1、Listening practice,A judicial form has nothing to do with what is not before itThe court found the accused guilty on all chargesThe court has made an order for specific performanceThe court order the companys funds to be ceased,Please check how many you have heard:,Chapter 3 Judicial System of the U
2、.S.A,Question: Please think about the difference between the Chinese court system and the USA court system after you learning this chapter.,双轨制的法院组织 (dual court system),(一) 联邦法院系统 (Federal court system),U.S. District Court 合众国地区法院(91个联邦司法管辖区),Special Court 专门/特别法院 (Court of Federal Claims, Customs C
3、ourt, Court of International Trade,基层审判法院(Trial level),上诉法院(intermediate appellate level),U.S. Court of Appeals 合众国上诉法院(12个司法巡回区),Court of Appeals for Federal Circuit 联邦巡回上诉法院(设立在哥伦比亚特区),U.S. Supreme Court 合众国最高法院,最后上诉法院(highest level),States Supreme Court 州最高法院,双轨制的法院组织 (dual court system),(二) 州法院系
4、统 (State court system)除内布拉斯加等州外，大多数州的法院由治安法院、地区法院和最高法院三级组成。 治安法院（Courts of Peace) 设于农村或市镇处理轻微案件地区法院(District Court) 处理重大刑事案件或涉及大笔金额的民事案件的一审处理治安法院的上诉案件保证基层法院在具体案件中审判工作中正确解释和适用有关的法律。在多数案件中，上诉法院的裁定就是终审判决。最高法院(Supreme Court) 审理各种上诉案件以保证法律的正确实施,并有权监督本州所有法院的工作。有权制定本州的诉讼程序规则,双轨制的法院组织 (dual court system),(三
5、) 美国司法制度的特点双轨制 美国法院系统由联邦法院和州法院这两个相互独立且平行的体系组成。联邦法院系统并不高于州法院系统，二者之间没有管辖和隶属关系。 三级模式 联邦和大多数州的法院系统都采用“三级模式”,即法院建立在三个级别或层次上，包括基层审判法院、中层上诉法院和顶层的最高法院。两种法院 无论是联邦法院还是州法院，根据基本职能分为两种：审判法院和上诉法院。一般来讲,审判法院只负责一审，上诉法院只负责上诉审。但是，联邦最高法院和某些州的最高法院例外，他们既审理上诉审案件，也审理少数一审案件。,Main Text,Words and expressions,Justice1）a: the q
6、uality of being just, fair 公平、司法公正2）: judge 法官esp : a judge of an appellate court or court of last resort (as a supreme court) Justice of Appeal:上诉法院法官 chief justice：the chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court Three-tiered model 三级模式Litigant 诉讼当事人an active party to litigation（诉讼、打官司） Losing litigant
7、 败诉方Plea 答辩、辩解an allegation（辩解）of fact in civil litigation made in response to a claiman accused partys answer to a criminal chargePleader：申辩人、答辩人、辩护律师 Pleading：状辞、诉状,Words and expressions,Appeal n.v.上诉 a proceeding in which a case is brought before a higher court for review of a lower courts judgme
8、nt for the purpose of convincing the higher court that the lower courts judgment was incorrect Appellate adj. 受理上诉的Appellant n.上诉人Appealable 可上诉的Judgment 判决; The final decisive act of a court in defining the rights of the partiesCompare with verdict裁决 the finding or decision of a jury on one or more
9、 matters submitted to it in trial that ordinarily in civil actions is for the plaintiff or for the defendant and in criminal actions is guilty or not guilty,Words and expressions,Circuit 司法巡回区 a district established within a state or the federal judicial system 指一国以内划分的不同司法管辖区，以便外派高级法院巡回审理诉讼案件。全美国有1
10、2个司法巡回区,以数目命名。Tribunals 法官席、审判员席、特别法院The seat, bench, or place where judges sitA court or other adjudicatory body (it is broader than court and generally refers to a body, other than a court, that exercises judicial functions-claim court/probate court.)Panel 全体陪审员 a group of community members summon
11、ed for jury service a group of usu. three judges among the judges sitting on an appellate court who hear a particular appealReview 复审、再审 Judiciary review 司法复核Discretionary 自由裁量的 left to discretion: exercised at ones own discretion Discretionary jurisdiction 自由裁量权,Words and expressions,Criminal cases
12、 刑事案件Crime 犯罪、犯罪行为any social harm that the law defines and makes punishableIt is to be distinguished from civil wrong or tortCriminal law 刑法Punishment/penalty 刑罚Capital punishment死刑 Capital crime 可判死刑的罪行 =death penalty: death as punishment for a crime Certiorari 诉讼文件移送命令、调案复审令 an extraordinary writ（
13、特别的书面命令）issued by a superior court (as the Supreme Court) to call up the records of a particular case from an inferior judicial body (as a Court of Appeals) ad hoc adj. adv. 特设、专案、特别、特定、临时For this special purpose,如何引用成文法律?,宪法（Constitution),United States Constitution, Art. III, 2,U.S. Const., Art. II
14、I, 2,美国宪法简称,第三条，Art.是article的缩写,第二款， 是section的简写符,立法法律(Statutes)联邦立法引自美国法典(the United States Code)行政法规(Federal Administrative Regulations)引自联邦行政法典(The Code of Federal Register),Statutes & FAR,Narcotic Rehabilitation Act of 1966, 42U.S.C. 3412(a) (1970),法律名称，96年戒毒法,美国法典第42卷,第3412章(a)款表示章、节,1970年版美国法典
15、,29 C.F.R. 102.60(a) (1975),联邦行政法典第29篇/卷,第102条60款(a) 项,1975年版,International court International Court of Arbitration 国际仲裁法院International Criminal Court 国际刑事法院International Court of Justice (联合国)国际法院Courts in the mainland of China Basic peoples court 基层人民法院Higher peoples court 高级人民法院Intermediate peoples court 中级人民法院Local peoples court 地方人民法院Special peoples court 专门人民法院Supreme peoples court 最高人民法院Supreme peoples procuratorate 最高人民检察院,Supplementary vocabulary,
