,汉语表示增加的倍数表达法: 不包括基数: 甲比乙+ 形容词或副词+n-1 倍甲比乙+ 增加了+n-1 倍 包括基数: 甲是(为)乙的n 倍 甲增加到(为、至)乙的n 倍汉语表达增加或减少时,也可使用百分比表示,但均表示净增加或净减少的概念。例:学校去年招收100人,今年招生400人 今年比去年多招生3倍; 今年招生比去年增加了3倍。 今年招生数是去年招生数的4倍; 今年招生数已增加到去年招生数的4倍
6、。,英语的倍数表达结构,(1)n+ times + adj(比较级)+than (2)n+ times +upon(over) (3)n+ times +as +adj or adv +as (4)n+ times +the (its, that of )+n(or what clause) (5)v (increase, grow, rise, be raised, multiply, be upto /decrease, fall by, go down by or to, reduceby )+n+times (6)v+to+n +times (7)v+by(by a factor of
7、 ) +n +times (8)v(double, treble,triple, quadruble, duplicate)+n (9) %(per cent),英语表示倍数均包含基数,有时动词increase 后接to,再加倍数,这个to 无实意; 后接by ,并不表示净增数。To和by 都等于to the extent of,英译汉: 译为不包含基数的汉语句式时,须在原文的倍数上减1,成为n-1。 The speed of sound in water is about 4 times as great as in air 译文: 水中的声速比空气中大3倍。译为包含基数的汉语句式时,须保持
8、原倍数不变。 译文1:水中的声速约为空气中的4倍。 译文2:水中的声速4倍于空气中的声速。汉译英时: 汉语不包含基数的倍数时,英译时须在原文的倍数上加1,成为n+1。 它的利润增长速度比一般公司快四倍 Its profits are raising five times faster than the average company.汉语包含基数的倍数时,英译时保持原倍数不变。 它的利润增长速度是一般公司的四倍 Its profits are raising four times faster than the average company.,减少概念,汉语表示减少的概念时,不说减少多少倍,
9、而使用分数或百分比来表示,减少概念也有包括或不包括基数的问题,其基本句式为:不包括基数:甲比乙减少了几分之几;包括基数: 甲减少到(了,原的)几分之几。 英语表示减少概念时,却使用与增加概念相同的表达式,只不过将动词有表增加的动词变为表减少的动词,如decrease, fall by, go down by or to, reduce by 等。 英译汉:英语 汉语(不含基数) 汉语(含基数)n times decrease 减少了(n-1)/n 减少到 1/n16-fold decrease 减少了15/16 减少到1/16汉译英汉语 英语 减少了n分之几或减少到n分之几 n times d
10、ecrease 减少了n%, n% decrease,例1:今年比去年多招生3倍; 今年招生比去年增加了3倍。 今年招生数是去年招生数的4倍; 今年招生数已增加到去年招生数的4倍。,译文1:The enrolment of new students this year is four times greater than that last year. 译文2: The enrolment of new students this year is four times greater as much as that last year. 译文3: The enrolment of new st
11、udents this year is four times what it had been last year. 译文4: The enrolment of new students this year increases fourfold from last year to this year. 译文5: The enrolment of new students this year is 300% greater than last year.,例2:Auto accidents increased by 2.5 times compared with late 1980s.,译文1:
12、 车祸比八十年代末期增多了1.5倍。,译文2: 车祸增加到八十年代末期的2.5倍。,例3:该港的吞吐量两年间翻了一番。例4:氧原子几乎比氢原子重15倍。例5:1975年香港服装的出口额比1965年增加了5.5倍。例6:The length of the laser tube was reduced ten times.例7:The new type of equipment will reduce the error probability by a factor of five.,译文:The handling capacity of the harbor has doubled in tw
13、o years,译文:The oxygen atom is nearly 16 times as heavy as the hydrogen.,译文:In 1975 the export value of Hong Kong garments was 6.5 times that of 1965.,译文1:这种激光管的长度缩短了十分之九。,译文:新型设备将使差错率减少到原来的1/5.,译文2:这种激光管的长度缩短到十分之一。,汉英百分比的翻译,汉语利用百分比增加或减少,英语可使用多种结构表达,但均为净曾或净减的数。 例1: 今年头三个月,协议外资金额和实际使用外资金额分别比去年同期增长了300
14、.3和179.8 %。例2: 钢产量比去年增加30%。例3:四川省今年的粮食产量比去年增加20%。例4:采用新技术使生产成本一下子降低了25。例5:金属损耗已降低到25%以下。,译文:In the first three months of this year,total contracted foreign capital and total paid-in capital have shot up by 300.3 percent and 179.8 percent respectively,译文:There is a 30% increase of steel as compared w
15、ith last year.,译文: The grain output of this year in Sichuan Province is 20 per cent upon that of last year .,译文:The adoption of the new technique reduced the cost of production by one quarter (25),译文: The loss of metal has been reduced to less than 25%.,汉英数字的英译须通过大量实践,根据具体语境,仔细地推敲汉语数字的表达功能,选择恰当的英语表达去处理。,