1、Gene,What are Genes?,A gene is a unit of heredity in a living organism. It normally resides on a stretch of DNA that codes for a type of protein or for an RNA chain that has a function in the organism 编码蛋白质或RNA等具有特定功能产物的遗传信息的基本单位，是染色体或基因组的一段DNA序列,Gene history,1865年2月孟德尔指出，生物每一个性状都是通过遗传因子来传递的，遗传因子是一些
2、独立的遗传单位。这样把可观察的遗传性状和控制它的内在的遗传因子区分开来了，遗传因子作为基因的雏形名词诞生了。,1865Years2On Mendel points out, biological every traits were passed by genetic factors, the genetic factor is the number ofIndependent genetic units.The genetic traits can be observed and controlled internal genetic factors which distinguish,Gen
3、etic factorsAs the rudiment of noun gene was born.,Gene geography,Although everyone DNA fingerprint is the one and only, but our DNA some called “genetic markers (genetic marker)“ part, their generation after generation wholly intact genetic down, very few mutations. Markers of key gene geography pr
4、oject of two kinds of genetic material: mitochondrial DNA, handed down from mother to child; another is the Y chromosome, handed down from father to son. Scientists are using advanced data mining techniques and algorithms to track these genetic markers in the human world, so as to create a “family t
5、ree“, so as to complete tracking of human history.,虽然每个人的DNA 指纹是独一无二的，但是我们的DNA 中有一些被称作“遗传标记（genetic marker）” 的部分，它们一代接一代原封不动地遗传下来，很少有突变。基因地理工程项目重点研究两种遗传物质中的标记：一种是线粒体DNA，由母亲传给孩子；另一种是Y 染色体，由父亲传给儿子。科学家正在使用先进的数据挖掘技术和算法来跟踪世界各地人体中的这些遗传标记，以便创建一棵 “家族树”，从而跟踪人类的完整历史。,In many cases, all people would have the g
6、ene in question, but certain people will have a specific allele(等位基因) of that gene, which results in the trait. In the simplest case, the changes observed may be caused by a single letter of the genetic code. 在许多情况下，所有的人都会有问题的基因，但某些人会有一个特定的等位基因（等位基因）的基因，从而导致性状。在最简单的情况下，观察到的变化可能是由基因编码的单信造成的。,All livi
7、ng things depend on genes, as they specify all proteins and functional RNA chains. 所有的生物都依赖于基因，为他们指定的所有蛋白质和RNA链。,The most common form of DNA in a cell is in a double helix structure(双螺旋结构), in which two individual DNA strands twist around each other in a right-handed spiral. In this structure, the b
8、ase pairing rules specify that guanine pairs with cytosine and adenine pairs with thymine. 在细胞的DNA最常见的形式是在一个双螺旋结构（双螺旋结构），其中两个单独的DNA链相互缠绕在一个右手螺旋。在这种结构中，配对规则指定胞嘧啶鸟嘌呤和腺嘌呤与胸腺嘧啶对双基地。,STRUCTURE,Chromosomes(染色体),The total complement of genes in an organism or cell is known as its genome, which may be store
9、d on one or more chromosomes; the region of the chromosome at which a particular gene is located is called its locus. A chromosome consists of a single, very long DNA helix on which thousands of genes are encoded.,在一个生物或细胞基因的总补体被称为它的基因组，它可以被存储在一个或多个染色体；染色体的区域，在一个特定的基因位于被称为它的轨迹。染色体由一个单一的，非常长的DNA螺旋，成千上万的基因编码。,
