1、大学英语四级讲座 CET 4,写作篇主讲 周 辉,评分标准 命题特点 写作类型 写作过程,评分原则,1.CET 作文题采用总体评分（Global Scoring）方法。阅卷人员就总的印象给出奖励分（reward scores），而不是按语言点的错误数目扣分。 2. 从内容和语言两个方面对作文进行综合评判。要考虑作文是否切题，是否充分表达思想，是否用英语清楚而合适的表达思想。 3. 避免趋中现象，该给高分给高分，包括满分；该给低分给低分，包括零分。,评分等级,五等：2分，5分，8分，11分和14分，根据样卷评分，根据优劣，上下浮动一分。0分-白卷，作文与题目无关，或只有几个孤立的词而无法表达思想
2、。2分-条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，且多数为严重错误。 （一塌糊涂）5分-基本切题。表达思想不清楚，连贯性差。有较多的严重语言错误。（糊里糊涂）,8分-基本切题。有些地方表达思想不够清楚，文字勉强连贯；语言错误相当多，其中有一些是严重错误。（马马虎虎）11分-切题。表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。（像模像样）14分-切题。表达思想清楚，文字通顺， 连贯好，基本上没有语言错误，仅有个别小错误。（漂漂亮亮）,字数要求,2002年以后均要求至少120词，字数不足酌情扣分。注意：如题目中给出主题句、祈使句、结尾句，均不得计入所写字数。,文章结构,三部分论Introd
3、uction（点题） Topic sentenceMain Body Supporting sentences（切题） ExamplesConclusion （首尾呼应）文章结构：总、分、总,注意事项,1.遵循要求 2.卷面整洁 3.字数达标 4.文体统一 5.主题突出 （各段主题句应紧紧围绕文章主题写，各段扩展句也应围绕段落主题句来组织。）,6.文字连贯性（段与段之间过渡句；句与句连接词 表层进 first, firstly，to begin with, second, secondly, to start with, third, thirdly, whats more, also, an
4、d then, and equally important, besides, in addition, further, in the first place, still, furthermore, last but not the least, moreover, finally, in the first place, in the past, at last, lately, meanwhile, since, so far, subsequently(后来, 随后) 表举例 for example, for instance, to illustrate, as an illust
5、ration, after all 表解释 as a matter of fact, frankly speaking, in this case, namely(即, 也就是), in other words,表总结 in summary, in a word, in brief, in conclusion, to conclude, in fact, in short, in other words, of course, it is true, specially, all in all, that is to say, summarize, on the whole, therefo
6、re 表强调 of course, indeed, above all, certainly, in fact表让步 still, nevertheless(然而, 不过), in spite of, all the same, even so, after all, 表比较 in comparison, likewise(同样地, 照样地), similarly, equally, however, in the same way 。,表转折 by contrast, although, in contrast, nevertheless, on the contrary, on the o
7、ther hand, otherwise regardless of, though, yet, despite, even though, for all that(虽然如此), however, in spite of, instead 表时间 after a while, and then, as long as, at last, at length(最后, 详细地), at that time, before, eventually, finally, formerly）,7.文章切题 8.词语多样 9.句式多样 （阅卷人喜欢的句式有以下两种：一是插入语；二是倒装。 插入语 所谓插入
8、语，英语中有两种形式。一种是有两个逗号之间引起的成分称之为插入语；第二种是有两个半破折号引起的成分称之为插入语。 如下所示（黑体划线处）： Jinan, the Spring City, is a famous tourist city.,Other people may give us instrumental support financial aid, material resources, and needed services-that reduces stress by helping us resolve and cope with our problems. 插入语的作用主要有
9、两个，一个是突出主语，比如说：He, who would like to play basketball, is a good student.第二个作用是解释说明，比如说：People, especially students, should work hard.,倒装 倒装是我们写作中需要用到的。虽然略显俗套，但是却是很能满足阅卷人的主观感受的。常用的倒装形式有以下几种： Only + 时间状语 Only when all of us join in the efforts of eliminating cheating at all levels can we expect to hav
10、e a cleaner society and a more beautiful future. Only + 介词词组 Only by planning his time care fully can he improve efficiency and make achievements. Only in this way can we master the writing skills step by steps.,否定词位于句首 （hardly when; never; not only-,but also-; seldom） 在我一生当中很难遇到这样的人 Seldom in my li
11、fe have I met such a kind-hearted man. 地点方位名词位于句首 In no other place in the world can one find such enthusiasm for applying for hosting the 2008 Olympic Games.,修辞 无论是汉语写作还是英语写作，修辞其实非常的重要。它是作者写作功底具体事例地展现。所谓修辞包括比喻、拟人、排比等等。 这里仅举一个比喻例子，拿“重要的”来举例。试比较：,The bicycle is important for us. The bicycle is of imp
12、ortance for us. The bicycle plays an important role in our life. The bicycle, environmental friendliness vehicle, plays an important role in our life. The bicycle is like the air, water, and sunshine and cannot be parted with a moment in our life. 10.首尾呼应 11.检查到位,命题特点,常考题材 常考体裁 出题方式 1.提纲式文字作文 2.提纲式图
13、表作文 3.“情景提纲”式应用文,写作类型,提纲式文字命题作文和提纲图表命题作文主要可分为： 1.现象解释型（要求对一种现象产生的原因或其影响进行解释说明并加以评论） 2.问题解决型（要求针对某一问题提供解决方案） 3.对比选择型（要求对两种事物或观点进行对比并作出选择；这类作文的标志十分明显，非常容易识别，其要求比较明确，富有针对性，即要求考生比较两种观点或做法，进而表明自己对问题或事物的态度或观点，也就是作出选择）,4.观点论证型（论证观点的正确性） 5.记叙文（叙述一件事情的经过） 应用文以各类书信为主，有时也会涉及到海报演说词等。,材料的组织方法,四级作文段落,现象阐释型,题目多是社会
14、问题 提出：现象（What) 要求：分析 (Why) 结论：解决 (How)第一段 1）引话题 2）承上启下 第二段 1）主题句 2）原因+举例 第三段 总结,（2003.1）It Pays to Be Honest 1. 当前社会上存在许多 不诚实的现象 2. 诚实利人利已，做人应该诚实,第一段 陈述现象（不诚实）+举例第二段 分析现象 1）不诚实的坏处 2）诚实的好处 3）小结句(诚实有回报)第三段 1）总结（做人应该诚实）,Although honesty is believed to be a virtue, there are still dishonest people in ou
15、r society. For example, some businessmen sell fake products to their consumers; some students cheat in the exams.,Dishonest people are short-sighted. Those who sell fake products may make money at the beginning, but customers wont buy their products any more. As a result, they will lose their fortun
16、e or even be sent to prison.,By contrast, honest people gain a lot. Those who always tell the truth or keep promise not only make others trust them but gain respect from other people as well. Since they are trustable and respectable, everyone would be eager to make friends with them, so they are sur
17、e to have a lot of friends. Besides, it is easier for a person with a good record to get a good job,Generally speaking, every employer wants his employees to be honest. So we can say that anyone who is honest would be paid back later. In a word, honesty wins trust, respect and honor. Therefore it is
18、 important that we should be honest .,写作模板： A Nowadays _ is a common phenomenon in society. For example,_. _ do more (good) than (harm) to us. For one thing, _ . For another, _ . In summary, / In a word, it is more valuable _ .,B Recently _ has aroused public concern. It has both _ and _._ do more (
19、good) than (harm) to us. On the one hand,_ . On the other hand, _ . From what has been discussed above, we may reasonably arrive at the conclusion that _ .,现象解释十二句作文模板一,1.Recently,_. 描述现象，引出话题。 2.What amaze us most is_. 表现较典型的一个方面。 3.It is true that _. 对现象做出评论。 4.There are many reasons is _. 承上启下，解释
20、这一现象的原因。 5.The main reason is _. 说明原因一。 6.What is more,_. 原因二。 7.Thirdly ,_. 原因三。 8.As a result _. 讲述导致的结果。 9.Considering all these ,_. 作者的态度。 10.For one thing ,_. 观点一。 11.For another ,_. 观点二。 12.In conclusion ,_. 总结全文。,现象解释十二句作文模板二,1.As is known to all,_. 摆明现象2._seems to get accustomed to _. 讲明事实，空
21、格内填入people等3.In fact ,_. 说明发生的实质变化4.The reasons of _lie in several aspects. 引起下文，讲明原因5.Firstly ,_. 原因一6.Secondly,_. 原因二7.Thirdly ,_. 原因三8.Finally ,_ . 原因四9.As a matter of fact ,_. 说明作者的观点10.On the one hand , _. 支持着一观点的理由一11.On the other hand ,_. 支持理由二12.Therefore ,_. 得出结论,现象解释十二句作文模板三,1.Nowadays ,_.
22、 说明现象 2.For one thing ,_. 支持这一道理的一个方面 3.For another ,_. 另一方面 4.It is obvious _. 说明现象具有典型的一方面 5.Many remarkable factor contribute to_. 表明原因，引起下文 6.First of the all ,_. 产生这一现象的原因 7.In addition ,_. 原因二 8.Thirdly ,_. 原因三 9.As to me ,_. 作者的观点 10.as we know ,_, 支持这一观点的理由一 11.Besides ,_. 支持这一观点理由二 12.In a
23、word ,_. 结论。,Useful sentences: Never in history has the issue of been more visible than Nowhere in the world has the problem of been as evident as Now there is a growing awareness / recognition of the necessity of ,Now, people in growing number are beginning / coming to realize that Recently the pro
24、blem / issue / question of has been brought to public attention Recently the problem / issue / question of has caused/ aroused worldwide concern has become a hot topic, and heated debates are right on their way.,演练题目Restore Our Traditional Festivals 现在有很多年轻人更喜欢过西方节日 这种现象的原因是 我们对待西方节日的态度是 Fast Food 1
25、. 快餐在中国十分流行，它是现代快节奏社会的最佳反映。 2. a. 快餐受欢迎有两条原因 b. 然而，从营养角度来讲，快餐却差强人意 3. 对快餐还是以偶尔品尝为宜。 Online Education 1.目前网络教育形成热潮 2.我认为这股热潮的的原因是 3.我对网络教育的评价,问题对策型,题目社会问题或大学生面临的实际问题(1). 阐述问题/提出问题 (2). 问题形成的原因/解决问题的办法 (3). 我的看法/做法,（1997.6）Getting to Know the world Outside the Campus 1.大学生了解社会的必要性。 2.了解社会的途径（大众媒介，社会服务
26、等）。 3.我打算怎么做。,第一段 1)引出话题（必要性） 2）支持句 （必要性原因） 第二段1）主题句 （途径） 2）一二三原则 第三段 解决段（自己做法）,Getting to Know the World Outside the CampusWith our society developing at an unprecedented speed, getting to know the world outside the campus has become an indispensable part for college students. On the one hand, it w
27、ill keep the students informed with the updated information beyond the books and classes; on the other hand, it will enable the students to adapt to the society more easily after graduation.,Students can gain access to the world outside the campus through the following means. Firstly, communication
28、with seniors and friends, including parents, relatives, teachers etc. Secondly, various media such as radio, TV, newspapers and most importantly, the Internet. Last but not the least, taking part-time jobs or acting as voluntary workers.,As for me, a student who is about to graduate from college soo
29、n, I will commit myself to broadening my horizon through the media, especially the Internet, and communication with people from all walks of life. In addition, I will grasp every opportunity to practice my professional skills for my future career.,写作模板 A. Sometimes we find there are really many prob
30、lems / difficulties in _. Then how can we manage to overcome all these step by step? Firstly, _. Secondly, _. Thirdly, _ . Last, _.After a period of painstaking efforts, I feel that _ .,B. These days we often hear that _ . There are some possible reasons for that. In the first place, _. In the secon
31、d place, _. To solve the problem is not easy at all, but is worth trying. We should do something such as _ to improve the present situation, and I do believe everything will be better in the future.,Useful sentences: Now people are increasingly aware / conscious of . Recently the problem of has been
32、 in the limelight. Generally speaking, the major reasons for can be listed as follows, .,Obviously / Apparently, several reasons contribute to / account for It is high time that quick / necessary action / steps / measures should be taken to We should try every means to Many things can contribute to
33、solving the problem, but the following ones may be most effective. ,演练题目: On Power Failure 1.很多城市严重缺电 2.分析原因 3.提出解决办法 Green Olympics 1. 2008年中国要举办一次绿色奥运会 2. 为什么要提倡“绿色奥运” 3. 如何为绿色奥运做准备,On Power Failure,Recently, every morning when I wake up, I find my air-conditioner automatically turned off . I didn
34、t understand why at first , but soon I learned that there was a great shortage of electricity supply in our city my air-conditioner turned off because of a power failure midnight.With the rapidly developing industry and the ever-increasing population, demand for electricity supply is soaring. Beside
35、s, summers in recent years are much hotter than before , so most working places and households are air-conditioned , which consumes additional electricity.,Facing with such a hard nut , we have to find ways to crack it . Above all , in western areas China , there is surplus of electricity supply. So
36、 , cities that are thirsty for electricity may ask for remote help. Then ,when we have electricity , we should remember to save it . Set your air-conditioners at 27C and you wont feel less comfortable than when they are at 26C . In fact , some factories already shift their working hours to avoid the
37、 peak time of electricity consuming. My parents dont work from Monday to Friday as before they work form Saturday to Wednesday and have the following two days off instead. This is also a way out , isnt it?,对比选择型,题目权衡两种不同方法或观点的利弊 (1). 一些人对待某一事物的观点是 (2). 另外一些人对待该事物的态度是 (3). 我的看法1分析观点一的利弊分析观点二的利弊做出选择 2
38、分析两种观点各自的优点分析两种观点各自的不足做出选择,（95.1.）Can Money Buy Happiness? 有人认为金钱是幸福之本 (source of happiness)2. 也有人认为金钱是万恶之源 (root of all evil)3. 我的看法,Can money buy happiness? Various people have various answers. Some people think that money is the source of happiness. With money, one can buy whatever he enjoys. Wit
39、h money, one can do whatever he likes. So, in their minds, money can bring comfort, security, and so on. Money, as they think, is the source of happiness.,But there are still a lot of others who think that money is the root of all evils. Money drives people to steal, to rob, and to break the law. A
40、lot of people became criminals just because they were in search of money. And in the Western countries, there is nothing that cant be bought by money. Many people lose their own lives when hunting it.,I think that money is essential to life and we cannot do without money. But even though money is ne
41、cessary to life, it cant buy happiness. Happiness is not something that can be measured by money. It is a state of mind. One can have plenty of money, with which he can buy whatever he wants, and at the same time he is not happy because he is never satisfied or he is troubled by various kinds of pro
42、blems. Therefore, although money is necessary for a happy life, it cant buy happiness.,写作模板： A. Peoples opinions about _ vary from person to person. Some people are inclined to _ for the following reasons. Firstly,_ . Secondly, _.Other people, however, take a different attitude that _. On the one ha
43、nd,_ . On the other hand, _.My own point of view is that _ , because _. Also,_. So _.,B. _ has become a hot topic among people, and heated debates are right on their way. Quite a few people think _. It sounds good because _.On the contrary, there is a universally acknowledged saying that _.To them,
44、_In my opinion, _. For one thing，_. For another, _ . Hence, _.,Useful sentences: Different people hold different opinions about Some take it for granted that But others take an opposite idea that Peoples views about vary from person to person. Some people say that While others think that In the face
45、 of Some people take the position that . Some people come to believe that ,There is no consensus（一致） of opinions among people as to the view of . Some people suggest that While some others argue that . As far as I am concerned, When it comes to me, There are two main reasons why I am opposed to / in
46、 favor of the first/second view. Through the discussion mentioned above, we may draw the conclusion that ,演练题目： Should Private Cars Be Encouraged? 1.私人购车已成为一种时尚，很多人认为应该鼓励人们购买私家车 2.也有很多人认为不应鼓励私人购车 3.我的看法 What Should College Students Do？ 1.很多人认为大学生应多参加校内外活动，锻炼各种能力最重要，学习只要能达到基本要求就行。 2.也有很多人认为大学生的首要任务就是学习，就业后再锻炼能力也不晚。 3. 你给大学生的建议是,观点论证/论说反驳型,论证观点的正确性 表明观点-论证观点-得出结论(1). 阐述观点(2). 举例证明(3). 重述主题,
