1、Word-building or Word-formation in English,Word-building or Word-formation,1. Conversion(转化法) a process that puts an existing word of one class (part of speech) into another without changing the spelling at all. This happens more frequently between nouns and verbs.,2. Composition/compound（合成法） proce
2、ss of joining two separate words to produce a single word desktop, screensaver, laptop, keyboard, software，hardware, input, output, stockholder, feedback, sleepwalking, daydreamer, filmgoer, springboard, grindstone, go-between, forget-me-not, outbreak, in-patient, airplane, pickpocket, scarecrow,Com
3、position/compound（合成法） far-reaching, record-breaking, award-winning, breathtaking, on-going, mouthwatering, housekeeping, everlasting, fault-finding, heartbreaking, time-consuming, record-breaking custom-built, horse-drawn, lion-hearted, home-made, weather-beaten, self-centered. self-employed, thund
4、erstruck, heartfelt, henpecked, suntanned, densely/sparsely-populated far-fetched, hard-won, well-meant, ill-treated, newly-wedded, badly-needed,Composition/compound（合成法） tax-free, trustworthy, self-evident, brand-new, Sino-American, carefree, sound-proof, seasick, watertight, crystal-clear short-si
5、ghted, two-legged, one-eyed, worn-out, heartbroken, cold-blooded, kind-hearted, chicken-hearted,Composition/compound（合成法） to safeguard, to whitewash, underline, undertake, overcome, overlook, download, upgrade, outline,3 Acronyms（首字母缩略法） process of joining the initial letters of composite names of s
6、ocial and political organizations or phrases used as technical terms A.D. / B.C. / am (AM)/ pm (PM)/ PK/vs IT/ PC/ CPU/DOS/CAD/WWW/http/ GPS/ CAI/radar CEO/CFO/PhD/MBA/UFO/ ID/ IQ/ EQ/RMB/ USD/ GDP/GBP/ TCM/ PPT/ IELTS/ TOFEL/ GRE/ VIP/ OPEC/ AIDS/ SARS/ TB/ DINK/BRICS/ SOHO/ COD/ CBD/ GMT/OTC,3. Ac
7、ronyms（首字母缩略法） UN/ UNESCO/ WHO/ WTO/ EU/ IMF VOA/ BBC/ AP/ CNN/ CCTV/MC/DJ/VAT NGO/ NPC/ CPC/ PRC/ PLA/ DPRK/ UK/USA FIFA/ NBA/ CUBA/ IOC NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization), NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) CIA/FBI/MI6,3 Acronyms（首字母缩略法） http，Hypertext Transfer Protocol ra
8、dar radio detecting and ranging TOFEL test of English as a Foreign Language GRE Graduate Record Examination PhD doctor of philosophy DSc Doctor of Science M.A. Master of Arts (MBA) M.S Master of Science GMT Greenwich mean time ISO International Standard Organized,4. clipping（裁减法）By cutting a part of
9、f the original and using what remains instead 略去后部，保留前部 approx approximately, exam, bike, pro., Prof. expo Fri , esp. , dorm, ad,/com/org/edu lab, sis, fan-fanatic, math, fax DaveDavid, Cat (Cathleen), vet/fax/photo/,4. clipping（裁减法） 略去前部，保留后部 plane (airplane 飞机)， phone (telephone 电话) copter (helico
10、pter) (ham)burger (alli)gator,4. clipping（裁减法） 略去两头，保留中间 flu (influenza 流生性感冒)， fridge (refrigerator) jams (pajamas) Bob,4. clipping（裁减法） 略去中部，保留两头字母 ft(foot,feet 英尺)，hr (hour 小时), 保留某些字母加以合并 ltd (limited 有限的)，govt (government 政府), Mt. Mr., Mrs Phrase clipping pubpublic house zoo-zoological garden,5
11、. blending （混合） Blending is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word. Words formed in this way are called blends or pormanteau words. Brunch/camcorder/comsat/autome/psywar Motel/videophone/dawk/paratroops/bit/Chinglish smog/Chunnel/Medicare/lox
12、ygen/coke Eurasia/telequiz /sitcom/ guestimate/ breathalyzer Infotainment/Modem/Interpol/telecast/transister Netizen/antizen/shitizen/smilence/stupig e-mail / e-learning/ e-commerce/ e-books/e-journal A-bomb/H-bomb,6 类比构词法 （Word formation by analogy) Alcoholic/workaholic/shopaholic/colaholic/ Movieh
13、olic / teleholic First lady/ first family/ first mother/first dog Black power/ Red power / Brown power / gray power/ Green Power Blue collar / white collar/ pink-collar/gray-collar/gold-collar/ bright-collar Sit-in/ride-in/read-in/pray-in/swim-in/gay-in/smoke-in/puff-in/fat-in/stall-in/sleep-in/camp
14、-in/bed-in/live-in/lie-in/sing-in/feed-in/wed-in/eat-in/study-in Nudenik/beatnik/protestnik/refusenik/computenik,6 类比构词法 （Word formation by analogy) Marathon /walkathon/talkathon/telethon /salesathon/drinkathon Cafeteria/groceteria/washateria/ Watergate/Irangate/ zippergate/ Monicagate/ Lewinskygate
15、 /photogate / Hi-jack/seajack/skyjack Brain-drain/brain-gain Night-mare/day-mare,7. backformation（混合）BACK-FORMATION refers to an unusual type of word-formation where a shorter word is derived by deleting an imagined affix from a longer form already in the language. diagnose diagnosis Editor/ babysit
16、ter / dry-cleaner television television escalate,8. 借词 Hong Kong/ Singapore/ dim-sum/wonton / Kongfu /yin /yang/fungshui/Confucius /kow-tow/ ginseng/ cheongsam /typhoon/ mahjong/litchi/taoism/tofu karate, judo, kimono, tycoon, pajamas, tsunami, sushi, karaoke, Ninja, sumo, Government, state, champag
17、ne, gourmet, chef, menu, caf , salon, resume, fianc, fiance, ballet, cuisine, mirage, nave, clich, garage, souvenir, Chanel, Piano, solo, tango, pizza, pasta, Hamburger, kindergarten, Volkswagen, Freud, waltz, blitz, nazi, Gothe, Hegel,9. parody (恶搞) Omnishambles Watergate Shitizen,10. Affixation（派生） 由词根（或单词）附加前缀、后缀构成新词的方法叫缀合法。由缀合法构成的词叫派生词。 加前缀： re-+unitereunite(再联合);dis-+honestdishonest（不诚实的） 加后缀： tract+-ortractor（拖拉机）；flu+-entfluent（流利的） 加前、后缀：un-+friend+-lyunfriendly（不友好的）；pro-+gress+-iveprogressive（进步的 ）,
