1、欢迎光临：大家论坛高中高考专区 欢迎光临：大家论坛高中高考专区 第十七节 构词法考情动态分析 构词法知识属工具性知识，它对学习者理解和记忆词汇可起到事半功倍的效果。高考对构词法知识的考查多为“隐性考查”，即不专门设置考题，而是对在行文中出现的生词不加注汉语意思，要求考生根据构词法知识判断词的意思。这种形在历年高考题中均大量出现。据粗略统计，1998 年高考阅读理解中对构词法知识的隐性考查达 50 处以上。如：(括号中字母表示篇目编号)派生法： roller(A) invitation(A) dreamer(A) imagination(A) improvement(A)payment(B)ac
2、tivity(B) strengthen(B) dishonesty(C) untruth(C) unsinkable(D)合成法： month-long(B) age-old(C) full-time(E)battleship(D) war-torn(D) 2-week(E) newly-married(E) do-it-yourself(E)转化法： mark(B)n.记号vt.标志；纪念；value(C)n.价值vt.珍视；sight(D)n. 视力vt.看见；slow(D)adj.慢vt.使变慢 1999 年高考阅读理解第 59 题几乎是直接考查构词法知识： 59. David Teb
3、butt started Computertown UK with the purpose of . A.making better use of computer experts B.improving computer programs C.increasing computer sales D.popularizing computers 根据文章内容，正确答案为 D。考生只学过形容词 popular,根据构词法知识，可知popularize 意为“使普及”。 2002 年高考题仅阅读理解 B 篇对构词法的隐性考查就达 9 处以上：doorstep,technician,produce(
4、n.),seasonal,tasty,preferences,specialist,fast-growing,shoppers,supermarkets,等等。 2004 年高考全国卷第 62 题又对构词法进行了直接考查： 62. The underlined word“Change”in the second paragraph means . A.Idea B.Decision C.Cups D.Coins 原文中“Change for change”中第一个 change 意为“零钱” ，第二个 change 意为“变化”。本项目的含义为：捐献零钱，改变别人的命运。 2005 年高考全国
5、卷阅读理解 A 篇对构词法的隐性考查达 22 处之多，而 D 篇中的 68题更是对构词法的直接考查(详见“考题名师诠释”之【例 3】 、 【例 5】 。)对 D 篇末句“When the TV is on,”Lewis says,“dinner is a non-event.”的合成词 non-event 若理解有误，则可能引起对 69、70 题的误判。non-event 指索然寡味之事。 2006 年全国各地高考又有大量对构词法的隐性考查。仅举全国卷和山东卷中部分例词：small-sized yellowish-brown dealershipshowroom pickup truck gr
6、ammar-basedSelf-defeating re-think watercolors retirementpersonalized inadvertently parents-to-beLess-deserving self-treat incomplete inaccurate 由此可见，学习构词法知识，不仅有助于记忆单词，而且对提高阅读理解能力以适应高考要求，也是有益的。对这种“可持续发展”的能力，未来的高考会更加关注。考点核心整合 三种构词方法及常用词缀及其意义。一、派生法欢迎光临：大家论坛高中高考专区 欢迎光临：大家论坛高中高考专区 要记住常用的后缀和前缀。后缀多能改变词性；
7、前缀一般不改变词性，而改变词义。(一)后缀 1.名词后缀 (1)表示人-er:reader,leader,writer,villager,stranger,manager-or:visitor,professor,tailor,conductor,inventor,actor-ian:Italian,musician,Austrilian,Asian,Russian,technician-ist:artist,pianist,violinist,scientist,physicist,chemist -ess:actress,princess,goddess,hostess (2)表示语言、人
8、-ese:Chinese,Japanese (3)表示状态、性质-ness:business,illness,kindness,carelessness 结果、状态-ment:achievement,movement,improvement,agreement-tion:attention,action,invention,condition,foundation状态、身份-ship:friendship,professorship,membership,citizenship(4)表示物-er:rubber,harvester(收割机),cooker,starter,heater (5)表示
9、动作、物等-ing:swimming,shopping,belonging(所有物，行李)2.形容词后缀 (1)表示“的”-al:national,natural,physical,political,practical-an:American,African,Russian,Asian,European-en:golden,wooden,woolen-ful:careful,helpful,useful,beautiful,fearful,wonderful-ern:eastern,western,southern,northern-ble:terrible,horrible,reasona
10、ble,valuable,visible,comfortable-ive:active,expensive,instructive,creative,attractive-ish:foolish,childish,feverish,selfish,bookish(书生气的) (2)表示“没有的”-less:careless,useless,wireless,homeless,penniless (3)表示“有特色的”-ly:friendly,comradely,weekly,monthly,costly,lovely,manly(男子气的) (4)adj.+ly 后仍为 adj.用法 like
11、ly,lonely,lively (5)表示“有的，多的”-y：cloudy,snow y,noisy,windy,dirty,lucky,funny,sunny3.副词后缀 (1)表示“地”-ly:carefully,quickly,perfectly,hurriedly,luckily (2)表示“向”欢迎光临：大家论坛高中高考专区 欢迎光临：大家论坛高中高考专区 -ward(s):towards,forwards,backward(s),outward(s)-wise:likewise(同样地),otherwise ,clockwise(顺时针方向地)4.动词后缀 (1)表示“化”-fy
12、：beautify,terrify ,simplify,satisfy,purify (2)表示“使，化”-ize:realize,modernize,organize,apologize,popularize5.数词后缀、前缀 (1)十几 -teen:fourteen,eighteen,nineteen (2)几十 -ty:forty,eighty,ninety (3)第 -th:seven th,twelfth,twentieth (4)倍 -fold:twofold 两倍；mani fold 多种的，数倍的 (5)双 bi-:biweekly 两周一次的；一周两次的；双周刊；bimont
13、hly 两月一次的；一月两次的；双月刊 (6)三 tri-:triangle 三角形；tricycle 三轮车(二)前缀 1.否定前缀 (1)dis- disappear, disagree,discourage,disappoint (2)in-,im- invisible,independent,informal,impossible,incomplete,impractical il-,ir- ir regular,illegal (3)un- unfair,unknown,unhappy,untie,unlock (4)mis(误) misunderstand,mistake,misj
14、udge,mislead2.其他前缀 (1)en-(使)：enable,en courage,enrich,ensure,enlarge (2)inter-(相互，之间) international,interschool,interchange (3)tele-(远) telephone,television,telescope,telegraph (4)re-(重复) retell,reunite,remarry,return,recycle,reappear (5)mid-(中部) midnight,midday,midair(半空),midterm, midsummer(仲夏) (6)
15、over-(在上，过分) overhead,overdress,overdo (7)by-(在 旁) bystander 旁观者，by-product 副产品 (8)ex-(前) ex-soldier 退伍军人；ex -president (9)pre-(先于 )preview,pre-war 战前的二、合成法 (一) 合成名词 1.名+名：classroom,newspaper,workshop,bookstore,silkworm,bloodtest2.形+名：blackboard,highway,sicklist(病员名单),greenhouse(温室)3.动+名：chopstick(筷
16、子),pickpocket(扒手)4.副+名：outhouse(外室),overcoat(大衣),outspace(外层空间)5.名+介+名：son-in-law(女婿)，father-in-law( 岳父)(注意复数形：sons-in-law,fathers-in-law)6.v-ing 形+ 名：reading-room,dining-room,swimming-pool7.动+副：break-down(崩溃) ，get-together(联欢),breakthrough(突破)8.代+名：he-goat(公羊),she-wolf(母狼),hen-sparrow,cock-sparrow(
17、二)合成形容词欢迎光临：大家论坛高中高考专区 欢迎光临：大家论坛高中高考专区 1.名+形：manlike,womanlike,snow-white,worldwide,color-blind2.形+形：light-yellow(淡黄色的),red-hot,bitter-sweet(又苦又甜的)3.副+形：evergreen(常青的)，oversensitive(过敏的)4.名+分词：man-made,hand-made,snow-covered,state-owned(国有的),man-eating(吃人的),earth-shaking,peace-loving5.形+分词：good-loo
18、king,easy-going(随便的)，kind-hearted(心地善良的)6.副+分词：hardworking,far-seeing(有先见之明的),well-written(写得好的),well-known,widespread,far-reaching(深远的)7.形+名：barefoot(赤脚的),bareback(光背的),newtype( 新型的)8.数+名+形：seven-year-old,eight-foot-high,three-metre-wide9.数+名+ed：four-footed,two-faced(两面派的),four-cornered10.名+名+ed：ir
19、on-hearted(铁石心肠的),iron-willed( 意志坚强的)11.形+名+ed：warm-hearted,white-haired,long-legged,noble-minded;open-minded12.数+名：second-hand(二手的，用过的)，400-metre(400 米的)(三)合成动词 1.副+动：overcome( 克服),overeat(吃得过多) ，upset,underline，overthrow(推翻) ，outbreak(爆发)2.名+动：sunbathe(日光浴),airdrop( 空投),sleep walk(梦游)3.形+动：white-w
20、ash( 粉刷),blacklist( 列入黑名单)(四)合成副词 1.名+名：sideway(s)(侧着)2.名+副：head-on(头向前地)，headfirst(头向下)3.形+名：meanwhile(同时),meantime(同时)4.副、介+名：beforehand(事先)，inside，downstairs ，downhill，outdoors，downtown 合成词的意思一般可以从其组成部分单词的词义推想出来，如 good-for-nothing，只要了解了词组 good for 的含义就能推出它的含义是“不中用的” 。三、转化法 (一) 名动 x-ray(爱克斯光)x-ray
21、(透视) ，shoulder(肩膀)shoulder(肩负) ，hand(手)hand(传递)，back(背)back(支持)，face(面 )face(面对),machine-gun(机关枪)machine-gun( 扫射)(二)形动 slow(慢)slow(放慢),empty(空)empty(倒空),better(较好)better( 改善)(三)副动 down(向下 )down(击落)，back(后)back( 倒退；撤退 )(四)副名 多用在词组中，如：ins and outs(来龙去脉，问题的底细)，ups and downs( 盛衰)(五)形名 加定冠词后，表示一类人，如：the
22、old 老人们；the young 年轻人；the blind 盲人们(六)动名 have a look,take a walk,have a try,take the lead(带头) ，on the move 注意：英语中还有少量动词和表示从事这种动作的人的名词同形。如：cook(烹调)cook(炊事员)，judge(判决)judge(法官)四、其他的构词法 除以上三种以外还有以下几种：欢迎光临：大家论坛高中高考专区 欢迎光临：大家论坛高中高考专区 (一)拼缀法(斩头去尾)motel(motor+hotel) 汽车旅馆，brunch(breakfast+lunch)早午餐合二为一的一餐 (
23、二) 缩略法：lab(laboratory),bike(bicycle),doc(doctor),maths(mathematics),phone(telephone) (三) 缩写：GPO(General Post Office)邮电总局，PLA(the Peoples Liberation Army) 难点提示1.注意一些形似副词的形容词，极易误用。 如：lively,friendly,likely He looked at me friendly.(friendly 误用作副词，宜改为 in a friendly way) Our team is very to win the game
24、. A.likely B.probably C.possibly D.certainly (四个选项中只有 likely 是形容词，故答案是 A。)2.合成名词的复数，有下列两种情况： (1)词末加-s 或-es，如：film-goers,tooth-brushes,greenhouses (2)在主体名词末加-s，如： sons-in-law,editors-in-chief,comrades-in-arms,by-standers3.由数词+名词构成的合成形容词，要注意避免误加复数。如： a five-year plan 易误作 a five-years plan;a 14-year-ol
25、d boy 易误作 a 14-years-old boy；a 500-word composition 易误作 a 500-words composition。4.要多记例词。 切不可根据构词法自己造词；在阅读中，一方面借助构词法知识猜测词义，更重要的是依据上下文判断词义，切不可孤立地望文生义。如 greenhouse 不是“绿房子”，而是“温室”;green-eyed 既可指“ 绿眼的”, 又可指 “妒忌的”等等。考题名师诠释 【例 1】(2004 浙江，22)The Wilsons live in A-shaped house near the coast.It is17th centur
26、y cottage.A.the;/ B.an;the C./;the D.an;a解析:Ashaped 为合成形容词， an A-shaped house 意为“一座 A 字型的房子”。答案:D【例 2】( 2004 北京阅读理解 B 篇)60.We can learn from the passage that the parents were.A.honest B.strict C.supportive D.decisive解析:supportive 是由动词 support 派生而来的形容词，意为“ 支持的”。本题直接考查了构词法知识。答案:C【例 3】68.By saying “Mid
27、dle children are invisible” in Paragraph 3,Lewis means that middle children .A.have to help their parents to serve dinner B.get the least attention from the familyC.are often kept away from the dinner table D. find it hard to keep up with other children解析:invisible 是由 visible 派生而来的，意为“ 看不见的 ”。本文引申为“
28、 被忽略的、不受重视的”。答案:B【例 4】(2005 全国)A Pet owners are being encouraged to take their animals to work,a move scientists say can be 欢迎光临：大家论坛高中高考专区 欢迎光临：大家论坛高中高考专区 good for productivity,workplace morale(士气),and the well-being of animals. A study found that 25% of Australian women would like to keep an offic
29、e pet.Sue Chaseling of Petcare Information Service said the practice of keeping office pets was good both for the peo-ple and the pets.“On the petsside,they are not left on their own and wont feel lonely and unha-ppy,” she said.A study of major US companies showed that 73% found office pets benefici
30、al(有益的),while 27% experienced a drop in absenteeism(缺勤). Xarni Riggs has two cats walking around her Global Hair Salon in Paddington.“My custo-mers love them.They are their favorites,” she said,“They are not troublesome.They know when to go and have a sleep in the sun.” Little black BJ has spent nea
31、rly all his two years “working” at Punch Gallery in Balmain.Owner Iain Powell said he had had cats at the gallery for 15 years.“BJ often lies in the shop window and people walking past tap on the glass,” he said. Ms. Chaseling said cats were popular in service industries because they enabled a point
32、 of conversation.But she said owners had to make sure both their co-workers and the cats were comfortable.56.The percentage of American companies that are in favor of keeping office pets is .A.73% B.27% C.25% D.15%57.We know from the text that “BJ” .A.works in the Global Hair Salon B.often greets th
33、e passers-byC.likes to sleep in the sun D. is a two-year-old cat 58.The best title for this text would be .A.Pets Help Attract Customers B.Your Favorite Office PetsC.Pets Join the Workforce D. Busy Life for Pets解析:上文中十多处黑体部分分别运用了合成、派生和转化等构词方法。答案:ADC特别提示对构词法的间接考查在 2005 年全国各地高考试卷中都随处可见，不胜枚举。【例 5】 （200
34、6 年山东卷）B November not only marks the publication of Toni Morrisons eagerly anticipated(期待) eighth novel,Love,but it is also the tenth anniversary of her,Nobel Prize for Literature.Morrison is the first black woman to receive a Nobel,and so honored before her in literature are only two black men:Wole
35、 Soyinka,the Nigerian playwright,poet and novelist,in 1986;and Derek Walcott,the Caribbean-born poet,in 1992But Morrison is also the first and only American-born Nobel prizewinner for literature since 1962,the year novelist John Steinbeck received the award.Like Song of Solomon,Love is a multigenera
36、tional story,revealing the personal and communal legacy(遗产) of an outstanding black family.As Morrison scholars will tell you,Love is the third volume of a literature masters trilogy(三部曲) investigating the many complexities of love.This trilogy began with beloved(1988),which deals with a black mothe
37、rs love under slavery and in freedom.Jazz(1993),the second volumen,tells a story of romantic love in 1.92.0s Harlem.This latest novel looks back from the 1970s to the 1940s and 1.950s. The emotional center of Love is Bill Cosey,the former owner and host of the shabby Coseys Hotel and Resort in Silk,
38、North Carolina,described in the novel as “the best and best-known vacation spot for colored folk on the East Coast.” We get to know Cosey through the memories of 欢迎光临：大家论坛高中高考专区 欢迎光临：大家论坛高中高考专区 five women who survive and love him:his granddaughter,his widow,two former employees,and a homeless young
39、girl. The latest novel,Love,had been described in the promotional material form her publisher as “Morrisons most accessible work since Song of Solomon.”This comparison to her third novel,published in 1977,was an effective selling point.61.What would be the best title for the text?A.Toni Morrisons la
40、test novels. B.Toni Morrison and her trilogy.C.Toni Morrison and her novel Love. D. Toni Morrison,the Nobel prizewinner.62.What can we learn about John Steinbeck?A.He was a black writer.B.He was born in America.C.He received the Nobel Prize after Morrison.D. He was the first American novelist to win
41、 a Nobel.63.The similarity between Love and Song of Solomon is that they both .A.belong to the same trilogy together with BelovedB.concern families of more than one generationC.deal with life of blacks under slaveryD. investigate life in 1920s Harlem64.The novel Love mainly describes .A.the best-known vacation spot for blacksB.the life of an outstanding black family under slaveryC.the miserable experience of the five women in HarlemD. the memories of five women about Bill Cosey解析:上文中黑体单词都是通过构词手段而形成的，故不须提供汉语注释。答案:CBBD
