1、2017.08,不定式,What? How?,1. 不定式：由不定式to加动词原形构成，有时to可省略。2. 不定式的语法功能： 主语 宾语 表语 定语 状语 补语 同位语,1. 不定式作主语,不定式在句中既可直接作主语,也可放在句尾,而开头使用形式主语it,尤其当不定式知较长时。1. 照管宠物可帮助培养孩子的仁慈之心。 To assume the care for pets can help bring out the humanity in our children.2. 在周末很难保持注意力的集中。 It hard to stay focused at the very end of t
2、he week.3. 发现一个遗失的文明是每个考古学家的梦想。 It s every archaeologist s dream to find a lost civilization.,2. 不定式作表语,表示目的、功能、计划、愿望等的名词作主语时, 要求表语使用不定式。1. 公司能够从事多秘经营的一个方式是利用现有技术。 One way a company can diversify is to use an existing technology. 2. 笔记本的主要日的是帮你准备一周的学习计划。 The main aim of the notebook is to help you p
3、repare a weekly study schedule. 3. 商业银行的主要职能是为产业融资。 The main function of the merchant banks is to raise capital for industry. 4.做决定的目的是确立和实现组织的目标。 The purpose of making a decision is to establish and achieve organizational objectives.,3. 不定式作宾语,表示目的、功能、计划、愿望等的名词作主语时, 要求表语使用不定式。1. 一项严格实施的土地保护和覆盖作物种植计
4、划有可能彻底改变地表目前的恶化状况。 A rigorously enforced program of land protection and cover - crop planting may make it possible to reverse the present deterioration of the surface. 比较：These roads made (it ?) possible a reduction in transportation costs. 2.这次探险回来后,他声称在1909年4月7日到达了北极。 When he returned from the exp
5、edition , he claimed to have reached the pole on April 7,1909. claim也可跟从句,所以上句可改写为: When he returned from the expedition , he claimed that he had reached the pole on April 7, 1909.,4. 不定式作定语,1. 我确信你会想出最好的事情去做。 I m sure you will figure out the best thing to do. 2. 那些都是要了解的重要事情。 Those are all importan
6、t things to know. 3. 建步行商业区有两个关键因素要考虑地点和设计。 There are two critical factors to consider when creating a pedestrian mall - location and design. 4. 我们还有几份观测报告要写和几项实验要做。 We got a few more observations and experiments to do. 表示“有事要做”习惯上使用“ have sth.to do”,而不是“ have sth. to be done”,4. 不定式作定语,5. 41岁时,欧文(I
7、rwin)成为第一个获得建筑设计专利的美国女性。 When she was 41, Irwin became the first woman in the united states to receive a patent for an architectural design. 句型: “ the only( first.next,last,形容词最高级)+不定式” 如下: 6. 下一个要打电话的代理商可能对我的健康保险感兴趣。 The next agent to call might be interested in my health insurance. 7. 蜥脚龙曾是有史以来最大的
8、动物之一。 Sauropods were among the largest animals to exist ever. 8. 流水是最早被利用以减少人畜工作量的能源之一。 Moving water was one of the earliest energy sources to be harnessed to reduce the workload of people and animals.,5. 不定式作状语,表示目的、结果。 a.表示目的可以用 in order to或者直接用不定式： 1. 科学家已提出几个假说来解释这一数量的减少。 Scientists have advance
9、d several hypotheses to explain this decline. 2. 艺术家综合和利用这些视觉元素来表达信息或创造一种基调。 Artists combine and manipulate these visual elements in order to express a message or to create a mood. 3. 为了冬天有肉可吃,人们会将其用盐腌。 In order to have meat for the winter, people would preserve it in salt . in order to do sth. 放句首时
10、,与主句之间要有逗号,但放在主句之后时,与主句之间则不加逗号。,5. 不定式作状语,b. 表示结果时,除直接使用to do形式,还经常构成 enough to(足以), only to(“结果却引出意想不到或不如人意的结果),tooto(太以至于不能)等形式。 1. 古代希腊人的科技不够发达,不足以制造这样一种装置。 The ancient greeks were not technologically advanced enough to make such a device . 2. 克拉拉长大后成为受人尊敬的著名钢琴演奏家。 Clara grew up to become a well
11、- known and respected piano virtuoso. 3. 在大多数地区,某个特定种类的蛤蜊或珊瑚在整个厚厚的岩层中基本上都没有变化,结果却突然被另一个不同的新种取代。 In most regions, a given species of clam or coral persists essentially unchanged throughout a thick formation of rock, only to be replaced suddenly by a new and different species.,6. 不定式作补语,不定式作补充说明,主要包括三
12、种情况,即被动语态+不定式,形容词+不定式,动宾结构+不定式。a.被动语态+不定式 1. 价格更高的产品被认为质量更好。 Products that cost more are believed to be of higher quality. b.形容词+不定式 这位经济学家不太愿意对政府的政策做出评论。 The economist was hesitant to comment on government policy. 她想知道发生了什么事。 She was curious to know what had happened.,6. 不定式作补语,c.动宾结构+不定式 章鱼的肌肉系统使其
13、能够十分灵活地呈现各种形状和姿态。 The muscular system of the octopus enables it to be very fiexible to assume all sorts of shapes and postures. 贸易收入分布不均衡,导致中东社会的特点表现为财富和权力差别日益加剧。 Revenue from trade was unevenly distributed, causing middle eastern societies to be characterized by growing distinctions in wealth and p
14、ower.,7. 不定式作同位语,定语VS同位语？ 如果不定式动词与被修饰名词没有动宾关系,则说明不定式是同位语。 比较, a plan to make和 a plan to make a change1. 卡罗尔下决心今年要用功学习。 Carol made a resolution to work hard at school this year. 2. 我现在不觉得孤独,因为我努力与人交往。 I don t get lonely now because I make the effort to communicate with people.,7. 不定式作同位语,3. 政府拒绝了反对党关
15、于辩论失业问题的要求。 The government rejected the opposition s request to debate unemployment. 4. 这份工作需要迅速、果断的办事能力。 This job requires the ability to act with speed and decision. 表达“有能力”,要说 have an ability to do sth.,而不能习惯性地说成 have an ability of doing sth.。,使用不定式将下列汉语译成英文。1)让自己的孩子诚实是教育的开端。 2)礼貌待人不会吃亏。 3)在危险面前退
16、缩是可耻的。 4)精力分散无法指望成功。 5)我们决心使枯燥无味的工作变得兴趣盎然。 6)只有敢于承受重大失败的人才能成就伟大事业。,1)让自己的孩子诚实是教育的开端。 2)礼貌待人不会吃亏。 3)在危险面前退缩是可耻的。 4)精力分散无法指望成功。 5)我们决心使枯燥无味的工作变得兴趣盎然。 6)只有敢于承受重大失败的人才能成就伟大事业。1 ) To make your children capable of honesty is the beginning of education . 2 ) It pays to be polite . 3 ) It is shameful to hol
17、d back in face of danger. 4 ) He who scatters his efforts cannot hope to succeed 5 ) We resolve to make a dull job interesting . 6 ) Only those who dare to fail greatly can ever achieve greatly.,Part 2. 逻辑主语加不定式,有时不定式前面需添加逻辑主语,以使内容完整。 基本模式为 for sh. to do sth.或 for sth to be done For us to take part
18、in the discussion would be a conflict of interest.作主语 人们交流，需要遵守一定的规则。 For people to communicate, they have to follow certain rules.作宾语 那些闪光使鸟很难追踪大闪蝶(morpho)。 Those flashes of light make it very difficult for the bird to follow the morpho.,Part 2.逻辑主语加不定式,作表语 我想让你综合信息,形成自己的观点。 What I want is for you
19、to synthesize information and form your own ideas. 表示目的,可以使用 for sb. to do sth,也可以使用 in order for sb.to do sth.为了使艺术有感染力,使人动情或激发心智,必须结合各种视觉要素来表达含义或情感。 In order for art to communicate, and to appeal to the emotions or the intellect, it has to combine various visual elements to express meaning or emot
20、ion.,Part 3.可省略to的不定式,Help后面的动词用原形或加to皆可;主语若以all,what,the.thing开头,并且含有动词do的某种形式,则作表语的动词常用原形. 1.海鸟进化出有助于觅食的特性。 Sea birds have developed special characteristics that help them to find food. 2.抢救式伐木需要比传统伐木作业需要更多的工人因此有助于为当地居民创造更多工作机会。 Salvage logging requires more workers than traditional logging operat
21、ions do, and so it helps ( to ) create additional jobs for local residents.,Part 3.可省略to的不定式,3. 他们需要做的一切就是减少每名毕业生邀请来客的数量。 All they need to do is (to ) reduce the number of guests each graduating student gets to invite. 4. 你需要做的是填写一张表格,请求书在两周后归还。 What you should do is ( to ) fill out a form requestin
22、g the book back in two weeks.,将下列划线从句改写为不定式短语。1 ) Walking is one of the best ways that a person can stay healthy . 2 ) That we take part in the discussion would be a conflict of interest. 3 ) Another possibility is that the heat island will be stretched along the course of major rivers . 4 ) The mos
23、t sensible thing would be that neighbors combine efforts to produce as much food as possible. 1 ) for a person to stay healthy 2 ) for us to take part in the discussion 3) for the heat island to be stretched along the course of major rivers 4 ) for neighbors to combine efforts to produce as much foo
24、d as possible,Part 4.须省略to的不定式,动词接不带to的不定式,包括感官动词、使役动词以及一些动词短语。 感官动词有hearsee, watch。 使役动词有let,make,have。 动词短语有 let alone, much less, cannot help but等。 他们普遍希望看到该项目成功。 They generally want to see the project succeed. 帕瓦罗蒂真了不起,你应该听听他唱的今夜无人入眠 Pavarotti is amazing you should hear him sing “ Nessun dorma”.
25、hear(see, watch)sb. do sth.表示听到(或看到)某人做某事的全过程。 hear(see, watch)sb. doing sth.则表示听到(或看到)某人正在做某事。,1. 他不让自己时代的传统思维约束自己的想法。 He didn t let the conventional thinking of his day restrain his ideas. 2. 如果我们没有足够的学生选课,学院就无法开设这门课程。 If we don t have enough students sign up for the course , the college can t off
26、er it . 3. 为了能多卖产品,广告商经常设法让我们相信,产品完全满足我们的需求或心愿,即使情况并非如此。 In order to sell more products, advertisers will often try to make us believe that a product will meet our needs or desires perfectly, even if i3 not true. 4. 12岁的孩子能踩到踏板就已经不可思议,更不要说开车了。 It is incredible that the 1 2 - year - old managed to ev
27、en reach the pedals , let alone drive the car. Or much less 5. 我禁不住佩服他的勇气 I cannot help but admire his courage. cannot help but do sth.与 cannot help doing sth.,Part 5. 不定式习语,在口语和书面表达中,经常会用到一些不定式习语,对句子做出评论。 常用不定式习语： 表示举例说明to illustrate( to take an example, to take an instance) 举例说明 to be exact 确切地说 s
28、o to speak 打个比方 to name a few 举几个为例 to put it another way 换言之 that is to say也就是说 我指出几处错误并仔细重述我原来提比意事项;也就是说,我告诉他,对他的工作我根本不满意。 I pointed out several mistakes and carefully repeated my original instructions; that is to say, I told him I was not at all pleased with his work. that is to say可简化为 that is。,
29、Part 5. 不定式习语,表示总结归纳 to conclude总而言之 to be brief简而言之 to put it simply ( briefly)简单地说 to sum up概括地讲 总而言之,我们的社会仍然存在着巨大的不平等。 To sum up , within our society there still exist huge inequalities.,Part 5. 不定式习语,表示引出话题 to be sure诚然 to begin with( to start with)首先 needless to say不用说 not to speak of更不用讲 sad t
30、o say很遗憾 strange to say说来奇怪 to be frank( to be honest, to tell the truth)坦率地讲,说实话 坦率地讲,这篇文章做了大量编辑。 To be honest, the article got lots of editing.表示层次递进 to say nothing of( not to mention, not to speak of)更不用说 to make matters( he situation) worse更槽糕的是 车子坏,更糕的是,天下起了雨。 The car had broken down , and to m
31、ake matters worse , it was beginning to rain .,Part 6. 从句转换为不定式,1. 你需要一个建房的坚实地 You need a solid foundation on which you build your house. = You need a solid foundation on which to build your house. 2. 山姆过上正常生活的机会微乎其微。 There is very little chance that Sam will lead a normal life . = There is very lit
32、tle chance for him to lead a normal life. 3. 公司不得不提出考虑解雇工人的建议。 The company had to put forward a proposal that layoffs should be considered . =The company had to put forward a proposal to consider layoffs.,Part 6. 从句转换为不定式,4. 管理层欢迎改进设施的实用建议。 Management welcomes practical suggestions on how the facili
33、ties should be improved . =Management welcomes practical suggestions on how to improve the facilities. 5. 关于在哪里生长,植物无法自主地做出选择。 Plants don t make active choices about where they grow . = Plants don t make active choices about where to grow. 6. 这些规定还要求雇主提供安全培训。 The rules also require that employers sh
34、ould provide safety training =The rules also require employers to provide safety training.,Part 7. 不定式VS动名词:对比特征,-ing分句和不定式分句有鲜明的对比特征。 前者表达静态stative，类指generic，无时timeless，不定indefinite，抽象abstract概念； 后者动态dynamic，特指specific，将来future-oriented，特定definite，具体concrete：Reading is the most enjoyable. ？*To read
35、 is the most enjoyable. To go swimming this afternoon is a good idea. *Swimming this afternoon is a good idea. Horse-riding is a good physical practice. *To horse-ride is a good physical practice. To be or not to be is a question. ？*Being or not being is a question.,Reading aloud in the morning is a
36、 good habit. (timeless) To go shopping this afternoon is not a good idea. ( future oriented) Collecting stamps is one of my hobbies. (generic) To make better use of these medical herbs will be the next aim in the near future (specific) Seeing is believing. (indefinite) To see is to believe. (definit
37、e) I love visiting friends. (general, timeless) Id love to smoke outdoors. What do you think of it? (particular, specific) I prefer having a long walk on Sunday mornings. (general, timeless) I prefer to stay indoors this Sunday morning. (specific, future oriented) I dread meeting her these days. (ge
38、neral) Frankly, I dread to meet her this evening at the party. (particular),Part 7.不定式VS动名词:主语形式,NP1的-ing分句和不定式分句可有自己的主语形式，后者的主语由介词for引导，前者的主语为属格形式的名词或代词：For the boys to read Hamlet is incredible.Its a pity for you to have to stay indoors in this weather.Would it be possible for you to remove it?Her
39、 mothers divorcing her father made her lonely and miserable.Marys grumbling annoyed her husband, but it was her mothers coming to stay with them that was the last straw.It is no use your pretending that you know nothing about it.,Part 7. 不定式VS动名词,无主语形式时，这些分句的主语是能感觉和明确的：To decide is to act. (for ever
40、yone to decide is to act) To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people. (for us to be kind to the enemy is for us to be cruel to the people) Crossing the Atlantic by plane takes only a few hours nowadays. (for people to cross the Atlantic by plane) Speaking a language is a most effective way
41、 of learning it pleasantly and naturally. (for everyone to speak a language)这也是它们被称为分句的部分原因。,Part 7. 不定式VS动名词,以下句例通常被认为含有NP1扩大后的-ing分句：Theres no telling what he will do next.Theres no bearing such rude remarks.No smoking!,Part 8. 介词+不定式,现代英语中有四个介词后可见不定式分句：He was so upset that all the time he did not
42、hing but smoke. He did everything imaginable except read. Have you done anything else besides write a letter? I shall do everything save go away with you.,使用不定式将下列汉语译成英文。7)人的正当职责是生活,而不是生存。 8)为得到资源,以便加速经济发展,热带雨林正遭到砍伐。 9)今天下午讨寸论的最后一个问题是,如何提前完成项目。 10)早在165年,古代中国人率先记载了对太阳黑子( sunspots)的 观察。 11)一个人所拥有的最大权
43、力就是选择的权力。 12)有勇气掌握自己人生的人就是英雄。,7)人的正当职责是生活,而不是生存。 8)为得到资源,以便加速经济发展,热带雨林正遭到砍伐。 9)今天下午讨寸论的最后一个问题是,如何提前完成项目。 10)早在165年,古代中国人率先记载了对太阳黑子( sunspots)的 观察。 11)一个人所拥有的最大权力就是选择的权力。 12)有勇气掌握自己人生的人就是英雄。 7 ) The proper function of man is to live, not to exist. 8 ) Rain forests are being cut for resources to speed
44、 up the economic growth . 9 ) The last question to be discussed this afternoon is how to finish the program in advance . 10 ) The ancient Chinese were the first to record observations of sunspots as early as the year 1654. 11 ) The greatest power that a person possesses is the power to choose . 12 )
45、 Those who have courage to master their lives are heroes.,Homework:1)没有天敌的物种有可能成为栖息地的支配物种。 2)想取得好成绩的决心使得她坚持学习下去。 3)人们往往说时间是金钱,但时间不止于此一它是生命 4)容易允诺的人也容易把诺言抛于脑后。 5)他们已许诺给妇女同等报酬。 6)所有控制通货胀的尝试皆告失败 7)领导才能表现的是迫使人们正确而为的勇气。 8)当你希望现在比过去美好的时候,就应该从过去中学习。,9)许多人认为约翰沃森是行为主义心理学的创始人。 10)他拒绝缴纳罚款,因而惹上麻烦。 11)为了从水或天然气中获
46、取纯氢( hydrogen),须利用提纯工序,该工序需要通过大量耗煤或石油而得到的能量。 12)发明者通过将引擎装于车轮,将车轮放上轨道,成功地把这些要素加以结合,以便提供可替代马匹的机器。 13)举行仪式的大厅太小,容纳不了不断增多的朋友和家人观众。 14)要真正研究中世纪的社会史,就必须了解香料的作用。 15)为了成为有经济责任的成年人,孩子应在很小的时候学会管理自己的钱。,1)没有天敌的物种有可能成为栖息地的支配物种。 2)想取得好成绩的决心使得她坚持学习下去。 3)人们往往说时间是金钱,但时间不止于此一它是生命 4)容易允诺的人也容易把诺言抛于脑后。 1 ) Species witho
47、ut natural predators are likely to dominate their habitats . 2 ) Her determination to do well made her keep on studying . 3 ) Time is often said to be money , but it is more-it is life . 4 ) A man apt to promise is apt to forget .,5)他们已许诺给妇女同等报酬。 6)所有控制通货胀的尝试皆告失败 7)领导才能表现的是迫使人们正确而为的勇气。 8)当你希望现在比过去美好
48、的时候,就应该从过去中学习。 5 ) They have given a promise to introduce equal pay for women. 6 ) All attempts to control inflation have failed . 7 ) Leadership is the expression of courage that compels people to do the right thing . 8 ) When you want the present to be better than the past , it is time to learn fr
49、om the past .,9)许多人认为约翰沃森是行为主义心理学的创始人。 10)他拒绝缴纳罚款,因而惹上麻烦。 11)为了从水或天然气中获取纯氢( hydrogen),须利用提纯工序,该工序需要通过大量耗煤或石油而得到的能量。 12)发明者通过将引擎装于车轮,将车轮放上轨道,成功地把这些要素加以结合,以便提供可替代马匹的机器。 9 ) Many people consider john watson to be the founder of behaviorism. 10 ) His refusal to pay the fine got him into trouble. 11) To
50、get pure hydrogen from water or natural gas, you have to use a purification process that requires lots of energy that s obtained by burning coal or oil. 12 ) Inventors succeeded in combining these ingredients , by putting the engine on wheels and the wheels on the rails , so as to provide a machine to take the place of the horse .,
