1、,现代英语词汇学概论,Foreign Language Department 单国谦,Chapter 2 Morphological Structure of English Words,英语词汇的形态结构2.1 Morphemes词素 /语素/ 形位2.2 Classification of Morphemes 词素分类,How is an English word formed?,E.g. disagreeabledisagreeable (by letter)dis a gree a ble (by syllable)dis + agree + able (by morpheme)Wha
2、t is the difference between “morpheme” and “syllable”? Syllable: has nothing to do with meaningMorpheme: two-facet both sound and meaning,2.1 Morphemes词素 /语素/ 形位,1. The Definition of “Morphemes” 词素的概念2. Allomorphs 词素变体back,2.1.1 The Definition of “Morphemes” 词素的概念,Questions: 1. What is “Morpheme”? W
3、hat is the relation between “morpheme” and “word”? * 2. What are “Allomorphs” *,Morpheme= morph + emeform + the smallest unitMorpheme: the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of languagesmallest: not divisible into smaller formsmeaningful: carry meaning (lexical and grammatical) e.g. denationalizati
4、ondenationalization= de + nation + al + iz + ationA morpheme is a two-facet language unit: sound and meaning back,Allomorphs: various shapes or forms of a morpheme do not differ in meaning or function conditioned by position or adjoining soundsback,E.g. book books /-s/pig pigs /-z/horse horses /-iz/
5、E.g. perfect, responsible, logical, flexibleperfect imperfectresponsible irresponsiblelogical illogicalflexible inflexible,E.g.invent inventiondescribe descriptionjustify justificationmodernize modernizationexpand expansiondecide decisionomit omission back,2.2 Classification of Morphemes 词素分类,1. Fre
6、e Morphemes and Bound Morphemes自由词素与粘着词素2. Roots and Affixes 词根与词缀,2.2.1 Free Morphemes and Bound Morphemes 自由词素与粘着词素,Questions: 1. What is “free morpheme”? 2. What is “bound morpheme”? 3. How does a free morpheme or a bound morpheme form a word?,What is “free morpheme”?,Free morpheme: one that can
7、be uttered alone with meaning A free morpheme is a word.E.g. green, red, write, faith,What is “bound morpheme”?,Bound morpheme: cannot stand by itself as a complete utterance appear with at least one other morpheme, free or bound E.g. receivere-ceive back,How does a free morpheme or a bound morpheme
8、 form a word? E.g. green, greenhouse, greenness, disagreeable, receive, encyclopedia green (free) green-house (free + free) green-ness (free + bound)dis-agree-able (bound + free + bound) re-ceive (bound + bound) en-cyclo-pedia (bound + bound + bound)Note: A free morpheme is a word. back,2.2.2 Roots
9、and Affixes 词根与词缀,Questions: 1. What is “root ”? The classification of “root”?2. What is “affix ”? The classification of “affix”? What are the differences between “inflectional affixes” and “derivational affixes”? 3. In what two ways are derivational affixes classified? back,What is “root ”?,Root: t
10、he basic unchangeable part of a word,conveying the main lexical meaning of the word.,The classification of “root”?,1. Free root (自由词根)2. Bound root（粘着词根）,E.g.1) work, workable, worker, worked, working 2) contain, detain, retain 3) conceive, deceive, receive 4) revive, vitamin, vital, vivacious, vivi
11、d 1) work, workable, worker, worked, working (free) 2) contain, detain, retaintain= tenere (L) = to hold (bound) 3) conceive, deceive, receiveceive= capere (L) = to take (bound) 4) revive, vitamin, vital, vivacious, vividvit, viv = life / to live (bound)back,Vital: necessary in order to stay alive -
12、al: pertaining to = have a connection withvital = having a connection with life Vivacous: adj. apprec. full of life and high spirits; lively-ous: full of vivacous = full of life (energy) Vivid:producing sharp clear pictures in the mind; lifelike-id: having a certain qualityvivid = having a certain q
13、uality of life,What is “affix ”?,Affix: a collective term for the type of formative that can be used when added to another morpheme,The classification of “affix”,1. Inflectional affixes(屈折词缀)2. Derivational affixes（派生词缀）,Inflectional affixes(屈折词缀): to express such meanings as plurality, tense, and t
14、he comparative or superlative degree. 特点：1.not to form a new word with new lexical meaning2. having only particular grammatical meaning3. only to be affixed to words of the same word-class (not to change the word-class),E.g. Plural marker: pens, oxen, feet Genitive case: James Verbal endings: works,
15、 working, worked, bought, said Comparative and superlative degree:slower, slowest,Derivational affixes（派生词缀）: to be added to another morpheme to derive a new word 特点：1. to derive a new word2. having a specific lexical meaning (some also affective meaning)3. some to be attached to words of different
16、word classes,e.g. Mini-car mean-ness Modern-ize Social-ism Pro-communist De-code De-value Wash-able,Having pejorative or derogatory meaningmis-mal-absorptionpseudo-democratichire-lingweak-lingchild-ish,派生词缀分类（derivational morphemes）: Prefixes and suffixes 1) By linguistic origin: Native affixes Fore
17、ign affixes 2) By productivity: Productive/living affixes Unproductive/dead affixes,Review,2.Morphological Structure of English Words英语词汇的形态结构2.1 Morphemes词素 1.The Definition of “Morphemes” 词素的概念2. Allomorphs 词素变体2.2 Classification of Morphemes 词素分类1. Free Morphemes and Bound Morphemes自由词素与粘着词素2. Ro
18、ots and Affixes 词根与词缀free root and bound rootinflectional affixes and derivational affixes,1. A free morpheme is a word. 2. A word is a free morpheme. 3. A free morpheme is a root. 4. A root is a free morpheme. 5. A bound morpheme is an affix. 6. An affix is a bound morpheme.T F T F F T,1. A monomor
19、phemic word is a word that consists of a single_ morpheme. A. affix B. root C. free D. bound 2. All of them are meaningful except for_.A. lexeme B. phoneme C. morpheme D. allomorph 3. Structurally a _ is the smallest meaningful unit of a language. A. morpheme B. stem C. word D. compound 4. Unlike af
20、fixes, _ are often free morphemes. A. suffixes B. prefixes C. inflectional morphemes D. roots CBAD,7.Analyses the morphological structures (how the word is formed) of the following words and point out the types of the morphemes. denationalization, receive, pens, worker1) denationalization (de+nation+al+iz+ation), receive (re+ceive), pens(pen+s)worker (work+er) 2)Of the eleven morphemes, only nation, pen and work are free morphemes as they can exist by themselves. 3)All the rest de-,-al,-iz, -ation, re-,-ceive, -s and -er are bound as none of them can stand alone as words.,
