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初级翻译.ppt

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1、Welcome to the translation class!What do you want to learn in this class?,初级英汉笔译,小明:I am sorry! 老外:I am sorry too! 小明:I am sorry three! 老外:What are you sorry for? 小明:I am sorry five!,中文:景区花木期等待你的呵护 英文:Treesandflowersawaityourlove,翻译:树和花等待著你的爱,中文:残疾人专用 英文:Specialfordeformed,翻译:特殊为了畸形人,中文:试戴请让营业员协助 英文

2、:Pleasedonttouchyourself.Letushelpyoutotryout.Thanks!,翻译:请别抚摸自己。让我们来帮你。 谢谢!,中文:当心落水 英文:Takecaretofallintowater,翻译:请小心地落水,公共场合的标牌、饭店的菜单都是Chinglish出现最多的地方。比如有一个标识是“有狗,请勿靠近!”英文注解却是“have a dog”,哭笑不得的,比如“小心滑倒”的标识被译成“slip and fall down carefully”,也就是“请小心地滑倒”。最搞笑的翻译往往来自菜单,比如驴打滚翻译成“Rolling donkey”(摇滚驴),四喜丸子

3、是“4 Glad Meatballs”(四个欢喜的肉球)等等。,Chinglish 害人不浅啊!,我国翻译简史,1. 我国翻译事业有多久?,我国的翻译有着数千年的历史。简单说来,中国的翻译史大致可以分为以下几个阶段:一、汉代-秦符时期; 二、隋-唐-宋时期; 三、明清时期; 四、五四时期; 五、新中过成立至今,译事三难:信,达,雅,求其信,已大难矣!顾信矣,不达,虽译,犹不译也,责达尚焉.,四、五四时期; 五、新中过成立至今。,1) China town 2) China rose 3) English disease 4) French chalk 5) China ink 6) bedcl

4、othes 7) black coffee 8) black book 9) white wine 10) white hands,一、 英汉词汇现象的对比,(一)词的意义,1) Will you get the newspaper while Im getting breakfast?2) When I got the washing-up done, Ill get back to my desk,Ive got to finish my column today .,(去买;准备),(做完,完成;返回,回到;得;必须),一个单词孤立地看是多义的,但在具体语言环境里,它的意义又都是确定的、

5、单一的。即,一个词在一种场合通常只有一个特定意义。,cut cakecut finger nailscut wheat “soft”在各种搭配中的不同汉译 soft pillow soft cushion soft moneysoft breezesoft voice,(二)词的搭配能力,(三)英汉词类差异,“coming!”Away she shimmed over the lawn ,up the path,up the steps, across the veranda, and into the porch.,“来啦!”她转身蹦跳着跑啦,越过草地,跑上小径,跨上台阶,穿过凉台,进了门廊

6、。,Light from the sun is a mixture of light of many different colors.,太阳光是由许多不同颜色的光混合而成的。(名-动),翻译竞技场:,Modern industry would be out of the question without iron and steel. We are behind in our plan . Our hearty desire is the establishment of a lasting peace in the world .,没有钢铁,就谈不上现代化工业。(介-动),我们落后于原计划

7、了。(副-动),我们的衷心愿望是建立世界持久和平。(名-动),(四)词序差异 在词序方面,英汉两种语言的主要差别在于定语和状语位置上的差别。,1 定语,a building project of high-risc apartment houses(后置) 一个多层公寓大楼的建筑项目(前置) work to be done (后置) 要做的工作(前置),2 状语 英语中单词状语时,常置于动词之后,而汉语中一般置于动词之前。但是程度副词前后置均可,汉语中一般前置。,Our country is developing rapidly. (后置),电影给我们留下了深刻的印象。,We are deep

8、ly impressed by the film.,For example, one function of friendship seems to fulfill is that it supports the imagewe have of ourselves, and confirms the value of the attitudes we hold. 2. The first two must be equal for all who are being compared, if any comparison in terms of intelligence is to be ma

9、de.,3. Behaviourists, in contrast, say that difference in scores are due to the factthat blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy.,二、 英汉句法现象的对比,对比英汉句法现象主要涉及句子结构,句序和句子内容的一些其他表达手段这三方面。,(一)句子结构,句子结构上看,在正常语序场合,下列五种常见句型中各种主要成分的顺序,英汉语是相同的,在英

10、译汉时句子结构可以不转换。,主语+谓语(连系动词+表语); 主语+谓语(不及物动词);主语+谓语(及物动词)+宾语; 主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语; 主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语; 除此之外,部分句子结构在翻译时是要转称调整的。,1 英语简单句结构转称成汉语复合句结构或两个以上的单句。例如:His superior grades at highschool enabled him to enroll at the tuition free College of the City of New York.(简单句)由于在中学成绩优异,他进入了免费的纽约市立大学。(复合句),A call fro

11、m Chile to Spain had to be radioed over the Andes and the Caribbean to New York,across the Atlantic by cable ,and over telephone wires through Europe to Madrid.(简单句),如果要从智利与西班牙通话,就得先用无线电越过安第斯山脉和加勒比海,到纽约中转,由电缆通过大西洋,然后再通过电话线经欧洲大陆通马德里。(复合句),2 两个以上的单句或一个英语复合句结构转换成一个汉语简单句结构。He doesnt know what life means

12、 to him .(复合句)他不知道人生的意义。(简单句) The question is whether we can finish our work by tomorrow evening .(复合句),问题在于我们能否在明晚以前完成这项工作。,3. 英语复合句结构转换成汉语其他句子结构。Hardly had I got aboard when the train started . 我刚上火车,车就开了。 This place is really beautiful ,and many people bring their wives and families out here to l

13、ive .,这地方实在漂亮,所以许多人都把他们的家小搬来居住。,4 英语倒装句结构转换成汉语正装句结构。 Here ends the diary of Dr.Watson .华生医生的日记写到这里就结束了。 Little did I then know the meaning of war and what it was in reality .,当时我确实不太懂得战争的意义以及战争实际上怎样回事。,5 语态的转换 同汉语相比,英语里更多地使用被动语态,凡不愿意说出或不必说出动作的执行者,或无从说出动作的执行者或是为了上下文的连贯,通常都使用被动语态。英译汉时,原文被动句在多数情况下都可译成主

14、动句。有些则保留被动,1)被动变主动I am afraid I shall be laughed at .我怕人家会笑我。 We are kept strong and will be clean air .,空气清洁能促使我们身体健壮。,2)译成汉语的被动句 She was blamed for what she had done . 她为她所做的事受到谴责。 Lots of works are being done by machines . 许多工作现在是由机器完成的。 Attention has been paid to the new trend of the studentsmov

15、ement. 已经注意到了学生运动的新动向。 The first explosive in the word was made and used in China. 世界上最早的炸药是在中国制造和使用的。,(二)复合句中主句和从句的顺序 英汉语复合句中主句和从句之间的时间顺序和逻辑顺序不完全相同,因此它们的先后位置也不完全一样。对比英汉语句序实际上就是比较英汉语复合句中按时间和逻辑关系叙述的顺序。,1 时间顺序 1)英语复合句中,表示时间的从句位置较灵活,谚在主句前后均可;汉语则常按事件发生的时间先后顺序叙述。例如: He had flown to Georgia where he had s

16、pent his vacation basking in the Caucasian sun after the completion of the construction job he had been engaged in in the South . 译文:他本来在南方从事一项建筑工程;任务完成以后,他就上佐治亚去度假,享受高加索的阳光,2 逻辑顺序 1)英语在表示因果关系的复合句中,因果顺序比较灵活,而汉语中多数情况下是前“因”后“果”。 例如:Because of illness he had to stay in bed for two days .(前置) 因为有病,他不得不在

17、床上躺两天。(前置)We decided to climb the mountain since we had two days free .(位置),因为有两天假,我们决定去爬山。(前置),2)英语在表示假设与结果的复合句中,条件(假设)与结果的顺序较为灵活,而汉语常是:前条件,后结果。例如:Suppose we cant get the necessary equipment ,what shall we do ?(前置)如果我们弄不到必要的设备,那怎么办?(前置),He would be a rude man if he should venture to forecast the re

18、sults of his event.(后置),如果有人敢于预言此事的结果,那他一定是个鲁莽之徒。(前置),三、 句子内容的一些其他表达手段的差异 1英译汉时,根据汉语表达习惯增词或减词英译汉时,若不根据英语原句省略情况增词,不仅会翻译不顺,有时还会造成理解错误。 例如: 1) Which do you like better:grammar or translation exercises?,你喜欢的是语法练习?还是翻译练习?,你喜欢语法,还是喜欢翻译练习?,2) He has written several articles and books on high energy physics

19、 .,他写了几篇文章和几本高能物理的书。 他写了几篇文章和几本书,都是关于高能物理的。,而有些句子为了避免重复罗嗦,则常常需要减去英文原句中的代词,介词,连词,甚至动词。,例如: 1) He put his hands into his pockets and then shrugged his shoulders .,他把双手放进口袋里,然后耸了耸肩膀。(省略代词),2) Anyone who does not recognize this fact is not a materialist. 3) Electricity became useful only after the ninet

20、eenth century . 4) He covered his face with his hands ,as if to protect his eyes .,不承认这个事实,就不是唯物主义者。(译文中省略关系代词),十九世纪以后,电才成为有用的东西。(译文中增加了解说性的词),他双手捂住脸,象是为了保护眼睛。(译文中省略了代词),5) The difference between the two machines consists in power .6) Dont get the bus before it comes to a stop .7) When the pressure

21、gets low ,the boiling-point becomes low .,这两台机器的差别在于功率不同。(译文中省略了介词),公共汽车没停住,别下来。(译文中省略了连词),气压低,沸点就低。(译文中省略了动词),3 代词的使用汉语代词(人称代词和物主代词)的使用远比英语要少。英语中为了语言表达得简洁常常使用一些代词指代已说过的或即将说过的事和物。每个句子,分句的主语也往往是代词;另外,英语的所属关系也要明确指出来,因而物主代词用得也多。因此,在英译汉时,必须弄清楚这些指代关系,并在汉语中尽量减少代词的使用,但要小心判断,以免张冠李戴。 例如:,part of the problem

22、is understandable ,When employers evaluate employees ,they (employers ) often consider the amount of time on the job in addition to job performance .Employees know this .Consequently,they (employees) work longer hours and take less vacation time than they (employees) did nine years ago .Although man

23、y working people can do their (employees)job effectively during a regular 40-hour work a week,they(employees)have to spend more time on the job after normal working hours so that the people who can promote them (employees) see them (employees).,3.重复问题 英语中为了避免文章显得过于单调,除了使用代词还常挑选同义词或近义词表达同一事物或含义,常把应重复

24、的动词用助动词来代替。汉语则不怕重复,如果使用得当,它可以起到明确、强调、生动化的作用。因此,英译汉时不妨用同一个词来翻译指代同一概念的不同的英文词。,1) 重复名词 Ignorance is the mother of fear as well as of admiration. 无知是羡慕的根源,也是恐惧的根源。,2) 重复代词 A big nation has its problems ,while a small nation has its advantages . 大国有大国的问题,而小国有小国的有利条件。,3) 重复动词Work while you work ,play whil

25、e you play . 工作时工作,玩耍时玩耍。,他们是白手起家的,他们需要人员,需要枪支,需要训练。,They were starting from scratch and needed men ,guns ,training.,4) 为了达到强调和生动的目的,也可以有下列的得译: I persuaded him without avail . 我劝是劝过他了,但没有用。,Its a good suggestion,only its unworkable for the time being.,这个建议好是好,可惜目前行不通。,4 否定的差异在英汉两种语言中都存在否定词、否定句,然而英文的

26、否定句译成汉语却不一定都是否定句,英文的肯定句也可能译成汉语否定句,1)英语(否定)汉语(肯定)例如: He is not a native . 他是外乡人。,在翻译工作中,愈细心愈好。,One can not be too careful in the work of translation.,It is not unreasonable to make such a demand .,提出这样的要求是有道理的。,2)英语(肯定)-汉语(否定) 例如:His hint escaped me .,他的暗示没有引起我的注意。,He coughed with embarrassment.,他不自然地咳起来。,Appearances are deceptive .,外表是靠不住的。,英语中除了no和not ,还有许多否定词和半否定词,在翻译时要留意它们,

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