1、第 1 页 共 18 页时态、语态复习纲要动词时态、语态汉语的时态大多是通过副词来表达的，而英语的时态是靠动词的变化和时间状语来表达的。英语中的时态共有十六种，但是常考的或较常用的只有 9 种，而且重点测试完成时态。 要掌握英语的时态和语态，必须掌握好英语中的助动词(do, be, have)和时间状语这两个核心问题。1、一般现在时 主要用来表示人、事物的现在状况和特点；表示经常或习惯性的动作，句子中常有 often, always, from time to time 等时间状语； 表示客观规律和永恒真理等。He usually goes to work at 7 oclock every
2、morning.She has a brother who lives in New York.The earth goes around the sun.Guangzhou is situated in the south of China.考点一：表示永恒的真理，即使出现在过去的语境中，仍用一般现在时。如：I learned that the earth goes around the sun when I was in primary school.考点二：在时间和条件状语从句中，代替一般将来时；常用的引导词有：时间：when, until, after, before, as soon
3、 as, once, the moment/the minute, the day; 条件：if, unless, provided.If he accepts the job, he will get more money soon.考点三：在 make sure (certain), see to it, mind, care, matter 宾语从句， 从句用一般现在时代替一般将来时。So long as he works hard, I dont mind when he finishes the experiment.只要他努力工作， 我不介意他什么时候做完试验。考点四：在 the
4、more the more (越越 ) 句型中, 若主句是一般将来时, 从句通常用一般现在时。The harder you study, the better results you will get.2、现在进行时表说话时或目前一段时间内正在进行的活动：或表感情色彩，加强语气。与频率副词，如 always，constantly，continually，again 等连用表示说话人的某种感情色彩（赞叹、厌烦、埋怨等）。We are having English class.The house is being built these days.The little boy is always
5、making trouble. 考点一：在时间状语或条件状语从句中表示将来正在进行的动作。 Look out when you are crossing the street. Dont wake him up if he is still sleeping at 7 tomorrow morning.考点二： 表示在最近按计划或安排要进行的动作（这时多有表示将来的时间状语）。Marry is leaving on Friday.3、现在完成时表示动作发生在过去，完成在过去，但强调与现在情况仍有联系，其结果或影响仍存在。现在完成时有一些标志性的时间状语：第 2 页 共 18 页考点一：for
6、+ 时间段；since + 时间点They have lived in Beijing for five years.They have lived in Beijing since 1995.I have learned English for ten years.考点二：常见的不确定的时间状语：lately; recently, just, already, yet, up to now; till now; so far, these days, Has it stopped raining yet ? 考点三：在表示“最近几世纪/ 年/ 月以来”时间状语中，谓语动词用现在完成时。in
7、the past few years/months/weeks/days；over the past few years; during the last three months; for the last few centuries, through centuries; throughout history 等考点四：表示“第几次做某事，”或在 “It is the best (worst, most interesting ) +名词 that” 后面跟现在完成时。This is my first time that I have visited China. This is the
8、most interesting film I have ever seen.That is the only book that he has written.4一般过去时表在过去某个特定时间发生且完成的动作，或过去习惯性动作，不强调对现在的影响，只说明过去。常跟明确的过去时间连用，如：yesterday; last week; in 1945, at that time; once; during the war; before; a few days ago; when, 注意：考点一：used to + do，表示过去经常但现在已不再维持的习惯动作。to 为不定式，后接动词原形。be/
9、become/get used to + doing，表示习惯于He used to smoke a lot.He has got used to getting up early.考点二：在时间和条件状语从句中，代替过去将来时。He promised to buy me a computer if he got a raise 5. 过去进行时表示过去某个时间点或某段时间内正在发生的动作。The boy was doing his homework when his father came back from work.He was taking a walk leisurely by th
10、e lake when he heard someone shouted for help.What were you doing at nine last night?The radio was being repaired when you called me.6. 过去完成时表示过去某个时间之前已经完成的动作，即过去完成时的动作发生在“过去的过去”，句中有明显的参照动作或时间状语，这种时态从来不孤立使用 ( before, after, by, up till ) There had been 25 parks in our city up till 2000.By the end of
11、 last term we had finished the book.They finished earlier than we had expected.考点一：用于 hardly/scarcely.when; no sooner .than 句型中，主句用第 3 页 共 18 页过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。I had hardly finished my work when he came to see me.I had no sooner got into the room than it began to snow.No sooner had I arrived home than
12、 the telephone rang. （注意主谓倒装）考点二：表示“第几次做某事”，主句用过去时，从句用过去完成时。That was the second time that she had seen her grandfather.It was 3 years since we had parted。考点三：动词 hope, expect, think, intend, mean, want, suppose, plan用过去完成时，表示未实现的愿望、打算和意图。I had hoped that I could do the job.I had intended to see you b
13、ut I was too busy.7. 一般将来时表在将来某个时间会发生的动作或情况。常和 tomorrow, next year, in 2008等表示将来的时间状语连用，其表现形式多达 5 种。Beijing will host the 29th Olympic Games in 2008.考点一：一般将来时总是用在一些时间状语从句或条件状语从句的主句中：We will begin our class as soon as the teacher comes.（主句用一般将来时，从句中一定要用一般现在时替代一般将来时。）考点二：某些表示短暂性动作的动词如 arrive, come, go
14、, leave, start 等，用现在进行时形式表示将来。I am leaving for Beijing tomorrow.考点三：“祈使句 + and/or + 句子”，这种结构中 and 后面的句子谓语用一般将来时。Use your head and you will find a way.考点四：“am (is, are) going to + 动词原形”表示打算要做的事或可能要发生的事。“am (is, are) about to +动词原形”表示按照预定计划或打算准备着手进行的动作。“am (is, are) to + 动词原形”表示必须、必然或计划将要做的事。They are
15、to be married in this May.8、将来进行时表将来某个时间正在发生的动作，或按计划一定会发生的事情。Ill be doing my homework this time tomorrow. 明天这会我正在写作业。The President will be meeting the foreign delegation at the airport.9、将来完成时表在将来某时刻之前业已完成的事情，时间状语非常明显。考点一：常用的时间状语一般用 by+将来的时间。如：by the end of this year, by 8 oclock this evening, by Ma
16、rch next year 以及由 by the time, before 或 when 等引导的副词从句。By the end of next month, he will have traveled 1000 miles on foot.By the time you reach the station, the train will have left.By next Tuesday, I will have got ready for the exams.考点二：在时间和条件状语从句中，将来完成时则由现在完成时表示。The children will do their homework
17、 the moment they have arrived back 第 4 页 共 18 页from school.1.一般现在时：经常发生的动作或规律性的动作。Each person needs water and a diet of healthy food. (P.2, Senior Book1B)The moon travels round the earth once every month. (P. 8, Senior Book2B)在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，用一般现在时表示将来的概念。引起时间状语从句的连词有：when, after, before, until, as
18、soon as；引起条件状语从句的连词有：if, unless; so(as)long as。I will not stop my fight against slavery until all slaves are free. (P.52, Senior Book1A)2.一般过去时：过去发生过了的动作，这个动作的全过程已经结束。诸如 yesterday, last, ago 都是典型的一般过去时的时间状语。Fortunately, I was in time for the interview. (P.34, Senior Book2B)The interview went well an
19、d I told the company about my experiences and answered their questions as honestly as I could. (P.34, Senior Book2B)3.一般将来时：将要发生的动作。-Its a bit windy today, isnt it?-Yes, it is. Hopefully tomorrow will turn out fine. (P.43, senior Book2B)Besides, you will not find coral near the mouths of rivers eith
20、er because the river water has too much soil in it or because it is polluted. (P.20, Senior Book2B)Do you think our manager is going to have a new factory built? (P.24, Senior Book2B)4.现在进行时：说话时正在发生的动作。Im doing a word puzzle in this newspaper. Im trying to find the name of a famous person. Can you h
21、elp me? (P. 1, Senior Book2B)现在进行时同 always 配合使用时，带有厌恶、批评，不喜欢等感情色彩。They also have bad teeth, because of the sugar which they are always eating. (P.3, Senior Book1B)5.过去进行时:过去某一时间或某段时间正在进行的动作。He bought a coffee and as the train was traveling fast and moving from side to side , he decided to drink it t
22、here and not to carry it back to his seat. (P.32, Senior Book2B)Over 500 people were working in the building when the fire broke out on the 11th floor. (P.6, Senior Book1B)6.现在完成时：与现在有联系的过去的动作。Mr. Ball has just called on Mrs. Zhu to give her a message. (P.13, Senior Book2B)同现在的联系是：“刚刚探访了朱夫人，给她带了口信”，
23、这件事距现在时间很近，没有多长时间。We shall have to make a decision about Ms King, whose story I have just told you. (P.19, Senior Book1B)同现在的联系是：现在你们已经知道有关她的经历，不会影响做出决定。7.过去完成时：比过去的一个参照动作或时间更早的动作，作为参照的过去的动作或时间有时在句子中直接表述出来，有时通过上下文暗示。Her parents were dead and had left her a lot of money. (P.14, Senior Book2B)本句中 had
24、left her a lot of money 发生在 her parents were dead 之前，比较容易看出“过去的过去”，应该不会产生理解上的困难。Einstein had always been fond of music and had learnt music as a young boy. (P.3, Senior Book2B)第 5 页 共 18 页课文一直在叙述爱因斯坦的经历、成就，使用的都是一般过去时。或者我们可以说一般过去时是课文的基础时态。课文的最后又倒叙爱因斯坦少年时代的事情，这是比基础时态一般过去时更早的动作，因此两个并列的谓语动词都用过去完成时。在这类句子
25、中，作为参照的动作或时间需要我们通过对文章的整体理解才能体会出来。8.过去将来时：以过去某一时间为参照，将要发生的动作。在宾语从句中由于时态呼应的要求，经常会用到过去将来时。I thought it was going to be fun. (P.54, Senior Book1A)针对 I thought 这个过去的动作而言的将来。9.现在完成进行时： 由过去开始，延续到现在并且可能继续进行的动作。现在完成进行时在句子中一般可以翻译成“一直”。People have been talking of it a lot recently. (P.25, Senior Book2B)最近人们一直在
26、大量地谈论这件事。Pippas parents have been waiting for them. ( P.61, Senior Book2A)Pippa 的父母一直在等他们。For years we have been dreaming better housing and jobs. (P.37, Senior Book2B)多年来我们一直梦想着更好的住房和工作。【相关知识及运用】1. 一般过去时、现在完成时、过去完成时的区别。上述三个时态在使用中容易混淆是因为他们有相近的地方，这个相近之处就是“过去”。现在完成时和过去完成时的概念都同“过去”有关，彼此之间的混淆便由此产生。只有抓住他
27、们的不同，才能熟练地将这三种时态区别开。一般过去时只用以陈述过去发生过的事情。In a poor district in Paris, in the year 1775, there was a wine shop, the owner of which was Monsieur Defarge. (P.56, Senior Book2B)向读者陈述 1775 年所发生的故事的地点、人物等有关信息。现在完成时表达的动作虽然发生在过去，但说话时要强调的是这个过去的动作与现在有关系，语意的重心着眼于现在。这种过去的动作同现在的联系有两种情况：a)过去的动作对现在仍具有影响。-Would you g
28、o to see the film with me this evening?-Sorry, I have seen it before.have seen the film 的动作肯定发生在过去，对现在的影响是 “我不想和你去看了”。b)过去的动作延续到现在。表示这种延续时经常会用到 for、since 一类时间状语。I have worked in Beijing since I graduated from the university. (从毕业一直延续到现在)We have lived in Beijing for about 20 years. (20 年前发生的 “live”，一
29、直延续到现在)过去完成时必须有一个过去的动作作为参照点，由此发生了同一般过去时混淆的问题。过去完成时是一种相对的时态，它必须有一个过去的动作为参照，比这个过去的参照动作更早的动作才能用过去完成时。如果没有这个过去的参照的动作，就没有过去完成时，即使是一亿年前的动作也是一般过去时。When I got to the cinema, the film had begun.got to the cinema 是过去的动作，had begun 则发生在 got to the cinema 之前。2. 进行时态的两种概念现在进行时和过去进行时都具有两种不同的时间概念：瞬间概念和阶段概念。第 6 页 共
30、18 页现在进行时的瞬间概念就是“说话的时候”。表示瞬间概念时，现在进行时的时态特点是，动作已经开始，正在过程中，但尚未结束。基于这一特点，下列句子通常用现在进行时，以表达动作没有结束。Our country is getting stronger and stronger.Im getting on well with my English.过去进行时的瞬间概念通常用表示“点时间”的时间状语表达出来。I was doing my homework this time yesterday.Mother was cooking when I came home.阶段概念的时间状语是“段时间”，表
31、示在一段时间内一直在做的动作，至于动作是否结束则不是说话者所关心的。He is writing a new novel these days.这些天他一直在写一本新小说。（没有干其他的事情）The workers were building a bridge last year.这些工人们去年一直在修建一座桥。3. 将来时的五种动词形式1.will(shall)+动词原形，用以表示“预见”和“主观意图 ”Go through the gate and you will find the entrance to Bear Country on the other side. (P1, Senio
32、r Book2A) （表示“预见 ”）Lets go together then. I will meet you at the theatre at six-thirty. (P.19, Senior Book2A) (表示“ 主观意图)2.be going to + 动词原形，用以表示“打算做某事”或“ 已经有迹象将要发生的情况。Im going to cut this tree down. (P.25, Senior Book1B)It is going to rain. (有迹象表明将要下雨 )3.be to +动词原形，用以表示按照计划、安排即将发生的动作或表示命令、禁止。The m
33、essage is this: you are to go to the hotel where rooms have already been booked for you. (P.33, Senior Book2B)4.will be doing，在当代英语中用以表示纯粹的将来。Who will be taking over her job?Everybody else will be wearing jewellery. (P.13, Senior Book1B)5.用进行时的动词形式表示将来的概念。这种用法通常仅限于瞬间动词，因为瞬间动词不可能有“进行”的概念，所以不会产生歧义。How
34、 many of you are making the trip? (P.9, Senior Book1B) Is anybody seeing you off? (P.13 Senior Book1A)【语态的基本概念】语态是表示主语、谓语和宾语之间相互关系的动词形式。在英语中有主动语态和被动语态之分。主动语态所表达的主、谓、宾之间的关系是：主语发出或执行谓语动作，谓语动作的对象或承受者为宾语。即主语同谓语具有语意上的逻辑关系，谓语同宾语具有语意上的逻辑关系。被动语态所表达的关系是：动作的承受者做句子的主语，这时句子的主语和谓语之间具有逻辑上的动宾关系。Satellites for broa
35、dcasting are used to send radio and TV programmes from one part of the 第 7 页 共 18 页world to another. (P.8, Senior Book2B)谓语动词 use 同主语 satellites for broadcasting 具有逻辑动宾关系，因此使用被动语态。我们可以将这个句子恢复成正常的主、谓、宾关系：We use satellites for broadcasting to send radio and TV programmes from one part of the world to
36、another.【相关知识及运用】1.被动语态的动词形式问题：在语言实践中，语态和时态总是结合在一起使用，每一个时态都有同它相对应的被动语态形式。被动语态的基本形式：语态助动词 be + 过去分词。凡需进行时态变化时，只将 be 变为与其相应的时态形式，过去分词永远不变。动词 do 的时态、语态形式变化对照表主动语态 被动语态一般现在时 do ( does ) am(is, are )+ done一般过去时 did was(were )+ done一般将来时 will(shall) do will be + done现在进行时 am(is are )doing am(is,are)being+
37、done过去进行时 was(were) doing was(were)being+done现在完成时 have(has) done have(has)been+done过去完成时 had done had been+done过去将来时 would do would be + done现在完成进行时 have(has)been doing 没有被动形式过去完成进行时 Had been doing 没有被动形式动词的语态一般用于强调受者， 做题时谓语动词不再有名词或宾语。动词的语态一般不单独考，而是和时态、语气和非谓语动词一起考，只是需要注意以下考点。考点一：不能用于被动语态的动词和词组come
38、true, consist of, take place, happen, become, rise, occur, belong, break out, appear, arrive, die, fall, last, exist, fail, succeedIt took place before liberation. 考点二：下列动词的主动语态表示被动意义, 而且常与 well, quite, easily, badly 等副词连用。lock ( 锁 ) ; wash ( 洗 ); sell ( 卖 ); read ( 读 ); wear ( 穿 ); blame (责备)；ride
39、(乘坐)； write ( 写 )；Glass breaks easily. 玻璃容易破碎。The car rides smoothly. 这车走起来很稳。The case locks easily. 这箱子很好锁。The book sells well. 这本书很畅销。考点三：一些常用经典被动句型：It is said, It is reported, It is widely believed， It is expected, It is estimated,第 8 页 共 18 页这些句子一般翻译为“据说”，“人们认为”，而 “以前人们认为” 则应该说：It was believed,
40、It was thoughtMany of them are well received, such as Follow Me; Follow Me to Science.(P.46, Senior Book1A)Ships and planes can be warned so that they can keep out of the path of the hurricane. (P.9, Senior Book2B)They are already being used in agriculture and industry. (P.26, Senior Book2B)Computer
41、 will be used more and more in transport. (P.26, Senior Book2B)A new government programme has been designed to help disabled people . (P.46, Senior Book2B)2.高考试题实例分析直接考查时态、语态知识的试题主要体现在单项选择和改错两个题型中，而且几乎每年都会考到，因此必须将时态、语态问题作为复习的重点内容，务求达到深刻理解，熟练运用。近年来高考命题的特点是，在特定的语言环境中考查对时态、语态的理解。试题的意图往往隐蔽、迂回，迷惑项的设计技巧很高
42、，容易干扰考生的思维。如果没有对时态概念的深刻理解，没有对语言应用环境的综合分析，便会对试题感到困惑。下列试题可以帮助我们领悟高考命题的趋势。例 1：Selecting a mobile phone for personal use is no easy task because technology _ so rapidly.（2001 年高考试题）A. is changing B. has changedC. will have changed D. will change答案为 A。试题没有把考查的意图定位于对时态概念的简单理解，考生必须对现在进行时的本质特征-动作尚未完成，仍在过程中-
43、 有深刻的理解，否则将思路仅仅局限在“正在变化”、“已经变化”或“将要变化”，难于得出正确的结论。例 2：I _ ping-pong quite well, but havent had time to play since the new year. （2001 年高考试题）A. will play B. have playedC. played D. play答案为 D。but 分句使用现在完成时，将谈话的时间概念限定在“当前”。如果选C，前一分句说“过去”，后一分句说 “现在”，不合逻辑。本句的意思是说“乒乓球一向打得好，只是最近一段时间没有打”， “乒乓球打得好”是一种技能，选用一般现
44、在时，是“经常发生的动作”这一概念的扩展和延伸。例 3：- You havent said a word about my new coat, Brenda. Do you like it?- Im sorry I _ anything about it sooner. I certainly think its pretty on you. （2002年高考试题）A. wasnt saying B. dont sayC. wont say D. didnt say答案为 D。sorry 的原因是早先没有说到这件事，因此必须用一般过去时。例 4：The price _, but I doubt
45、 whether it will remain so.（1999 年高考试题）第 9 页 共 18 页A. went down B. will go downC. has gone down D. was going down答案为 C。目前价格的状况已经低下来，至于“价格下降”始于何时同谈话的内容无关。试题意在考查对“过去的动作对现在的影响”的理解。【高考试题选编】以下除少数注明出处的试题外，其余全部选自 1988 年以后的高考试题，只注明年份以便于查阅。1. I _ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer. （1989）
46、A. gave B. was givenC. was giving D. had given2. Tom was disappointed that most of the guests_ when he_ at the party. （1989）A. left ;had arrived B. left ; arrivedC. had left ; had arrived D. had left ; arrived3. The new secretary is supposed to report to the manager as soon as she_. (1990)A. will ar
47、rive B. arrivesC. is going to arrive D. is arriving4. A library with five thousand books _ to the nation as a gift. (1990)A. is offered B. has offeredC. are offered D. have offered5. When I was at college I_ three foreign languages, but I _all except a few words of each. (1990)A. spoke ; had forgott
48、en B. spoke ; have forgottenC. had spoken; had forgotten D. had spoken ; have forgotten6. The police found that the house_ and a lot of things_. (1990)A. has broken into ; has been stolenB. had broken into ; has been stolenC. has been broken into ; stolenD. had been broken into ; stolen7. -Have you
49、moved into the house? (1991)-Not yet. The rooms_.A. are being painted B. are paintingC. are painted D. are being painting8. On Sunday afternoon, Mrs. Green went to the market, _some bananas and visited her cousin. (1991)A. bought B. buying C. to buy D. buy9. The students_ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she_
