1、AUSTRALIAS SPORTING SUCCESSA They play hard, they play often, and they play to win. Australian sports teams win more than their fair share of titles, demolishing rivals with seeming ease. How do they do it? A big part of the secret is an extensive and expensive network of sporting academies underpin
2、ned by science and medicine. At the Australian Institute of Sport (AIS), hundreds of youngsters and pros live and train under the eyes of coaches. Another body, the Australian Sports Commission (ASC), finances programmes of excellence in a total of 96 sports for thousands of sportsmen and women. Bot
3、h provide intensive coaching, training facilities and nutritional advice.B Inside the academies, science takes centre stage. The AIS employs more than 100 sports scientists and doctors, and collaborates with scores of others in universities and research centres. AIS scientists work across a number o
4、f sports, applying skills learned in one - such as building muscle strength in golfers - to others, such as swimming and squash. They are backed up by technicians who design instruments to collect data from athletes. They all focus on one aim: winning. We cant waste our time looking at ethereal scie
5、ntific questions that dont help the coach work with an athlete and improve performance, says Peter Fricker, chief of science at AIS.C A lot of their work comes down to measurement - everything from the exact angle of a swimmers dive to the second-by-second power output of a cyclist. This data is use
6、d to wring improvements out of athletes. The focus is on individuals, tweaking performances to squeeze an extra hundredth of a second here, an extra millimetre there. No gain is too slight to bother with. Its the tiny, gradual improvements that add up to world-beating results. To demonstrate how the
7、 system works, Bruce Mason at AIS shows off the prototype of a 3D analysis tool for studying swimmers. A wire-frame model of a champion swimmer slices through the water, her arms moving in slow motion. Looking side-on, Mason measures the distance between strokes. From above, he analyses how her spin
8、e swivels. When fully developed, this system will enable him to build a biomechanical profile for coaches to use to help budding swimmers. Masons contribution to sport also includes the development of the SWAN (SWimming ANalysis)system now used in Australian national competitions. It collects images
9、 from digital cameras running at 50 frames a second and breaks down each part of a swimmers performance into factors that can be analysed individually - stroke length, stroke frequency, average duration of each stroke, velocity, start, lap and finish times, and so on. At the end of each race, SWAN s
10、pits out data on each swimmerD Take a look, says Mason, pulling out a sheet of data. He points out the data on the swimmers in second and third place, which shows that the one who finished third actually swam faster. So why did he finish 35 hundredths of a second down? His turn times were 44 hundred
11、ths of a second behind the other guy, says Mason. If he can improve on his turns, he can do much better This is the kind of accuracy that AIS scientists research is bringing to a range of sports.With the Cooperative Research Centre for Micro Technology in Melbourne, they are developing unobtrusive s
12、ensors that will be embedded in an athletes clothes or running shoes to monitor heart rate, sweating, heat production or any other factor that might have an impact on an athletes ability to run. Theres more to it than simply measuring performance. Fricker gives the example of athletes who may be dow
13、n with coughs and colds 11 or 12 times a year. After years of experimentation, AlS and the University of Newcastle in New South Wales developed a test that measures how much of the immune-system protein immunoglobulin A is present in athletes saliva. If IgA levels suddenly fall below a certain level
14、, training is eased or dropped altogether. Soon, IgA levels start rising again, and the danger passes. Since the tests were introduced, AIS athletes in all sports have been remarkably successful at staying healthy.E Using data is a complex business. Well before a championship, sports scientists and
15、coaches start to prepare the athlete by developing a competition model, based on what they expect will be the winning times. You design the model to make that time, says Mason. A start of this much, each free-swimming period has to be this fast, with a certain stroke frequency and stroke length, wit
16、h turns done in these times. All the training is then geared towards making the athlete hit those targets, both overall and for each segment of the race. Techniques like these have transformed Australia into arguably the worlds most successful sporting nation.F Of course, theres nothing to stop othe
17、r countries copying-and many have tried. Some years ago, the AIS unveiled coolant-lined jackets for endurance athletes. At the Atlanta Olympic Games in 1996, these sliced as much as two per cent off cyclists and rowers times. Now everyone uses them. The same has happened to the altitude tent, develo
18、ped by AIS to replicate the effect of altitude training at sea level. But Australias success story is about more than easily copied technological fixes, and up to now no nation has replicated its all-encompassing system.Questions 1-7Reading Passage 1 has six paragraphs, A-F.Which paragraph contains
19、the following information?Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet.NB You may use any letter more than once.1 a reference to the exchange of expertise between different sports2 an explanation of how visual imaging is employed in investigations3 a reason for narrowing the scop
20、e of research activity4 how some AIS ideas have been reproduced5 how obstacles to optimum achievement can be investigated6 an overview of the funded support of athletes7 how performance requirements are calculated before an eventQuestions 8-11Classify the following techniques according to whether th
21、e writer states theyA are currently exclusively used by AustraliansB will be used in the future by AustraliansC are currently used by both Australians and their rivalsWrite the correct letter, A, B or C, in boxes 8-11 on your answer sheet.8 cameras9 sensors10 protein tests11 altitude tentsQuestions
22、12 and 13Answer the questions below.Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 12 and 13 on your answer sheet.12 What is produced to help an athlete plan their performance in an event?13 By how much did some cyclists performance impro
23、ve at the 1996 Olympic Games?篇章结构体裁 说明文主题 澳大利亚的体育成就结构 A 段：澳大利亚体育成绩斐然 B 段：科技是第一生产力C 段：精确测量和数据分析 D 段：精确测量和数据分析的实例E 段：数据的实际应用 F 段：不可复制的成功必背词汇A 段 fair adj.合理的 pro n.职业运动员demolish v.击败；破坏，毁坏 under the eye of 在的注意下rival n.竞争者，对手 body n.团体，机构seeming adj.表面上的 (通常事实并非如此) finance v.给提供经费ease n.不费力，轻松 excellen
24、ce n.优秀，卓越extensive adj.广泛的，涉及面广的 intensive adj.强化的underpin v.以为稳固基础 nutritional adj.营养的B 段 centre stage 中心地位 squash n.壁球collaborate v.合作 instrument n.仪器，器械golfer n.打高尔夫球的人 ethereal adj.飘渺的，引申为不切实际的C 段 come down to(sth.)可归结为 wire-frame adj.线框的second-by-second 每秒的 slice v.划开；切开output n.输出 slow motion
25、 慢动作wringout of 原义为扭，榨取，此处引申为从 中(经过努力)获得 side-on 从侧面stroke n.划动，划水tweak v.扭，用力拉 spine n.脊柱world-beating adj.举世瞩目的 swivel v.旋转prototype n.原型 biomechanical adj.生物力(学)的profile n.原义为轮廓、外形，此处意为模型 velocity n.速度，速率lap n.一圈budding adj.发展中的 spit out 原义是吐出，此处引申为显示出、分析出frame n.帧，画面D 段 turn time 转身时间 immunoglob
26、ulin n.免疫球蛋白unobtrusive adj.不显眼的，不醒目的 present adj.存在的sensor n.传感器 saliva n.唾液embed v.使插入；使嵌入 ease v.减轻，减弱sweat v.出汗，发汗 remarkably adv.显著地，引人注目地；非常地experimentation n.实验，试验immune-system 免疫系统的E 段 complex adj.复杂的 transform v.转换，转变，改变championship n.冠军赛 arguably adv.可论证地(可辩论地) ，有理由说地gear v.调整，(使) 适合segmen
27、t n.部分F 段 unveil v.展示(新产品)；揭开 altitude tent 高原帐篷coolant-lined 流线型散热 replicate v.复制endurance n.耐力；忍耐力 encompass v.包含或包括某事物slice v.减少，降低难句解析1. A lot of their work comes down to measurementeverything from the exact angle of a swimmers dive to the second-by-second power output of a cyclist.参考译文：许多工作都涉及具
28、体测量，测量内容包括从游泳运动员潜水的精确角度到自行车运动员每秒功率输出的所有数据。语言点：come down to：归结为；涉及 If a complicated situation or problem comes down to something, that is the single most important thingIt all comes down to money in the end.归根到底，一切都是因为钱。2. No gain is too slight to bother with.参考译文：无论多么微小的收获都值得为之努力。语言点：(1)tooto 的用法：表示
29、否定的含义，译为“太以致于不能”。本句话虽然短，却因为有 no 否定词和 tooto 句型而出现了肯定的意思，因此要格外注意。可以根据“负负得正”的原则直接将原句翻译成肯定的意思，便于理解。(2)gain n.获得 C an advantage or improvement, especially one achieved by planning or effort U&C an increase in the amount or level of something U financial profit, especially when this seems to be the only t
30、hing someone is interested in The party made considerable gains at local elections.该党派在地方选举中获得许多利益。(3) bother v. 努力做: to make the effort to do something (not) bother to do somethingHe didnt bother to answer the question. (not) bother about/withHe didnt bother with a reply. (not) bother doing somethi
31、ngMany young people didnt bother voting.dont/didnt/wont etc. bother Do you want me to wait for you? No, dont bother.Why bother to go abroad when there are so many nice places here?3. You design the model to make that time A start of this much, each free-swimming period has to be this fast, with a ce
32、rtain stroke frequency and stroke length, with turns done in these times.参考译文：人们设计一种模式以达到预期的速度，该模式规定了出发时间的长短、每次划水的速率、一定的划频和划距、转身所需的时间等等。注意：代词 this 和 that，these 等所指代的东西，需要通过上下文理解掌握。本句话中代词指的是“竞赛模式”下所预期的时间、速度等。语言点：(1)stroke(划船，游泳等) 一划butterfly stroke 蝶泳 sidestroke 侧泳 breaststroke 蛙泳 backstroke 仰泳(2) fr
33、equency 频 率 the number of times that something happens within a particular period of time or within a particular group of people frequency ofthe frequency of serious road accidents 重大道路交通事故的发生频率 the high/low frequency (of something)高/低频率the higher frequency of diabetes in older people 老年人中的糖尿病高发频率Si
34、de effects from prescribed drugs are being reported with increasing frequency.处方药的副作用遭到越来越多的报道。试题解析Questions 1-7题目类型： MATCHING题目解析：题号 定位词 文中对应点1exchange of expertise, between different sports/collaborate, across a number of sportsB 段： and collaborates with scores of others in universities and resear
35、ch centres. AIS scientists work across a number of sports题干中讲到不同体育领域的专业知识交流正好跟原文中跨不同体育专家之间的合作相对应，理解意思即可容易找到正确答案。题号 定位词 文中对应点2 visual imaging/3D, imageC 段:shows off the prototype of a 3D analysis tool for studying swimmers./It collects images from digital cameras通过题干中的视频成像可以很容易找到原文中对应的 3D 和成像。3a reas
36、on for narrowing/cant waste timeB 段： We cant waste our time looking at ethereal scientific questions that dont help the coach work with an athlete需要细读原文，发现此句话所要表达的意思是不在一些飘渺的、不切实际的科学问题上浪费时间，也就是说要缩小研究的范围。此处不容易找到对应，需要对于句子和题目的准确理解。TIPS：还可以通过题目中的 research activity 研究活动和原文中的 scientific questions 科学问题确认所定位
37、的位置。4 AIS ideas reproduce/copyingF 段：Of course，theres nothing to stop other countries copying找到 AIS ideas 定位到最后一段，题干中的 reproduce是复制的意思，之后从文章中发现句子有复制copying，即可以直接定位。5Obstacle, investigated/ impact, monitor D 段：to monitor heart rate，sweating ，heat production or any other fact or that might have an imp
38、act on an athletes ability to run.题干提到理想成绩的障碍是如何被调查研究的，而读到对应句子之后看到正好是 sensors(传感器)对于运动员跑步的 impact(影响)进行研究的仪器，而且obstacles 和 impact 对应。6Overview, funded support/financeA 段：finances programmes of excellence in a total of 96 sports for thousands of sportsmen and women.finances 是解题关键，意思为资助，正好跟题干中funded s
39、upport 表达了相同的义项，直接对应。而且之后一句话提及以上项目所提供的服务和建议，可以确信答案。TIPS：看到 overview 就从文章开头和结尾去找。7Calculated before an event/using data，well before a championshipF 段：Using data is a complex business. Well before a championship, 首先通过 well before a championship 和文章中 before an event 定位到 F 段，之后发现后面提及的“竞争模型”作用就是计算时间和速率，因
40、此内容对应上calculate，此时可断定答案的位置。TIPS：这是一道典型的段落搭配相关信息型 MATCHING 题目。有效的解题方法是：1. 浏览所有信息，找出关键字。2. 精读各段首末句，泛读其他语句。3. 对应相关信息。建议各位考生先做完这种题目，再完成其他题目。Questions 8-11题目类型：分类题， Classify 属于配对题。题目解析：此类题首先分析类别之间的不同，之后在文章中找到对应点。题目类别的不同点：类别 不同点A 单单只有澳大利亚人目前使用的(currently, exclusively)B 澳大利亚人将要在未来使用的(in the future)C 澳大利亚人和
41、他们的竞争者都正在使用的(currently/both Australians and their rivals)不难看出，三个类别中，A 和 B 分为一类，A 和 C 分为一类。进行对比。题号 答案 文章对应点 解析8 AC 段： SWAN system now used in Australian national competitions. It collects images from digital cameras.digital cameras 是对应词。而前一句已经提到该系统已广泛应用于澳大利亚各项全国赛事之中，而没有提到其他国家，因此可以判断应该只有澳大利亚人在使用。9 BD
42、段：With the Cooperative Research Centre for Micro Technology in Melbourne, they are developing unobtrusive sensors that will be embedded in an athletes clothes找到相同对应词 sensor，读其前后的句子，发现有 Melbourne，断定是澳大利亚人的发明。之后要特别留心动词 develop 运用现在进行时，表示正在开发；而且注意之后的定语从句采用了将来时，所以可以断定此发明还没有完成，应该属于将来的成果。因此选择 B。10 AD 段：AI
43、S and the University of Newcastle in New South Wales developed a test that measures how much of the immune-system protein immunoglobulin A/Since the tests were introduced，AIS athletes in all sports have been非常容易在前面第一句话中找到跟题目 protein tests 所对应的词语 a testprotein。之后细读前后句，发现后面一句话对于此项科技成果的受益者文章中只提到 AIS 运动
44、员，即澳大利亚体育学院的运动员，隶属于澳大利亚，所以应该选择 A。11 CF 段：The same has happened to the altitude tent，developed by AIS to replicate the effect of altitude training at sea level.文章中很容易找到用引号括起来的题目中的名词短语，因此只要细心读原句，就会发现开头的The same has happened同样的事情也发生在根据经验应该顺着文章向上追溯，发现跟altitude tent相同情况的是 1996 年奥运会上澳大利亚人受益的流线型散热运动服现在全世界都
45、在用。因此altitude tent也被世界各国应用。所以答案应该选择 C。且根据此段话大意可以了解文章只提到两种研究成果被别国运用，即高原帐篷和流线型散热服。所以可以间接判断前三项成果是由澳大利人独享的。Questions 12-13题目类型：问答题 Answer questions 属于主观题。题目解析：首先根据题目位置判断所对应的段落应该在文章的后半部分，然后开始找到对应词。需要特别注意题目要求是从文章中找到词语或数字答题，因此不能自己编写答案。题号 对应点 解析12help an athlete plan, produced / prepare the athlete by, deve
46、lopingHelp an athlete plan their performance 对应上 prepare the athlete by 之后，要认真研究题目所问的是 what is produced，断定所作答案必定要填一个名词。因此要细读原文发现有单词 developing 恰与 produced相对应，中文意思是“开发”，则答案必定是开发之后的名词。TIPS：注意带引号的内容都含有比较重要的信息。正确答案为(a)competition model131996 Olympic Games, cyclists, improve1996 Olympic Games 是一个很好的定位词。定
47、好位后要认真研究题目。分析问句是By how muchimprove，意思为“提高了多少”，可以判断出答案需要写一个数字。因此仔细阅读相关语句找到sliced as much as two per cent off cyclists and rowers times.很快就可以找到数字百分之二。TIPS：注意文章的题目要求是填写一个数字而非一个名词，很多考生因为找到 1996 而盲目地填上成果的名称“coolant-lined jackets”，实在是遗憾。因此，语法分析是本题解题的关键。正确答案是(by)2 per cent/参考译文澳大利亚的体育成就 A 他们努力竞争，他们积极参与，他们参
48、加比赛完全为了取胜。澳大利亚体育劲旅轻松击败对手，取得辉煌战绩。他们何以做到这一点?成功的秘密在于一个由体育学院和科研机构组成的网络，该网络以科学与医学为基础，涉及面广且耗资巨大。在澳大利亚体育学院(AIS)里，数百名青年选手与职业运动员在教练的指导下共同生活和训练。另一家机构澳大利亚体育运动委员会(ASC) ，则为总计 96 项体育运动中项目的数千名表现突出的男女运动员提供资助。上述两家机构均提供强化训练、训练设备和营养咨询服务。B 科学在体育科研机构中的地位举足轻重。AIS 不仅雇用了上百名在体育方面深有研究的科学家和医生，还与大学及研究中心的几十名专家学者致力合作。AIS 的科学家们同时
49、研究多个体育项目，并将一个项目中的研究成果跨界应用，例如将增强高尔夫球运动员肌肉力量的训练方法应用于游泳和壁球中。科学家们也得到了那些设计专用仪器来收集运动员资料的技术人员们的强大支持。他们都只关注一个目标：胜利。AIS 的科研主管彼得 弗里克说：“我们不能在不切实际的科学问题上浪费时间，它们既无法协助教练指导运动员，也无法提高运动员本身的能力。”C 专家们的许多工作都涉及具体测量，测量内容包括从游泳运动员潜水的精确角度到自行车运动员每秒功率输出的所有数据。这些资料将有助于运动员发挥最大的潜力来提高运动能力。工作核心是以人为本，其目的在于促使运动员发挥最大潜力来提高哪怕是百分之一秒的速度或者是一毫米的成绩。无论多么微小的收获都值得为之努力。正是这些跬步的积累，才使得澳大利亚取得举世瞩目的体育成就。为了说明系统运作的原理，AIS 的科学家布鲁斯梅森展示了为研究游泳运动员而设计的三维分析工具模型。只见一个游泳冠军获得者的线框模型划开水面，她的双臂以慢动作的形式划动。侧面观察，梅森可以测量每次划动中运动员前进的距离。俯视观察，他可以分析这
