1、,4,Love and logic: The story of a fallacy,Unit 1 Section A,FOREIGN LANGUAGE TEACHING AND RESEARCH PRESS AIR FORCE ENGINEERING UNIVERTISY,Life and Logic,Section A,4,Love and logic: The story of a fallacy,Objectives,Love and logic: The story of a fallacy,1. What do you know about logic?,It is the use
2、and study of valid reasoning; Most prominent in the subjects of philosophy, mathematics, and computer science; Established as a formal discipline by Aristotle; One of the classical trivium (三学科), the other two being grammar and rhetoric; Divided into three parts: inductive reasoning, abductive reaso
3、ning, and deductive reasoning.,2. Do you think it is possible to deal with life in a completely rational and logical way?,When it comes to making a choice, many people tend to use rational and logical reasoning; Males are more rational than females; Rational world is not necessarily a wonderful one;
4、 Rational individuals can make choices that are bad news for others; It is ridiculous to deal with love in a logical way.,The following are some statements to test your reasoning ability. Tell whether the conclusions after the word “Therefore” are true (T), false (F), or uncertain (U). Write your an
5、swer on the line before each statement.,True or False,Pre-reading Activities,1. All odd numbers are integers (整数). All even numbers are integers. Therefore, all odd numbers are even numbers.2. There are no dancers that arent slim and no singers that arent dancers. Therefore, all singers are slim. 3.
6、 A toothpick (牙签) is useful. Useful things are valuable. Therefore, a toothpick is valuable.4. Three pencils cost the same as two erasers. Four erasers cost the same as one ruler. Therefore, pencils are more expensive than rulers.5. Class A has a higher enrollment than Class B. Class C has a lower e
7、nrollment than Class B. Therefore, Class A has a lower enrollment than Class C.,Pre-reading Activities,True or False,F,T,T,F,F,6. A fruit basket contains more apples than lemons. There are more lemons in the basket than oranges. Therefore, the basket contains more apples than oranges.7. Taking the t
8、rain across town is quicker than taking the bus. Taking the bus across town is slower than driving a car. Therefore, taking the train across town is quicker than driving a car.8. All the tulips in Zoes garden are white. All the roses in Zoes garden are yellow. Therefore, all the flowers in Zoes gard
9、en are either white or yellow.,Pre-reading Activities,True or False,T,U,U,Logic is the use and study of valid . The study of logic features most prominently in the subjects of philosophy, , and computer science.,Philosophical,reasoning,To be continued,mathematics,Listen to a short passage on logic,
10、and fill in the missing information.,Logic was studied in several ancient , including India, China, Persia and Greece. In the West, logic was established as a formal by Aristotle, who gave it a fundamental place in philosophy. The study of logic was part of the classical trivium (三学科), which also in
11、cluded and rhetoric.,civilizations,discipline,To be continued,grammar,Listen to a short passage on logic, and fill in the missing information.,Logic was further by Al-Farabi who categorized it into two separate groups (idea and ). Later, Avicenna revived the study of logic and developed relationship
12、 between temporalis and the(时间与意义). In the East, logic was developed by Hindus, Buddhists and Jains (耆那教徒).,extended,proof,To be continued,implication,Listen to a short passage on logic, and fill in the missing information.,Logic is often divided into three parts: reasoning, abductive reasoning, and
13、 deductive reasoning.,inductive,Listen to a short passage on logic, and fill in the missing information.,Cultural Background,Logic and Fallacy,What is a fallacy? And how is it used?,An error in reasoning that renders an argument logically invalid; By accident or design, logical fallacies are often u
14、sed in debate or propaganda; To mislead people; To distract people from the real issue for the purpose of winning an argument.,Cultural Background,Logic and Fallacy,2. How many types of fallacy do you know?,Red Herring (转移话题) Begging the Question(循环论证) Slippery Slope (滑坡谬误) Bandwagon (从众谬误) False Di
15、lemma (伪两难谬误) False Cause (post hoc) (假因谬误) Ad Hominem ( 人身攻击) Appeal to Authority (诉诸权威) Dicto Simpliciter (绝对判断) Hasty Generalization (草率结论) Ad Misericordiam (文不对题) False Analogy (错误类比),Cultural Background,Logic and Fallacy,Love and logic: The story of a fallacy,What did the narrator do with his r
16、oommate Rob? (Para.1),Why did the narrator want to have Polly as his girl friend? (Paras. 2-3),The author sets the scene of the story by providing information about the four “wh-” words: who, where, what, and why. “Who” refers to the narrator, his roommate Rob, and the beautiful girl Polly. “Where”
17、refers to . “What” and “why” refer to what to do and why to do it: The narrator decides to make Polly “ ” because as a promisingly brilliant lawyer, he wants to have a girlfriend who is not only beautiful but also intelligent.,Part I Paras. 1_,3,a college campus,well-spoken,After a day out with Poll
18、y, I drove her to a big old oak tree on a hill off the highway, where we could enjoy a perfect view of the . Then I was ready to talk with Polly about logic, the first thing under our discussion is the fallacy .,banner,luminous city,Dicto Simpliciter,Paras. 4-8,What is Dicto Simpliciter? Give an exa
19、mple. (Paras. 9-11),What is Hasty Generalization? Give an example. (Paras. 12-15),What is Ad Misericordiam? Give an example. (Paras. 16-21),What is False Analogy? Give an example. (Paras. 22-25),Part II Paras. 4-25,The narrator tries to help Polly become smarter by giving her lessons in logic. Altog
20、ether he spends five nights teaching Polly four logical , namely, Dicto Simpliciter, , Ad Misericordiam, .,Hasty Generalization,False Analogy,fallacies,When the narrator asks Polly to be his girlfriend, Polly refutes his first argument “We make a pretty good couple” as “ ” and his second argument “Y
21、ou dont have to eat a whole cake to know its good” as “ ”.,Hasty Generalization,False Analogy,Paras. 26-32,When the narrator asks Polly to be his girl friend, Polly refutes his third argument “Please say youll go out with me. Im nothing without you” as “ ” and his fourth argument “You know the thing
22、s you learn in school dont have anything to do with real life” as “ ”.,Ad Misericordiam,Dicto Simpliciter,Paras. 33-37,What happened at last? (Paras. 38-43),Part III Paras. 26-43,When asked to be the narrators girl friend, Polly refutes his arguments with the exact taught by him and refuses by makin
23、g that she is dating the narrator simply because it is a trick she and Rob have decided to play on him in order to get his .,logical fallacies,full disclosure,leather jacket,The narrator and Rob make a deal: the exchange of a leather jacket for Polly. (Para. 1),Polly needs to be made more intelligen
24、t. (Para. 3),Introduction to the story,Polly has some basic qualities to be the girlfriend of a lawyer.(Para. 2),Why logic is important (Para. 4-8),The first logical fallacy taught to Polly: Dicto Simpliciter (Paras. 9-11),The second logical fallacy taught to Polly: Hasty Generalization (Paras. 12-1
25、5),The third logical fallacy taught to Polly: Ad Misericordiam (Paras. 16-21),The fourth logical fallacy taught to Polly: False Analogy (Paras. 22-25),The climax and end of the story (Pollys refutation and the final disclosure),“You dont have to eat a whole cake to know its good.”False Analogy. (Par
26、as. 31-32),“Please say youll go out with me. Im nothing without you.” Ad Misericordiam. (Paras. 33-35),“You know the things you learn in school dont have anything to do with real life.” Dicto Simpliciter. (Paras. 36-37),Climax of the story: Polly refuses to be the narrators girlfriend. (Paras. 38-43
27、),“We make a pretty good couple.”Hasty Generaliza-tion. (Paras. 26-30),Love and logic: The story of a fallacyMy roommate Rob made a with me that hed give me his girlfriend Polly in exchange for my jacket. And I agreed.Polly had the right background to be the girlfriend of a lawyer like myself. She w
28、as pretty, well-off, and radiant. Still, I want to dispense her enough to make her “well-spoken”.,pact,pearls of wisdom,To be continued,dogged, brilliant,So I tried my best to teach her such logical as Dicto Simpliciter, Hasty Generalization, Ad Misericordiam, and False Analogy. After five nights of
29、 diligent work, I actually made a out of Polly. She was an at last.,fallacies,logician,analytical thinker,To be continued,When I asked her to develop our relationship into a one, however, she my arguments as those logical fallacies I had taught her! And she refused my proposition by making full : Sh
30、e liked Rob in leather, therefore, she had told him to make the pact with me so that Rob could have my .,romantic,refuted,disclosure,jacket,作为对的交换,(revolutionary predecessors/shed blood/sacrifice ones life),In exchange for a peaceful environment for the future generations, our revolutionary predeces
31、sors shed their blood and even sacrificed their precious lives.,in exchange for,短语逆译,短语应用,为了给后代换来一个和平的环境，我们的革命先烈们抛头颅、洒热血。,意群提示,为定日期,(to achieve success/rather than),In order to achieve success, one had better start immediately rather than set dates for his/her efforts.,set a date for,短语逆译,短语应用,要想取得成
32、功，最好马上开始努力，不要推三推四。,意群提示,唤起；吸引,(boast/research library),This university boasts many world-famous experts, professors, and the worlds best research library, therefore, it appeals to students and researchers from all over the world.,appeal to,短语逆译,短语应用,这所大学拥有许多世界知名的专家、教授以及世界上最好的研究图书馆，因此吸引了来自世界各地的学子和研究人
33、员。,意群提示,在之间作类比,(require great efforts/reach the top),We often make an analogy between studying and climbing a mountain: both of them require great efforts before you can reach the top.,make/draw an analogy between,短语逆译,短语应用,我们经常把学习和登山进行类比：两者在你达到巅峰之前都需要付出巨大的努力。,意群提示,使变成,(military academy/young cadets
34、),The aim of the military academy is to make qualified officers out of the young cadets after four years study and training.,make sth. out of sb./sth.,短语逆译,短语应用,这所军校的目标是经过四年的学习与训练将这些年轻的军校生变成合格的军官。,意群提示,抛弃（恋人）；解雇,(play away/upon graduation),If you continue playing your precious college years away, su
35、ccess will give you the axe upon graduation.,give sb. the axe,短语逆译,短语应用,如果你继续浪费宝贵的大学时光，毕业时你将一事无成。,意群提示,满是,(words and actions/vulgarity and rudeness),Though the beautiful lady is dripping with jewels, her words and actions are dripping with vulgarity and rudeness.,短语逆译,短语应用,这位漂亮的女士尽管浑身珠光宝气，言行却低俗无礼。,意
36、群提示,be dripping with ,如果我能够让我所申请的顶尖律师事务所看到我身边伴随着一位光彩照人、谈吐优雅的另一半，我就很有可能在竞聘中以微弱优势获胜。,原句译文,逆译练习,If I could show the elite law firms I applied to that I had a radiant, well-spoken counterpart by my side, I just might edge past the competition.,句型提炼,If sb. could do , sb. just might do ,句型提炼,应用提示,用于表达 “假设
37、”。,句型应用,( make the best of/dream of),典型例句,如果你能好好利用现有的一切而不是幻想你所没有的，你很可能已经取得巨大的成功了。,意群提示,If you could make the best of what you have instead of dreaming of what you dont have, you just might have already achieved great success.,这个人根本没有回答老板的问题，而只是在博取老板的同情。,原句译文,逆译练习,The man never answered the bosss que
38、stion. Instead he appealed to the bosss sympathy.,句型提炼,Sb. never/seldom do Instead, sb. do ,句型提炼,应用提示,用于表达“强调”。,句型应用,(public servant/ take advantage of/privileges and authorities),典型例句,一些人民公仆从不为人民服务，而只是利用手中的特权、职权最大程度地为自己谋取私利。,意群提示,Some of our public servants never serve the people, instead they take
39、 advantage of their privileges and authorities to seek personal interests to the maximum extent.,看看我，一个聪明过人的学生，一个不同凡响的学者，一个前途无量的人。再看看罗伯，一个肌肉发达的蠢材，一个有了上顿没下顿的家伙。你是否能给我一个充足的理由，为什么要选择跟他？”,原句译文,逆译练习,Look at me, an ingenious student, a tremendous intellectual, a man with an assured future. Look at Rob, a
40、muscular idiot, a guy wholl never know where his next meal is coming from. Can you give me one good reason why you should be with him?”,句型提炼,Look at , look at . Can you do ?,句型提炼,应用提示,用于表达“对比”。,句型应用,(tall buildings/war stricken areas/poor straw sheds),典型例句,看看我们，住着高楼大厦，穿着耐克、阿迪，吃着麦当劳、肯德基，喝着百事和可乐。再看看那些
41、战乱地区的难民们，躲在破烂不堪的草棚里，没穿、没吃、没喝。我们怎么还能抱怨我们的生活呢？,意群提示,Look at us, living in tall buildings, wearing Nike and Adidas, eating McDonalds and KFCs, drinking Pepsis and Colas. Look at the refugees in the war stricken areas, sheltering in poor straw sheds, having almost nothing to wear, to eat and to drink. H
42、ow can we complain about our lives?,The story itself includes the fallacy “Dicto Simpliciter”. The narrator assumes that all girls would be happy to date a boy whose future is somewhat guaranteed. Therefore, Polly, a beautiful and wealthy young girl, would certainly fall in love with him “an ingenio
43、us student” and “a man with an assured future”, rather than Rob “a muscular idiot”. However, to the narrators surprise and disappointment, Polly chooses Rob in the end because Rob is fashionable and cool.,What logical fallacy is included in the story itself? Why do you think so?,2. What does the sto
44、ry tell us about love? And what does it tell us about smart people?, Love is blind. It is ridiculous to use logic to deal with love; Smart people sometimes can make wrong judgments; Smart people are sometimes too arrogant and overconfident; Smart people may fall victims to their own smartness.,Yes,
45、certainly. Actually, logical fallacies are very common in our everyday life. I myself commit logical fallacies very often, too. For example, when I first met my roommate in college, I felt very surprised when he told me he didnt like noodles. I asked, “People in the north of China like eating noodle
46、s. You are from the north, why dont you like noodles?” Here I committed the logical fallacy “Dicto Simpliciter”. I falsely asserted that all people in the north should like noodles, and there should be no exception to this premise.,3. Can you think of a logical fallacy you have committed? Why is it
47、a fallacy and what caused it?,What do you know about the difference between Chinese and western patterns of thinking?,Western pattern of thinking tends to be more logical than the Chinese one; Chinese integral pattern of thinking: man and nature are regarded as an integral whole; Nature-man Oneness,
48、 the unity of Heaven and Earth, Nature and Man, Male and Female, Yin and Yang; Instead of using logical argumentation of conception-judgment-reasoning, Chinese are used to forming a picture in the mind by imagination and use of intuitive experiences;,Western analytical pattern of thinking: man and nature are separate; Man against nature, separation between subjective world and objective world; Viewing the objective world with objective and sober scientific attitudes; Exploring nature by means of logic and reason; Grasping the nature of a thing through its phenomena; Use of logical concepts.,
