1、汉英翻译的几种常用技巧 （二）,5. 语序（词序/句序）调整法,词序的调整 （定语/状语）一、定语位置的调整 1. 单词作定语。 英语中，单词作定语时，通常放在它所修饰的名词前，汉语中也大体如此。有时英语中有后置的，译成汉语时一般都前置。something important (后置) 重要的事情(前置)如果英语中名词前的定语过多，译文中则不宜完全前置，因为汉语不习惯在名词前用过多的定语。 a little, yellow, ragged beggar (前置) 一个要饭的，身材矮小，面黄肌瘦，衣衫褴褛。(后置),2. 短语作定语。英语中，修饰名词的短语一般放在名词之后，而汉语则反之，但间或也
2、有放在后面的，视汉语习惯而定。 their attempt to cross the river(后置) 他们渡江的企图(前置) the decimal system of counting(后置) 十进制计算法(后置),二、状语位置的调整1. 单词作状语。 英语中单词作状语修饰形容词或其他状语时，通常放在它所修饰的形容词或状语的前面，这一点与汉语相同。 He was very active in class.(前置) 他在班上很活跃。(前置)英语中单词作状语修饰动词时，一般放在动词之后，而在汉语里则放在动词之前。 Modern science and technology are devel
3、oping rapidly.(后置) 现代科学技术正在迅速发展。(前置)英语中表示程度的状语在修饰状语时可前置也可后置，而在汉语中一般都前置。 He is running fast enough.(后置) 他跑得够快的了。(前置),2.短语作状语。英语中短语状语可放在被修饰的动词之前或之后，译成汉语时则大多数放在被修饰的动词之前，但也有放在后面的。 Seeing this，some of us became very worried.(前置) 看到这种情况，我们有些人心里很着急。(前置)英语中地点状语一般在时间状语之前，而汉语中时间状语则往往放在地点状语之前。 He was born in B
4、eijing on May 20,1970.(地点在前) 他是1970年5月20日在北京出生的。(时间在前)英语中时间状语、地点状语的排列一般是从小到大，而汉语中则是从大到小。,句序的调整 这里，句序是指复合句中主句和从句的时间和逻辑关系叙述的顺序。一、时间顺序的调整。1. 英语复合句中，表示时间的从句可以放在主句之前，也可以放在主句之后，汉语中则通常先叙述先发生的事，后叙述后发生的事。 I went out for a walk after I had my dinner.(从句在主句之后) 我吃了晚饭后出去散步。(从句在主句之前)2. 英语复合句中有时包含两个以上的时间从句，各个时间从句的
5、次序比较灵活，汉语则一般按事情发生先后安排其位置 He had flown yesterday from Beijing where he spent his vocation after finishing the meeting he had taken part in Tianjin. 他本来在天津开会，会议一结束，他就去北京度假了，昨天才坐飞机回来。,二、英汉语复合句中的逻辑顺序的调整。1. 表示因果关系的英语复合句中，因果顺序灵活，在汉语中多数情况是原因在前，结果在后。 He had to stay in bed because he was ill.(后置) 因为他病了，他只好呆在
6、床上。(前置)2. 表示条件(假设)与结果关系的英语复合句中，条件(假设)与结果的顺序也不固定，在汉语中则是条件在前，结果在后。 I still hope you will come back if arrangements could be made.(后置) 如果安排得好，我还是希望你来。(前置)3. 表示目的与行动关系的英语复合句中，目的与行动的顺序比较固定，多数是行动在前，目的在后，汉语也如此，但有时为了强调，也可把目的放在行动之前。 Better take your umbrella in case it rains.(后置) 最好带上伞以防下雨。(前置),I believe str
7、ongly that it is in the interest of my countrymen that Britain should remain an active and energetic member of the European Community.我坚信，英国依然应该是欧共体中的一个积极的和充满活力的成员，这是符合我国人民利益的。,1 发生了这样的事不是你的错。Its not your fault that this has happened. 2 她，一个瘦弱多病的女孩子，以她坚强的毅力写出了一部催人奋进的小说。A thin and weak girl susceptib
8、le to diseases, she wrote one inspiring novel after another with her strong will.3 一直在一旁观看的小学生们开始鼓起掌来。The pupils that had been watching started to applaud.,会议没能取得一致意见就结束了。The meeting ended in disagreement (without reaching a consensus). 这所大学现有计算机科学、高能物理、激光、地球物理、遥感技术、遗传工程等六个专业。This university has six
9、 faculties, namely, Computer Science, High Energy Physics, Laser, Geo-physics, Remote Sensing and Genetic Engineering.,改革开放以来，中国发生了巨大的变化。Great changes have taken place in China since the introduction of the reform and opening policy.,6. 正说反译、反说正译法,正译法和反译法：这两种方法通常用于汉译英，偶尔也用于英译汉。所谓正译，是指把句子按照与汉语相同的语序或表
10、达方式译成英语。所谓反译则是指把句子按照与汉语相反的语序或表达方式译成英语。正译与反译常常具有同义的效果，但反译往往更符合英语的思维方式和表达习惯。因此比较地道。,（1）在美国，人人都能买到枪。 In the United States, everyone can buy a gun. (正译) In the United States, guns are available to everyone. (反译) （2）你可以从因特网上获得这一信息。 You can obtain this information on the Internet. （正译） This information is
11、 accessible/available on the Internet. （反译） （3）他突然想到了一个新主意。 Suddenly he had a new idea. (正译) He suddenly thought out a new idea. (正译) A new idea suddenly occurred to/struck him. （反译） （4）他仍然没有弄懂我的意思。 He still could not understand me. (正译) Still he failed to understand me. (反译) （5）无论如何，她算不上一位思维敏捷的学生。
12、She can hardly be rated as a bright student. (正译) She is anything but a bright student. (反译),反面着笔反说英语词句中含有 “never”, “no”, “non-”, “un-”, “im-”, “ir-”, “-less” 等成分； 汉语词句中含有 “不，没，无，未，甭，别，休，莫，非，勿，毋” 等成分,She refrained from laughing. 她忍住了，没有发笑。She was refused admittance by them. 他们不许她进去。An opportunity is
13、 not likely to repeat itself. 良机难再。But all men are not born to reign. 并非人人生来就都是作帝王的。Both children are not clever. 并非两个孩子都聪明。,If you forward the transcripts yourself, they can be considered official only if the school envelope has remained sealed. 如果你本人递交证件，只有校方信封保持密封才可以被认为是正视的。（误）如果证件由申请人本人递交，则本人不得擅
14、自启封，否则证件将视为无效。（正）,我想小李明天不会来了。I dont think Xiao Li will com tomorrow. 2 雷锋的高尚行为是赞扬不尽的。 Lei Fengs noble deeds are above all praise.3 她光着脚走进房间。She came into the room with no shoes on. 4 法律面前人人平等。Law is no respecter of persons.,7. 拆句与合并,拆句法和合并法：这是两种相对应的翻译方法。拆句法是把一个长而复杂的句子拆译成若干个较短、较简单的句子，通常用于英译汉；合并法是把若干个
15、短句合并成一个长句，一般用于汉译英。,拆句译法也叫分译法，是把原文句子中的个别词、短语、或从句分离出来，单独译出，自成短句，或把原文的一个句子分成两个或两个以上的句子。With the fear of largely imaginary plots against his leadership, he didnt seem to have any self-confidence at all.由于害怕有人阴谋推翻他的领导，他似乎自信全无，而这所谓的阴谋在很大程度上是他凭空想象出来的。（形容词、副词、短语的拆译）,The big problem of comprehension of the E
16、nglish text and the bigger problem of how to express it in rich, present-day Chinese which ranges from the classical to the colloquial both have to be solved in the course of translation. 【译文】了解原文是一个大问题，现代汉语文言与口语兼收并蓄，如何用这样一个丰富多彩的文字来表达英语原文是一个更大的问题，这两个问题在翻译中都得解决。（从句的拆译）,汉语强调意合，结构较松散，因此简单句较多；英语强调形合，结构较
17、严密，因此长句较多。所以汉译英时要根据需要注意利用连词、分词、介词、不定式、定语从句、独立结构等把汉语短句连成长句；而英译汉时又常常要在原句的关系代词、关系副词、主谓连接处、并列或转折连接处、后续成分与主体的连接处，以及意群结束处将长句切断，译成汉语分句。这样就可以基本保留英语语序，顺译全句，顺应现代汉语长短句相替、单复句相间的句法修辞原则。,Increased cooperation with China is in the interests of the United States. 同中国加强合作，符合美国的利益。（在主谓连接处拆译）I wish to thank you for th
18、e incomparable hospitality for which the Chinese people are justly famous throughout the world. 我要感谢你们无与伦比的盛情款待。中国人民正是以这种热情好客而闻明世界的。（在定语从句前拆译）,1、如果长句以一表示判断或小结的从句结尾，可使用分译法。例如：这些国家的共产党和进步党派，正促使它们的政府和我们作生意，以至建立外交关系，这是善意的，这就是援助。The communist Parties and progressive groups in these countries are urging t
19、heir government to establish trade and even diplomatic relations with us. This is goodwill. This is help.,2、如果汉语句子较长，其中有语气或话题的转折，为了使英译文明确，可进行分译。例如：蒋介石说，中国过去没有内战，只有剿匪；不管叫什么吧，总之要发动反人民的内战。Chiang Kai-shek says there has never been any “civil war” in China, only “bandit suppression”. Whatever he likes to
20、 call it, the fact is he wants to start a civil war against the people.,3、如果汉语长句中含有反问句（或反诘句）或感叹号，英译时通常要分译。不和中国的人民民主专政的当局好好地打交道，却要干这些混帐工作，而且公开地发表出来，丢脸！丢脸！Instead of dealing with the authorities of the Chinese peoples democratic dictatorship in the proper way, Acheson and his like are doing filthy wor
21、k, and what is more, they have openly published it. What a loss of face! What a loss of face!,蒋介石说要建国，今后就是建什么国的斗争，是建立一个无产阶级领导的人民大众的新民主主义国家呢，还是建立一个大地主大资产阶级专政的半殖民地半封建的国家呢？Chiang Kai-shek talks about “building the country”. From now on the struggle will be to build what sort of country. To build a new-
22、democratic country of the broad masses under the leadership of the proletariat? Or to build a semi-colonial and semi-feudal country under the dictatorship of the big landlords and the big bourgeoisie?,4. 如果汉语长句中含有从一般到具体或从具体到一般的过渡，英译时应分译。如：这一点现在就必须向党内讲明白，务必使同志们继续地保持谦虚、谨慎、不骄不躁地作风，务必使同志们继续地保持艰苦奋斗地作风。Th
23、is must be made clear now in the Party. The comrades must be taught to remain modest, prudent and free from arrogance and rashness in their style of work. The comrades must be taught to preserve the style of plain living and hard struggle.,5. 如果汉语长句中含有几个平行的句子，各讲一方面的内容，英译时最好分译。如：我军的现代化，就是要有一支强大的陆军海军空
24、军，要有现代化的武器装备，包括导弹和核武器，要严格训练，要按实战要求苦练过硬的杀敌本领，熟练掌握使用现代化武器装备的新技术，以及随之而来的新战术。Our armys modernization calls for powerful ground, air and naval forces and modern arms and equipment, including guided missiles and weapons; it calls for rigorous and hard training to develop the ability to wipe out the enemy
25、as required in actual combat; it calls for mastery of the new techniques involved in handling modern arms and equipment and of the new tactics entailed.,合并（合句）法1）把原文中两个或两个以上的单句译成一个单句。He was very clean. His mind was open. 他为人单纯而坦率。His father had a small business in the city of Pisa. This city is in t
26、he north of Italy near the sea. 他的父亲在意大利北部近海的比萨开了个小铺。,2）把原文中主从复合句译成一个单句。When I negotiate, I get nervous. When I get nervous, I eat. 我在谈判时总是有些紧张。紧张时我就吃东西。If we do a thing, we should do it well. 我们要干就要干好。3）把原文中的并列复合句译成一个单句。In 1844 Engels met Marx, and they became friends. 1844年恩格斯与马克思相遇并成为朋友。,1.口试时，问了
27、十个问题，她都答对了。 She was asked ten questions in the oral exam and answered every one of them correctly.2. 中国是个大国，百分之八十的人口从事农业，但耕地只占土地面积的十分之一，其余为山脉、森林、城镇和其他用地。 China is a large country with four-fifths of the population engaged in agriculture, but only one tenth of the land is farmland, the rest being mou
28、ntains, forests and places for urban and other uses.（合译）,8. 语态变换法,被动变主动 主动变被动英语比汉语用更多的被动语态；英语中用被动语态的句子翻译成汉语时，我们可根据汉语的语言习惯把被动语态转换成主动语态；汉语中用主动语态的句子也可根据具体情况转换成被动语态。,注意英语常用被动句型的汉语习惯译法,It is hoped that 希望 It is reported that 据报道 It is said that 据说 It is supposed that 据推测 Its must be admitted that 必须承认 It
29、 must be pointed out that 必须指出 It is asserted that 有人主张 It is believed that 有人相信 It is well known that 众所周知 It will be said that 人们会说 It was told that 人们曾说 I was told that 我听说,1、说话时，已摆了茶果上来。（红楼梦第三回） Meanwhile refreshments had been served. 2、当下众人七言八语。 By now proposals of all kinds were being made. 3、
30、我们要逐步推进商业、外贸、金融、保险、证券、电信、旅游和中介服务等领域的对外开放。 Commerce, foreign trade, banking, insurance, securities, telecommunications, tourism and intermediary services should be gradually opened to the outside world.,1. 我走过地板时，一块板子吱吱作响。 2. 女主人已离开人世，再没有人喂它了。它好像已经意识到这一点。 3. 钓鱼是一项能够陶冶性情（cultivate ones mind）的运动，有益于身心健
31、康 4. 他安然无恙地回来了。 5. 据悉联军给养不足。 6. 美国不失体面地接受了这项和平方案。 7. 我完全同意。 8. 你们大错特错了。 9. 她对他百依百顺。 10. 回想起这些事情，使他的生活增添了乐趣。 11. 他出现在台上，观众给予热烈鼓掌。 12. 这个问题必须在适当的时候以适当的方式予以处理。 13. 该计划将由一个特别委员会加以审查。 14. 据谣传，那场事故是由于玩忽职守造成的。 15. 必须立即采取有效措施来消除沙尘暴。,1. 我走过地板时，一块板子吱吱作响。A board creaked as I crossed the floor.2. 女主人已经离开人世，再没有人
32、喂它了。它好像已经意识到这一点。 He must have been aware that nobody was going to feed him after the death of his mistress.（季羡林加德满都的狗，张培基译）3. 钓鱼是一项能够陶冶性情的运动，有益于身心健康。 Fishing is an outdoor sport that can help cultivate our mind and it is good for our mental and physical health.,4. 他安然无恙地回来了。He returned safe and soun
33、d.5. 据悉联军给养不足。 It is reported that the coalition troops are short of supplies.6. 美国不失体面地接受了这项和平方案。 The U.S.A accepted the peace proposal with dignity.,7. 我完全同意。 I cant agree with you more.8. 你们大错特错了。 You couldnt be more mistaken.9. 她对他百依百顺。 She denied him nothing.,10.回想起这些事情，使他的生活增添了乐趣。 a. To rememb
34、er these will add zest to his life. b. The remembrance of these will add zest to his life.11. 他出现在台上，观众给予热烈鼓掌。 He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience.12. 这个问题必须在适当的时候以适当的方式予以处理。 It (the problem) must be dealt with by appropriate means at an appropriate time.,13. 该计划将由一个特别委
35、员会加以审查。 The plan will be examined by a special committee.14. 据谣传，那场事故是由于玩忽职守造成的。 It is rumored that accident was due to negligence.15. 必须立即采取有效措施来消除沙尘暴。 Effective measures must be taken immediately to eliminate sandy storms.,练习：1. 多年来那个国家一直有严重的失业现象。 2. 中国的现代化建设离不开与世界各国的经济合作与贸易往来。 3. 我们强烈要求美国政府就此次事件向
36、中国郑重道歉。 4. 只有充分发展商品经济，才能把经济真正搞活，使各企业增加效率。 5.收入分配关系没有理顺。 6.外表往往是靠不住的。 7. 中国政府历来重视环境保护工作。 8. 绝对不许违反这个原则。 9. 我们决不满足于现在的成就。 10. 朱总理，中央及有关部委领导同志，在华外国专家出席了宴会。 11. 空气是这样的青香，使人胸脯里感到分外凉爽、舒畅. 12.当生活出现小摩擦时，美国人并不去考虑是谁的责任，只要给对方带来不方便，都要说一声sorry.,1. 多年来那个国家一直有严重的失业现象。 For many years unemployment has been rampant i
37、n that country. 2. 中国的现代化建设离不开与世界各国的经济合作与贸易往来。Chinas modernization is inseparable from her economic cooperation and trade ties with other nations,3. 我们强烈要求美国政府就此次事件向中国郑重道歉。We demand that US government apologize to China for this incident. 4. 只有充分发展商品经济，才能把经济真正搞活，使各企业增加效率。The development of a commodi
38、ty economy is the only way to invigorate our economy and prompt enterprises to raise their efficiency.,5、收入分配关系没有理顺。 The distribution of income needs to be straightened out.6、外表往往是靠不住的。 Appearances are often deceptive.7. 中国政府历来重视环境保护工作。 The Chinese government has always attached great importance to
39、environmental protection. (省译名词),8. 绝对不许违反这个原则。 No violation of this principle can be tolerated.9. 我们决不满足于现在的成就。We are not content with our present achievements.10. 朱总理，中央及有关部委领导同志，在华外国专家出席了宴会。Present at the banquet were Premier Zhu, leading figures of the central government and the relevant ministr
40、ies and commissions, and foreign experts working in China.,11. 空气是这样的青香，使人胸脯里感到分外凉爽、舒畅The air was fresh and fragrant; it gave people a feeling of exceptional coolness and comfort.12. 当生活出现小摩擦时，美国人并不去考虑是谁的责任，只要给对方带来不方便，都要说一声sorry. When conflict occurs in everyday life, Americans, instead of considering whose responsibility it is, will say sorry, so long as it brings inconvenience to others.,
