1、高考英语短文改错解题技巧短文改错对考生的要求较高,是对语言知识综合运用能力的考查,考生在该项上往往失分较多,那么如何做好改错题,结合自己数年的教学经验,笔者认为要想在短文改错上取得理想的成绩,除了平时打好基础外,在应考时还要做到以下几点:一、先通读全文。认真阅读短文,在做题之前确保已经弄清原文大意。根据短文大意和上下文逻辑关系,对文章进行逐字逐句的分析,检查句子的结构是否完整,语气是否连贯,启承转合是否符合文意等。二综合运用所学语言知识,根据各行不同的错误情况分别进行答题(即改词、加词或减词) 。在短文改错中常出现的错误主要有以下几类:1. 名词:单复数用错,可数与不可数名词的混用。大多数短文
2、改错都会有此类的错误。如:Happy birthday, Peter, and many happy return of the day! (2000 北京春考) ,此句中 return 虽然可以作可数名词也可做不可数名词,但此处显然为可数名词,故应用其复数,returns。(1)On the way up I was busy taking picture since the scenery was so beautiful. 81(NMET 2002)句中 picture 应为 pictures(2)Their word were a great encouragement to me.
3、85(NMET 2003)句中 word 应为 words(3) but after class we become stranger at83 (NMET 2004) 句中 stranger 应为 strangers2. 动词:时态和语态,常出现在总体时态为过去或现在时,中间杂有不适的另一时态的现象;或是及物动词后无宾语,或是不及物动词后加了宾语;需要接 ing 形式的接了 to,或相反等。如:(1)Around the world young people are spending a lot of money in listening pop music. 本句中 listen 是不及物
4、动词,不能直接接宾语,应在其后加 to。(2)She liked it very much and reads it to the class. All said the story was a good one.84(NMET 2003)句中 reads 应为过去式 read(3)As we climbed the mountain, we fed monkeys, visiting temples and told stories.80(NMET 2002)此句 visiting 应为 visited(4)One day I wrote a little story and showed
5、to my teacher. 83 (NMET 2003)此句中 showed 是及物动词,其后要加 it 作其宾语。(5)Soon I began to enjoy talk to myself on paper as I was learning to express me in simple English. 81 (NMET 2003) 句中 talk 应为 talking, 因为 enjoy 后接 doing.3. 形容词副词:常出现需形容词的地方用了副词或相反;关系副词 where, when, why 等的缺失或错用,如:(1) I would describe myself a
6、s shy and quietly. 77(NMET 2004)句中副词 quietly 应改为形容词 quiet(2) It was about noon we arrived at the foot of the mountain. 78 (NMET 2002)此句 we 的前面缺了关系副词 when, when 在此处引导一个时间状语从句。(3) I live in Beijing, where is the capital of China. 89 (NMET 1997) 此句中,where 应改为 which,因为关系副词不能在句中定语从句中做主语。4. 介词:主要是介词的多余或缺失
7、,错用。这一部分需要平时多多积累,弄清常用介词的搭配。(1)We must keep in mind that we play for the team instead ourselves.92 (NMET 1998) 此句中 instead 和 ourselves 之间需加上 of, 因为 instead 是副词,本身不可以接名词。(2) I was so tired that I fell asleep at the moment my head touched the pillow. 85(NMET 2002)句中 at 多余。(3) The main problem was in th
8、at I always thought in Chinese 77(NMET 2003)句中 in 多余。(4) Im a newcomer here of a small town. 76(NMET 2004)句中 of 应改为 from 5. 主谓一致性:第三人称单数漏掉 s,或主语为复数,谓语动词用了单数;再就是就近原则对主语的影响。Now my picture and the prize is hanging in the library.(NMET 2000)此句中主语是 my picture and the prize, is 应改为 are.6. 冠词:定冠词 the 的多余或缺
9、失,如季节,月份,星期,球类及三餐活动,称呼头衔前等不能加 the 的地方加了 the,或是 same 等常和 the 一起使用的词却漏税掉了 the;a, an 的混用,特别注意:hour, honest 等虽然首字母不是元音字母,但其发音却是以元音素开头,故用 an,而 useful, university, European, one-hour 等虽然首字母是元音字母,但却以辅音音素开头,故用 a。如:As everyone knows, its famous mountain with all kinds of plants and animals. 76 (NMET 2002)此处
10、famous 前应加上冠词 a7. 数词:主要是序数词与基数词的混用和错用,如分数的分子大于一时分母没有用复数等,基数词的复数形式如几百 hundreds of,几千 thousands of 漏掉了 s,或是当其前有具体数字或 several时加了复数,如 seven hundred,写作 seven hundreds。 8. 连词:不合句中的逻辑关系。如需转折连词(如 but)的时候用了承接连词(so),或相反等等。如:(1)The food was expensive and the service was good. 84(NMET 2002)根据句意,此句中连词 and 应改为 bu
11、t 。(2) I am trying to improve the situation since it doesnt seem to work. 84 (NMET 2004)此句中 since 应改为 but。9. 代词:主要是代词的格与数的错用。如男性用了女性代词,单数用了复数代词或相反;应当用形容词性的物主代词用了宾格,主格或相反,关系代词的错用或缺失。如只能用 that 引导的用了其它,或在不能用 that 的地方却用了 that,或是在“介词+关系代词”结构中漏掉了介词等。如:(1) I always thought in Chinese and tried to translate
12、 anything into English. 78(NMET 2003)此句中不定代词 anything 应改为 everything (2) I was learning to express me in simple English. 82(NMET 2003)此句中 me 应改为其反身代词 myself。10. 常用固定短语或固定用法用错。(1)Before my classmates, it seems always difficult for me to do things well as them.78(NMET 2004)此句中,well 前应加 as ,as well as
13、是固定搭配 (2)Like most of my schoolmates, I have neither brothers nor sisters-in any other words , Im an only child . (NMET 2001) 此句中,in any other words 应改为 in other words ,属固定短语。(3)Can you tell me about what I should do? 85(NMET 2004)应去掉 about ,tell sb+wh 从句,是固定用法,而 tell sb.+ of/about 后需接 sth.三、验证答案。改完
14、后,要回过头来重读一遍全文,查看改过后是否能使语气通顺,时态一致,合乎逻辑。再次通读可以在初改时感觉不顺的地方集中精力,仔细推敲,使答案更加准确。因为有时就一个句子来看可能在两个地方修改都说地过去,但在上下文中可能只能在一处修改才正确一、短文改错试题特点、题型分析及考点例析1、试题特点通过对近年来高考短文改错试题考查知识点的统计分析,不难发现,短文改错考查涉及面广,但却有所侧重。考查点测试频率最高的是动词,涉及动词考查的有时态、语态、非谓语动词形式、情态动词和动词的用法等。此外,还考查名词、介词、代词、冠词、形容词、副词、连词等,还涉及到句型结构、行文逻辑、固定搭配等。2、题型分析NMET 短
15、文改错的文章多采用记叙文,有时也有说明文,其长度在 100 词左右。其语言材料通常取自学生自己的作品或类似学生的作品;内容来自学生身边的常见话题,篇章结构的难易程度符合学生的实际水平;语言明白易懂,基本上不涉及生僻的语言现象和复杂的语句结构。命题者在文中有意设置了一些词法、句法、句式结构、行文逻辑等方面的错误,让考生按照答题要求做出改正,以便考查考生发现、判断、纠正篇章错误的校验能力。该题的题型相对固定,问题的设计比例相对稳定。以错词为主,约占 60(6 个) ;此外还涉及多词、少词和正确三种情况,正确的一般只有 1 题, (注意有时文章首行是正确的,如:NMET2001 短文改错第 76 小
16、题) ;多词、少词各有 1 至 2 题,其比例基本为 6:3:1, (NMET2002 除外,其比例为 5:4:1) 。请看下表对近 7 年来高考该题各种错误类型的分布:?3、考点例析该节旨在测试考生发现、判断和纠正语篇错误的能力。考生首先需要判断短文各行是否有错,没有错答对号;如有错,则按照题目要求及错误的形式答上相应的符号,并纠正错误,在每行右边相应题号的横线上写出正确的词。错误的形式分别为缺词、多词和错词。现在,举例分析一下该节所考查的内容。正确行:正确行考查考生判断句子正确与否的能力,在该行右侧的题号上打上勾即可得分。有些考生将正确行的内容进行了修改,这样改,句子仍然正确,但考生不会得
17、分,因为未能判断该行正确与否。缺 词:缺词的含义是句中漏掉了的词,致使句子结构不完整,这类错误一般多见于功能词。例:1) 、名词前缺限定词Each player must obey captain ,who is the leader of the team. 94. the NMET98 这里应加上冠词 the,特指“球队的队长” 。2) 、缺动词不定式符号 toand will do all they can make sure that I get a good education. 78. to NMET2001句中 they can 是定语从句,修饰先行词 all,关系代词 that
18、 己省略。make sure 是不定式,在此作目的状语,所以不定式符号 to 不能省。3) 、缺系动词They eager to know everything about China and 93. be NMET1996 此句中 eager 为形容词,必须加系动词构成系表结构。4)缺连词In one class,I learned it rained. 91. why NMET2001本行句中缺连词,造成句子成份残缺,根据句意,it 前应添加 why。5)缺介词 but the others spent a lot time arguing 93 of NMET1999a lot 改为 a
19、 lot of,后接名词应该用带 of 的短语。多词: 与缺词相反,多词则是写了不该写的词,这同样会造成结构错误,甚至意思不清楚。1)多限定词Suddenly,I caught a sight of my English teacher in the crowd. 91 a NMET2000句中是固定搭配,表示“(忽然)看见” 。2)多介词 but we do not seem to get much time to talk about together. 83. about NMET2001删去 about,句中无谈话内容,所以无须用介词 about。3)词义重叠Whenever I se
20、e them I will often think of my English teacher.95 often NMET2000 去掉 often,因为 whenever 表示“无论什么时候” ,若用 often 显得重复。4)冗言现象Today I visited the Smiths-my first time visit to an American family. 86. time NMET1996去掉 first, my first visit 即“我初次访问” 。5)固定搭配中多词in any other words, I am an only child77 any NMET2
21、001去掉 any。in other words 为固定搭配,意为“换句话说 ”。6)行文逻辑上多词First,let me tell you something more about myself.88 more NMETI997 去掉 more。前问没有出现比较现象。错词:错词是比较复杂的问题,所占比例也较大,平时写作时所犯的错误都可能出现在此处。1)可数名词单复数误用She said that she and my schoolmate all wished me success, 87. schoolmates NMET2000schoolmate 改为 schoolmates,从常理
22、看应该不止一个同学。2)时态误用I learn about you from my English teacher, Miss Fang86learnedNMETl997learn 改为 leaned,此动作是过去的事,用过去时态。3)非谓语动词误用Play football not only makes us grow up89. playing NMET1998 ? play 改为 playing,动名词形式做主语。4)主语不一致But then there is always more mysteries to look into. 92. are 2001 春北京题is 改为 are,
23、因为主语是 mysteries。5)代词不一致The Smiths did his best to make me feel at home. 90. their NMET1996 his 改为their, the Smiths 指“史密斯一家” 。6)关系代词与关系副词误用I live in Beijing, where is the capital of China. 89. which NMET1997 where 改为 which,定语从句中需要关系代词作主语,所以用 which。7)连词误用It looks as if my parents treat me as a visitor
24、 and a guest. 84. or NMET2001and 改为 or,句中表示选择关系。8)词性误用Unfortunate , there are too many people in my family. 89. Unfortunately NMET1999 Unfortunate 改为 Unfortunately,此处表示是副词做主语。9)限定词误用We may be one family and live under a 1.动词时态每年都有时态错误的小题,而且改动基本集中在一般过去时与一般现在时之间。时态的更改要以上下文的主体时态为依据。(1) (2003 全国卷)She li
25、ked it very much and reads it to the class. All said the story was.84.read(and 连接并列谓语)(2) (2004 江苏卷)At once I apologize and controlled myself.83.apologized(and 连接并列谓语)(3) (2004 全国卷)Sometimes, we talked to each other very well in class,.82.talk(根据 sometimes 可判断此句为一般现在时)(4) (2005 全国卷)I will write agai
26、n and send you the photos we take together .85.took(把照片寄给你,应该是已经拍好的,用过去时)(5) (2005 全国)There are advantage for students to work while studying at school. One of them was that they can earn money.77.is(从上下文判断,应该是现在时,谓语用 is)(6) (2005 江苏卷)We named him Jack and keep him for about three years. 76.kept(and
27、 连接并列谓语)2.名词单复数单复数互改是高考英语改错题的基本题型之一,改动的依据有:一是根据名词前的修饰限定成份;二是根据上下文的逻辑关系。(1) (2003 全国卷)Their word were a great encouragement to me.85.words(是把 word 改为 words 还是把 were 改为 was,根据名词前的修饰限定词 their 来决定。 )(2) (2004 江苏)that was a dinner we had waited for several month.85.months(several 修饰复数名词)(3) (2004 全国卷)a f
28、ew minute on the Internet.77.minutes(a few 修饰复数名词)(4) (2005 全国卷)But one and a half year later.79.years(one and a half 意思为一年半,故判断此处 year 应为复数形式)(5) (2005 全国卷)There are advantage for students to work.76.advantages(从 there are 判断应该用名词复数)3.句子结构句子结构方面的错误范围庞大,解答高考英语改错题主要可以从以下几方面来思考:1)句子结构是否完整,成份是否冗缺;2)单词的
29、词性与其在句中的功能是否相符;3)主谓一致;4)复合句中连接主句和从句的关系词或引导词的运用是否得当等。(1) (2004 全国卷)I wont be able to meet you at the air portal though I have classes in the afternoon.78.because/as(复合句中连接主句和从句的关系词运用不当)(2) (2004 全国卷)I dont know that they dontliketotalkwithme.81.why(复合句中连接主句和从句的关系词运用不当)(3) (2005 全国卷)For the most part,
30、 students working to earn moneyfortheirownuse.78.work(缺谓语动词)(4) (2005 全国卷)Earningtheirownmoneyallowthemtospendonanythingiftheylike.79.allows(主语是动名词短语 Earning their own money,谓语应该用单数)(5) (2005 江苏卷)But the most wonderful thing about Jackwerehismusicalability.84.was(主语是第三人称单数)4.赘述高考英语改错题中的赘述是指在一些固定表达中或
31、从上下文逻辑来看用了多余的词,从而使句子表达不合规范或造成逻辑上的重复。(1) (2003 全国卷 80)Ifollowedheradviceandshouldputdown100wordsorsoeachday.80.should(并列谓语,should 多余)(2) (2004 全国卷)CanyoutellmeaboutwhatIshoulddo?85.about(tell sb about/of sth 或 tell sb 接从句)(3) (2004 重庆卷)I had to look up to the same word many times,.78.to(look up a wor
32、d 查字典)(4) (2005 全国卷)Somestudentsmayalsotosaveupfortheircollegeorfutureuse.84.to(情态动词 may 后接动词原形)(5) (2005 江苏卷)But for the most wonderful thing about Jack wash is musical ability.83.for(but 是连词 for 是介词,不能并列)5.固定结构(固定句型、固定短语、固定搭配)所谓固定结构是指英语中一些不能随意更改的习惯表达。如固定短语中的词不能缺,固定搭配要前后一致等。(1) (2003 全国卷 81)Soon I
33、began to enjoy talk to my self on paper as Iwas.81.talking(enjoy doing 为固定短语)(2) (2004 全国卷)Iamsuretheywilllaughtomeandseemeasafool.79.at(laugh at sb.固定短语)(3) (2004 浙江卷)from friends can all provide you for stamps from all over the world.82with(provide.with 为固定短语)(4) (2005 全国卷)I am writing to thank yo
34、u with your kind help.76.for(thanksbforsth)(5) (2005 全国卷)or for permission to do things by money.83.with(withmoney )6.冠词英语中冠词只有三个,从高考英语改错题的角度来看,只能从以下几个方向出题:1)不定冠词 a 和 an 互改;2)不定冠词 a 或 an 和定冠词 the 互改; 3)根据需要增删冠词。(1) (2004 全国卷)IwillhavetodecidewhatIwanttodooveraweekend.77.the(根据句义是特指这个周末)(2) (2004 江苏卷
35、)When I was boy,.76.a(我是一个男孩,应用不定冠词 a.)(3) (2004 辽宁卷)This was my first visit to a Englishfamily.78.an(English 开头字母是元音,应该用 an)(4) (2004 重庆卷) I started writing down words frombooksthatIread.82.the(名词后由从句修饰时,应使用定冠词)(5) (2005 全国卷)I hope youve hadpleasant journey home and will come to China83.a7.代词代词不仅要与
36、其所指代对象一致,其运用还要符合上下文的语气及逻辑关系。(1) (2004 浙江卷)And every year more and more people start as tamp collection of your own.78.their(指代对象应一致)(2) (2004 湖北卷)You have to be friends with your pupils and take good care of him.83.them(pupils 是复数,后应该用替代复数名词的代词。 )(3) (2005 全国卷)Some students may also save up for our
37、college or future use.85.their(指代对象应一致)(4) (2005 江苏卷)We often play a trick on himself .79.him(play a trick on sb )8.连词及与并置问题连词连接的前后两部分是否合乎逻辑;并列连词所连接的前后两部分结构是否等同。这两点是解答连词及其相关问题的关键所在。(1) (2004 江苏卷)My grandma was the best cook in the world but could make the most deliciousdishes.79.and(从句意可知,此处表并列关系,应用
38、 and)(2) (2004 全国卷)My class will be over by then or I will pick you up there.82.and(并列关系, “于是、同时、然后”等意思)(3) (2004 全国卷)Iwoulddescribemyselfasshyandquietly.77.quiet(连接的词性应一致)9.易混淆的词或词组易混淆的词既包括词意相同或相近的同义词、近义词,也包括外形相似、意义有别的词组。易混淆词或词组的辨析也是高考改错题中不容忽视的部分。(1) (2004 全国卷)Finding information on theNetiseasily.
39、83.easy(beeasy 非常容易,形容词做表语)(2) (2004 福建卷)She called 119 immediate .84.immediately(副词做状语)(3) (2003 全国卷)I always thought in Chinese and tried to translate anything into English.78.everything(在陈述句中一般用 everything)(4) (2004 重庆卷).but I had terribly problems memorizing them.77.terrible(作定语应用形容词)(5) (2005 全国卷)My pronunciation was terribly.78.terrible(系动词后用形容词作表语)