1、专题一语法知识,第3讲非谓语动词,考点2非谓语动词作定语,考点3非谓语动词作宾语(主语)补足语,栏目索引,考点1非谓语动词作状语,考点4非谓语动词作宾语,考点5非谓语动词作表语,考点7独立主格结构,考点8“连词分词(短语)”结构,栏目索引,考点6非谓语动词作主语,考点1非谓语动词作状语1._ it easier to get in touch with us，youd better keep this card at hand.(2016北京，26)A.Made B.MakeC.Making D.To make,解析,解析,解析考查非谓语动词作目的状语。句意为：为了更容易地和我们取得联系，你最
2、好把这张名片卡放在手头。由本句话的后半句可知，make的逻辑主语为you，you与make之间为逻辑上的主谓关系，结合句意可知，非谓语动词在这里作目的状语，故选D。,1,2,3,4,5,2._ over a week ago，the books are expected to arrive any time now.(2016北京，28)A.Ordering B.To order C.Having ordered D.Ordered,解析,解析,解析考查非谓语动词作原因状语。句意为：那些书一周前已经预定了，现在有望随时到货。 order与其逻辑主语the books之间为逻辑上的动宾关系，故选
3、D。,1,2,3,4,5,3.Newly-built wooden cottages line the street，_ the old town into a dreamland.(2016北京，32)A.turn B.turningC.to turn D.turned,解析,解析,解析考查非谓语动词作结果状语。句意为：新建的小木屋沿街排成一行，将这个古老的小镇变成了一个梦幻之地。句子主语newly-built wooden cottages与turn是逻辑上的主谓关系，应用现在分词作结果状语，表示自然而然的结果。故选B。,1,2,3,4,5,4.Like ancient sailors，b
4、irds can find their way _ the sun and the stars.(2015重庆，11)A.used B.having usedC.using D.use,解析,解析,解析考查非谓语动词作方式状语。句意为：就像古时候的水手一样，鸟能利用太阳和星星找到它们的路。根据语境，use与其句中隐含的逻辑主语birds之间为主动关系，故用v.-ing形式的一般式，在句中作方式状语，相当于by using the sun and the stars的省略。,1,2,3,4,5,5._ for two days，Steve managed to finish his report
5、 on schedule.(2015天津，8)A.To work B.WorkedC.To be working D.Having worked,解析,解析,解析考查非谓语动词作时间状语。句意为：工作了两天后，史蒂夫设法准时完成了报告。句子主语Steve与动词work之间为主谓关系，故要用现在分词形式；同时work的动作发生在谓语动词managed to finish之前，故要用完成时。,1,2,3,4,5,考点归纳,1.分词作状语表示时间、原因、条件、结果、伴随或方式、目的等；作状语时，是用现在分词还是用过去分词，取决于该动词与句子主语之间的关系。如果是逻辑上的主谓关系，一般用现在分词；如果
6、是逻辑上的动宾关系，一般用过去分词。分词的完成时表示动作先于谓语动词发生。Pressed from his parents，and realizing that he has wasted too much time，the boy is determined to stop playing video games.由于来自父母的压力，以及认识到浪费了太多的时间，这个男孩决定不玩电子游戏了。(表示原因),Having been told many times，he finally understood it.被告诉了许多次，他终于明白了。(表示时间)Seen from the top of t
7、he hill，the park looks even more beautiful.从山顶上看，这个公园显得更加美丽。(see与主语the park之间存在动宾关系) Seeing from the top of the hill，we find the park even more beautiful.从山顶上看，我们发现这个公园显得更加美丽。(see与主语we之间存在主谓关系),2.某些动词的过去分词已经形容词化，此时这些过去分词表示一种状态。这样的词有：lost (迷路的)，seated (坐)，lost/absorbed in (沉溺于)，dressed in (穿着)，tired
8、of (感到厌倦)，faced with (面对)等。Absorbed in his book，he didnt notice me enter the room.专心于读书，他没注意到我进入房间。Dressed in a red coat，he is like a girl rather than a boy.穿着一件红色衣服，他更像一个女孩。,3.不定式作状语主要表示原因、目的、结果等。表原因时常用在表情感和态度的形容词后。如be happy/sorry/surprised/ashamed等；表目的时其前可加上in order或so as (so as to do一般不放在句首)；表结果时
9、其前通常与only连用，往往表示出乎意料的结果。不定式的插入结构作状语，为固定短语结构。如：to be honest/to tell you the truth(老实说)，to be frank(说实话，坦率地说)，to begin with(首先)，to start with(首先)，to be more exact(更确切地说)，to sum up(总之，概括地说)等。,They were surprised to find that nobody was in the house.发现屋子里空无一人，他们很奇怪。(表示原因)The man has to do some part-time
10、 jobs in his spare time so as to support his family.那人为了养家不得不在业余时间做些零活。(表示目的)Tom took a taxi to the airport，only to find his plane high up in the sky.汤姆乘出租车去机场，却发现他要乘坐的飞机高高地飞在空中。(表示结果)To be honest/To tell you the truth，I am a writer.跟你说实话吧，我是个作家。,返回,考点2非谓语动词作定语1.In art criticism，you must assume the
11、artist has a secret message _ within the work.(2016江苏，28)A.to hide B.hiddenC.hiding D.being hidden,解析,解析,解析考查过去分词作后置定语。句意为：在艺术评论中，你得假设艺术家藏了一个秘密信息在作品中。句中message与hide是被动关系，故要用过去分词作后置定语。,1,2,3,2.There are still many problems _ before we are ready for a long stay on the Moon.(2014北京，28)A.solving B.solve
12、dC.being solved D.to be solved,解析,解析,解析考查不定式作定语。句意为：在我们准备在月球上长住之前，还有很多问题需要解决。由there are可知设空处为非谓语动词作后置定语，修饰problems；根据时间状语从句before we are ready for a long stay on the Moon可知，动作solve发生在将来，故用不定式结构；而且problems与solve之间存在被动关系，故用不定式的被动结构。,1,2,3,3.Theres a note pinned to the door _ when the shop will open ag
13、ain.(2014山东，6)A.saying B.saysC.said D.having said,解析,解析,解析考查现在分词作定语。分析句子结构可知句中已经有了谓语动词is，故首先排除B项。A项saying表示主动；C项said表示被动；D项having said表示动作先于is的动作发生。从逻辑关系上看，note与say之间是主动关系，所以选A项，在此用现在分词结构作后置定语。,1,2,3,考点归纳,1.分词作定语，表示被动、完成用过去分词(done)；表示主动、进行用现在分词(doing)；表示被动、进行用being done；表示被动的动作尚未进行用to be done。不定式作定语
14、若表示已经发生的动作，名词前多用形容词、分词、序数词等修饰。This is a problem discussed.这是一个已讨论了的问题。,This is a problem being discussed.This is a problem which is being discussed.这是一个正在被讨论的问题。This is a problem to be discussed.This is a problem which is to be discussed.这是一个将要讨论的问题。He was the last one to leave school yesterday.昨天他是
15、最后一个离开教室的。,2.动名词作定语表示用途，如running shoes(跑鞋)，a drawing board(画板)，a swimming pool(游泳池)，a waiting room(候车室)，a walking stick(手杖)等。The swimmer ran to the side of the swimming pool and dived off.那游泳者奔到游泳池边，纵身跳下。,返回,考点3非谓语动词作宾语(主语)补足语1.Back from his two-year medical service in Africa，Dr. Lee was very happy
16、to see his mother _ good care of at home.(2015陕西，18)A.taking B.takenC.take D.be taken,解析,解析,解析考查非谓语动词作宾补。句意为：李博士在非洲进行了两年的医疗服务，回来后看到他的母亲在家里被照顾得很好他很高兴。此处是“see宾语宾语补足语”结构。此处his mother与take good care of之间是被动关系，故选B项。,1,2,3,2.Listening to music at home is one thing，going to hear it _ live is quite another.
17、(2015浙江，18)A.perform B.performingC.to perform D.being performed,解析,解析,解析考查非谓语动词作宾补。句意为：在家听音乐是一回事，去现场听正在被演奏的音乐完全是另外一回事。题干中含有“hear宾语宾语补足语”结构，宾语it(指代music)与perform之间存在被动关系，且此处表示去现场听正在被演奏的音乐，故应用being performed作宾语补足语。,1,2,3,3.He is thought _ foolishly.Now he has no one but himself to blame for losing the
18、 job.(2014江西，34)A.to act B.to have actedC.acting D.having acted,解析,解析,解析考查非谓语动词作主补。sb.be thought to.某人被认为，是固定句式。句意为：他被认为是举止愚蠢的，现在失去这份工作他只能责怪自己，不能怨别人。根据句意可知，他表现很糟糕是在丢掉工作之前，所以用不定式的完成式。故B项正确。,1,2,3,考点归纳,1.非谓语动词(词组)作感官动词、使役动词的宾语补足语。When I passed the house，I saw him reading and didnt disturb him.当我经过他家的时
19、候，我看到他正在读书就没有去打扰他。He had his wallet stolen at the station.他的钱包在火车站不幸遭窃。He got his brother to help him.他让他的兄弟帮助他。,2.下列动词(词组)在主动语态中用不带to的不定式作宾语补足语，但在被动语态中要加上to，它们是“吾看三室两厅一感觉”五看(look at，see，watch，notice，observe)；三使(make，let，have)；二听(listen to，hear)；一感觉(feel)。He was seen to get on the bus.有人看到他上了公共汽车。Th
20、e girl was made to cry.女孩被惹哭了。,3.动词keep，leave，set，catch及介词with后接非谓语动词作宾语补足语。Im sorry to have kept you waiting for so long.对不起，让您久等了。We cant leave such an important matter unfinished.我们不能让这样一件重要的事半途而废。I caught him smoking a cigarette.我碰到他正在抽烟。With a lot of work to do，he was not allowed to go out.由于有许
21、多工作要做，他不被允许出去。,返回,考点4非谓语动词作宾语1.After receiving the Oscar for Best Supporting Actress，Anne Benedict went on _ all the people who had helped in her career.(2015陕西，17)A.to thank B.thankingC.having thanked D.to have thanked,解析,解析,1,2,3,解析考查不定式作宾语。句意为：在获得奥斯卡最佳女配角奖之后，安妮本尼迪克特继续感谢所有曾经在她的事业中帮助过她的人。go on to d
22、o sth.继续做另一件事；go on doing sth.继续做同一件事。拿奖后又继续做另一件事，即“感谢所有帮助过她的人”，所以选A。,2.Its quite hot today.Do you feel like _ for a swim？(2014陕西，12)A.to go B.goingC.go D.having gone,解析,解析,解析考查动名词作宾语。句意为：今天很热。你想去游泳吗？feel like想要，后面接名词、代词或动名词。feel like doing sth.表示“想要做某事”。D项having gone表示动作已完成，不符合语境。,1,2,3,3.The film
23、star wears sunglasses.Therefore，he can go shopping without _.(2014北京，35)A.recognizing B.being recognizedC.having recognized D.having been recognized,解析,解析,解析考查动名词的被动式作宾语。句意为：那位影星戴着墨镜，因此他可以在没人认出的情况下购物了。without为介词，后面接动名词形式；the film star与recognize之间存在被动关系，故用动名词的被动式，即“being done”结构。,1,2,3,考点归纳,非谓语动词作宾语的
24、四种情况1.介词后常常接动词-ing形式作宾语，但介词but/except后接不定式作宾语，且前有实义动词do时，不定式就要省略to。,2.下列动词只能接不定式作宾语,I want to have a talk with her.我想跟她谈谈。Our teacher decided to stay with us.老师决定留下来与我们在一起。My English teacher promised to lend some books to me.我的英语老师答应借给我一些书。,3.下列动词或词组只能接动名词作宾语,I advise waiting a few more days.我建议再等几天
25、。He tried to escape being punished.他设法逃避惩罚。We do not allow/permit smoking in the kitchen.我们不允许在厨房里吸烟。I appreciate being given this opportunity.非常感谢给了我这个机会。I avoided mentioning the subject in case he should be offended.我回避提及这个问题，以免触犯他。,4.既可接不定式也可接动名词作宾语的动词，但两者意思不同。,mean,to do sth.打算(想要)做某事doing sth.意
26、味着(要)做某事,forget,to do sth.忘记去做某事doing sth.忘记做过某事,remember,to do sth.记得去做某事doing sth.记得做过某事,regret,to do sth.对即将做的事表示遗憾doing sth.对做过的事表示后悔,try,to do sth.设法做某事doing sth.试着做某事,go on,to do sth.继续做另一件事doing sth.继续做原来做的事,stop,doing sth.停止做某事to do sth.停下正在做的事去做另一事,cant help,doing sth.禁不住去做某事(to) do sth.不能帮
27、助做某事,Remember to turn off the lights before you go to bed.临睡前记着关灯。I remember reading about the earthquake in the papers.我记得在报纸上看到过关于这次地震的消息。Dont forget to turn down the gas after an hour or so.别忘了过一个小时左右把煤气关小点儿。,I shall never forget seeing the Great Wall for the first time.我永不会忘记第一次看见长城的情景。I regret
28、to say the job has been filled.十分抱歉，那个工作已经有人做了。I regret saying what I said.I shouldnt have said it.我懊悔说了那些话。我是不应该这样说的。,返回,考点5非谓语动词作表语1.While waiting for the opportunity to get _，Henry did his best to perform his duty.(2014安徽，32)A.promote B.promotedC.promoting D.to promote,解析,解析,解析句意为：当等待机会升职的时候，亨利尽最
29、大努力履行他的职责。这里使用了get done结构，表示被动关系。,1,2,2.For those with family members far away，the personal computer and the phone are important in staying _.(2014福建，30)A.connected B.connectingC.to connect D.to be connected,解析,解析,解析考查形容词化的过去分词作表语。句意为：对那些与家人离得比较远的人来说，个人电脑和电话在保持联系方面很重要。本句中的关键词是stay(保持)，它是一个连系动词，后接形容词
30、作表语。connected可作形容词，意为“有联系的，有来往的”，符合句意。,1,2,考点归纳,1.不定式作表语表示主语的具体内容、目的等。My goal is to be a scientist.我的目标是当一名科学家。What strikes me most is to see him always busy.使我感到惊讶的是总看见他很忙碌。2.动名词作表语表示笼统的、抽象的概念。My favorite sport is skiing.我最喜欢的运动是滑雪。Seeing is believing.眼见为实。,3.作表语的现在分词，往往具有形容词的性质，用于说明主语的性质与特征。过去分词作表
31、语和系动词连用，构成系表结构，往往表示主语所处的一种状态，有时候用于“getv.-ed”结构中。The report is very encouraging.这个报告非常鼓舞人心。I got confused，even bored.我被搞得迷惑了，甚至有点烦了。,返回,考点6非谓语动词作主语1._ your own needs and styles of communication is as important as learning to convey your affection and emotions.(2014湖南，23)A.Understanding B.To be unders
32、toodC.Being understood D.Having understood,解析,解析,解析考查非谓语动词。“_ your own needs and styles of communication”作题干的主语，应用动名词形式；因为“了解”的动作由自己发出，应用主动动作；且是陈述一个客观事实，用动名词的一般式，故选A。,1,2,2.Its standard practice for a company like this one _ a security officer.(2014山东，9)A.employed B.being employedC.to employ D.emplo
33、ys,解析,解析,解析考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的“_ a security officer”；再根据句型“It isn.for sb.to do sth.”，故选to employ。,1,2,考点归纳,1.动名词作主语往往表示一种概念、习惯或经验。有时候用it作形式主语，常用于Its no use/good/useless/of little use/useful/worth/a waste of time doing等句式中。Going to bed early and rising early is a good habit.早睡早起是个好习惯。I
34、ts no use crying over spilt milk.覆水难收。,2.不定式作主语往往表示一个具体的动作、一种愿望、目的或未完成的事，通常用形式主语it代替。常见的it代替不定式作形式主语的句型有：It isadj.(for sb.) to do sth.It isn.(for sb.) to do sth.It isadj. of sb.(to do sth.)To stop the work now seems impossible.It seems impossible to stop the work now.现在停止这项工作似乎是不可能的。,To see is to be
35、lieve.百闻不如一见。Its so nice to hear your voice.听到你的声音真高兴。Its necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it.不用车的时候，锁车是有必要的。It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything.他不给他们任何东西，这显得太自私了。,返回,考点7独立主格结构1.Much time _ sitting at a desk，office workers are generally troubled by health problems
36、.(2015江苏，24)A.being spent B.having spentC.spent D.spending,解析,解析,解析考查独立主格结构。句意为：由于大部分时间坐在办公桌前，办公室职员通常被健康问题所困扰。由于句中没有连词，故前半句要用独立主格结构；time与spend之间构成被动关系，故用过去分词形式。,1,2,2.The lecture _，a lively question-and-answer session followed.(2014江苏，29)A.being given B.having givenC.to be given D.having been given,
37、解析,解析,解析考查独立主格结构。句意为：演讲结束后，紧跟着是一个生动的互动环节。由于句中没有连词，故前半句要用独立主格结构；the lecture与give之间为被动关系，且动作发生在动词follow之前，故选D项。,1,2,考点归纳,1.独立主格结构由“普通格名词(或主格代词)分词、不定式、名词、形容词、副词或介词短语”构成，在句中作状语，通常用逗号与句子的其他部分隔开。Mary coming back，they discussed it together.玛丽回来后，他们一起讨论了那件事。Good luck given，I will earn more money than all of
38、 you.运气好的话，我挣的钱将比你们所有人挣得都多。,2.there be句型的非谓语形式Ive never dreamed of there being a picture on the wall.我从未想到墙上会有幅画。I expect there to be many chances for her to get a job.我希望她有很多机会找到工作。There being ice on the road，I told the driver to slow down.路上有冰，我让司机减速慢行。There having been no water for two days，the t
39、ravelers were all very thirsty.已经两天都没有水了，所有游客都非常渴。,返回,考点8“连词分词(短语)”结构1.Video games can be a poor influence if _ in the wrong hands.(2015湖南，24)A.to leave B.leavingC.leave D.left,解析,解析,解析考查非谓语动词。句意为：如果落在不合适的人的手中，电子游戏就会有一个很坏的影响。leave的逻辑主语是video games，它们之间是动宾关系，故用过去分词。if left.是“连词过去分词”构成的状语从句的省略。,1,2,2.
40、Children，when _ by their parents，are allowed to enter the stadium.(2014湖南，21)A.to be accompanied B.to accompanyC.accompanying D.accompanied,解析,解析,解析考查非谓语动词。句意为：孩子们在父母的陪同下才被允许进入该体育馆。因为children和accompany之间是被动关系，所以应该使用过去分词accompanied。此处是状语从句的省略，还原后是when they are accompanied by their parents。,1,2,考点归纳,分
41、词短语作状语时，有时前面可用一个连词，表示强调或出于表达需要，常用的连词有：when，while，after，before，if，though，whether.or.，unless，as if等。有时这种结构可看成是状语从句的省略。After taking the medicine，she felt better.吃过药后，她感觉好些了。You should stay where you are，unless asked to leave.你应该呆在你现在的地方不动，除非让你动。,解题方法,方法1正确判断非谓语动词句子按结构分为三类，即简单句、并列句和复合句。并列句和复合句都需要连词来引导，如
42、果两个句子用连词进行连接，应选谓语动词形式；如果两个结构中未出现连词，则考虑用非谓语动词。,_many times，but he still couldnt understand it.A.Having been toldB.ToldC.He was toldD.Though he had been told,解析,解析,解析用连词but引导并列句，因此，前面与后句一样也是个独立的句子，排除A、B两项；因though和but不能同时出现在一个句子中，故选C。,方法2正确判断非谓语动词和逻辑主语之间的关系确定要选非谓语动词之后，第二步要找到其逻辑主语。非谓语动词虽不能作谓语，但仍具有动词的特点，
43、其逻辑上的动作执行者就叫作逻辑主语。非谓语动词作状语时，其逻辑主语须和句子的真正主语一致，找不到其逻辑主语时，整个句子或句子的主语就是非谓语动词的逻辑主语。正确判断非谓语动词与其逻辑主语之间的关系是正确选择非谓语动词形式的保证，不管是作什么成分的非谓语动词都体现以下特点：1.如果非谓语动词与其逻辑主语之间是主谓关系，可用现在分词；2.如果非谓语动词与其逻辑主语之间是动宾关系，可用过去分词。,_ from the top of the tower，the south foot of the mountain is a sea of trees.A.Seen B.SeeingC.Having se
44、en D.To see,解析,解析,解析句意为：从塔顶看，这座山的南边脚下是树的海洋。seen from the top of the tower是一个过去分词短语，在句子中作状语。see的逻辑主语是句子的主语the south foot of the mountain，它们之间是动宾关系，故用过去分词。,方法3正确判断非谓语动词和谓语动词发生的时间先后顺序非谓语动词具备动词的一些特点，也可以有动作发生的时间。对于谓语动词，我们用时态来表示动作发生的时间；对于非谓语动词不能用时态来表示动作发生的时间。非谓语动词所表示的时间是一个相对时间，即相对于谓语动词的时间而言。同时也需要了解非谓语动词的不
45、同形式所指时间的含义。如to have done，having done表示该动作在谓语动作之前发生；to be doing，doing强调与谓语动词的动作同时发生。,Dina，_ for months to find a job as a waitress，finally took a position at a local advertising agency.A.struggling B.struggledC.having struggled D.to struggle,解析,解析,解析句意为：Dina，奋斗了几个月，想找个做女服务员的工作，最后在当地一家广告社谋到了一个职位。因Dina与struggle之间为逻辑上的主谓关系；且struggle发生在took之前，故用现在分词的完成形式作定语。,返回,
