1、2011 年 全 国 硕 士 研 究 生 招 生 考 试 英 语 （ 一 ） 试 题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D onANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as “a bodily exercise precious to health.”But 1
2、 some claims to the contrary, laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness. Laughterdoes 2 short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels, 3 heart rate and oxygenconsumption. But because hard laughter is difficult to 4 , a good laugh is unlikely to have 5 benefit
3、s the way,say, walking or jogging does.6 , instead of straining muscles to build them, as exercise does, laughter apparently accomplishes the 7.Studies dating back to the 1930s indicate that laughter8 muscles, decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutesafter the laugh dies down.Such bodily reaction
4、might conceivably help 9 the effects of psychological stress. Anyway, the act oflaughing probably does produce other types of 10 feedback that improve an individuals emotionalstate. 11 one classical theory of emotion, our feelings are partially rooted 12 physical reactions. It was arguedat the end o
5、f the 19th century that humans do not cry 13 they are sad but that they become sad when the tearsbegin to flow.Although sadness also 14 tears, evidence suggests that emotions can flow 15 muscular responses. In anexperiment published in 1988, social psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of Wrzb
6、urg in Germanyasked volunteers to 16 a pen either with their teeth thereby creating an artificial smile or with their lips,which would produce a(n) 17 expression. Those forced to exercise their smiling muscles 18 moreenthusiastically to funny cartoons than did those whose mouths were contracted in a
7、 frown, 19 thatexpressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way around. 20 , the physical act of laughtercould improve mood.1.A among B except C despite D like2.A reflect B demand C indicate D produce3.A stabilizing B boosting C impairing D determining4.A transmit B sustain C evalua
8、te D observe5.A measurableB manageable C affordable D renewable6.A In turn B In fact C In addition D In brief7.A opposite B impossible C average D expected8.A hardens B weakens C tightens D relaxes9.A aggravate B generate C moderate D enhance10.A physical B mental C subconscious D internal11.A Excep
9、tfor B According to C Due to D As for12.A with B on C in D at13.A unless B until C if D because14.A exhausts B follows C precedes D suppresses15.A into B from C towards D beyond16.A fetch B bite C pick D hold17.A disappointed B excited C joyful D indifferent18.A adapted B catered C turned D reacted1
10、9.A suggesting B requiring C mentioningD supposing20.A Eventually B Consequently C Similarly D ConverselySection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark youranswers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text
11、1The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire AlanGilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the suddenannouncement of his appointment in 2009. For the most part, the response has been favorable, to say the least.“Hooray! At last!” wrote Anthony
12、 Tommasini, a sober-sided classical-music critic.One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, is that Gilbert iscomparatively little known. Even Tommasini, who had advocated Gilberts appointment in theTimes, callshim “an unpretentious musician with no air of the formidabl
13、e conductor about him.” As a description of thenext music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and PierreBoulez, that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise.For my part, I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conducto
14、r or even a good one. To be sure, heperforms an impressive variety of interesting compositions, but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery FisherHall, or anywhere else, to hear interesting orchestral music. All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf, or bootup my computer and download still more re
15、corded music from iTunes.Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing thepoint. For the time, attention, and money of the art-loving public, classical instrumentalists must compete notonly with opera houses, dance troupes, theater companies, and m
16、useums, but also with the recordedperformances of the great classical musicians of the 20thcentury. These recordings are cheap, availableeverywhere, and very often much higher in artistic quality than todays live performances; moreover, they canbe “consumed” at a time and place of the listeners choo
17、sing. The widespread availability of such recordingshas thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert.One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music that is not yet availableon record. Gilberts own interest in new music has bee
18、n widely noted: Alex Ross, a classical-music critic, hasdescribed him as a man who is capable of turning the Philharmonic into “a markedly different, more vibrantorganization.” But what will be the nature of that difference? Merely expanding the orchestras repertoire willnot be enough. If Gilbert an
19、d the Philharmonic are to succeed, they must first change the relationship betweenAmericas oldest orchestra and the new audience it hopes toattract.21. We learn from Paragraph 1 that G ilberts appointment hasA incurred criticism.B raised suspicion.C received acclaim.D aroused curiosity.22. Tommasini
20、 regards G ilbert as an artist who isA influential.B modest.C respectable.D talented.23. The author believes that the devoted concertgoersA ignore the expenses of live performances.B reject most kinds of recorded performances.C exaggerate the variety of live performances.D overestimate the value of
21、live performances.24. According to the text, which of the following is true of recordings?A They are often inferior to live concerts in quality.B They are easily accessible to the general public.C They help improve the quality of music.D They have only covered masterpieces.25. Regarding G ilberts ro
22、le in revitalizing the Philharmonic, the author feelsA doubtful.B enthusiastic.C confident.D puzzled.Text 2When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August, his explanation wassurprisingly straight up. Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses, he came right out and
23、saidhe was leaving “to pursue my goal of running a company.” Broadcasting his ambition was “very much mydecision,” McGee says. Within two weeks, he was talking for the first time with the board of HartfordFinancial Services Group, which named him CEO and chairman on September 29.McGee says leaving w
24、ithout a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of company hewanted to run. It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations. And McGee isnt alone.In recent weeks the No. 2 executives at Avon and American Express quit with the explanation that they werelooking
25、 for a CEO post. As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure, executiveswho dont get the nod also may wish to move on. A turbulent business environment also has senior managerscautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations.As the first signs of recover
26、y begin to take hold, deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the jumpwithout a net. In the third quarter, CEO turnover was down 23% from a year ago as nervous boards stuck withthe leaders they had, according to Liberum Research. As the economy picks up, opportunities will abound foraspiring leade
27、rs.The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional. For years executives andheadhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who mustbe poached. Says Korn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey: “I cant think of a single search Iv
28、e done where aboard has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first.”Those who jumped without a job havent always landed in top positions quickly. Ellen Marram quit aschief of Tropicana a decade ago, saying she wanted to be a CEO. It was a year before she became head of atiny Internet-based comm
29、odities exchange. Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in 2005 with ambitions to be aCEO. He finally took that post at a major financial institution three years later.Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for topperformers. The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or
30、to leave a bad one. “Thetraditional rule was its safer to stay where you are, but thats been fundamentally inverted,” says oneheadhunter. “The people whove been hurt the worst are those whove stayed too long.”26. WhenMcG eeannouncedhisdeparture,hismannercanbestbedescribedasbeingA arrogant.B frank.C
31、self-centered.D impulsive.27. According to Paragraph 2, senior executives quitting may be spurred byA their expectation of better financial status.B their need to reflect on their private life.C their strained relations with the boards.D their pursuit of new career goals.28. The word “poached” (Line
32、 3, Paragraph 4) most probably meansA approved of.B attended to.C hunted for.D guarded against.29. It can be inferred from the last paragraph thatA top performers used to cling to their posts.B loyalty of top performers is getting out-dated.C top performers care more about reputations.D its safer to
33、 stick to the traditional rules.30. Which of the following is the best title for the text?A CEOs: Where to Go?B CEOs: All the Way Up?C Top Managers Jump without a NetD The Only Way Out for Top PerformersText 3The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for. No longer.
34、Whiletraditional “paid” media such as television commercials and print advertisements still play a major role,companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media. Consumers passionate about a product maycreate “earned” media by willingly promoting it to friends, and a company may leverage “o
35、wned” media bysending e-mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web site. The way consumersnow approach the process of making purchase decisions means that marketings impact stems from a broadrange of factors beyond conventional paid media.Paid and owned media are contr
36、olled by marketers promoting their own products. For earned media, suchmarketers act as the initiator for users responses. But in some cases, one marketers owned media becomeanother marketers paid media for instance, when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site. Wedefine such sold medi
37、a as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their contentor e-commerce engines within that environment. This trend, which we believe is still in its infancy, effectivelybegan with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further.
38、Johnson yet to hear Sandra and Britney tell it,raisinga kid on their “own” (read: with round-the-clock help) is a piece of cake.Its hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want childrenjust because Reese and Angelinamake it look so glamorous: most adults understand that a baby is not a h
39、aircut. But its interesting to wonder ifthe images we see every week of stress-free, happiness-enhancing parenthood arent in some small,subconscious way contributingto our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience, in the same way that asmall part of us hoped getting “the Rachel” might make us
40、 look just a littlebit like Jennifer Aniston.36. Jennifer Senior suggests in her article that raising a childcan bringA temporary delight.B enjoyment in progress.C happiness in retrospect.D lasting reward.37.聽 We learn from Paragraph 2 thatA celebrity moms are a permanent source for gossip.B single
41、mothers with babies deserve greater attention.C news about pregnant celebrities is entertaining.D having children is highly valued by the public.38. It is suggested in Paragraph 3 that 聽 childless folksA are constantly exposed to criticism.B are largely ignored by the media.C fail to fulfill their s
42、ocial responsibilities.D are less likely to be satisfied with their life.39.According to Paragraph 4, the message conveyed by celebrity magazines isA soothing.B ambiguous.C compensatory.D misleading.40.Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?A Having children contributes littl
43、e to the glamour of celebrity moms.B Celebrity moms have influenced our attitude towards child rearing.C Having children intensifies our dissatisfaction with life.D We sometimes neglect the happiness from child rearing.Part BDirections:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For questio
44、ns 41-45, you are required to reorganize theseparagraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numberedboxes.Paragraphs E and G have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)A No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as m
45、uch enthusiasm as the humanities. You can, MrMenand points out, become a lawyer in three years and a medical doctor in four. But the regular time it takesto get a doctoral degree in the humanities is nine years. Not surprisingly, up to half of all doctoral students inEnglish drop out before getting
46、their degrees.B His concern is mainly with the humanities: literature, languages, philosophy and so on. These aredisciplines that are going out of style: 22% of American college graduates now major in business comparedwith only 2% in history and 4% in English. However, many leading American universi
47、ties want theirundergraduates to have a grounding in the basic canon of ideas that every educated person should possess. Butmost find it difficult to agree on what a “general education” should look like. At Harvard, Mr Menand notes,“the great books are read because they have been read” they form a s
48、ort of social glue.C Equally unsurprisingly, only about half end up with professorships for which they entered graduate school.There are simply too few posts. This is partly because universities continue to produce ever more PhDs. Butfewer students want to study humanities subjects: English departments awarded more bachelors degrees in1970-71 than they did 20 years later. Fewer students require fewer teachers. So, at the end of a decade ofthesis-writing, many humanities students leave the profession to do something for which they have not beentrained.D One reason wh
