1、How to cultivate your kids comprehensive qualities 如何培养一个全面高素质的孩子 My Gym International Children Development Center 美吉姆国际儿童教育中心 Agenda 主要内容 Development The Science of Early Childhood有关早期教育的科学 How kids learn? 孩子是如何学习的 Childrens Musical Growth儿童音乐发育 Childrens Artistic Development 儿童艺术发育 How physical de
2、velopment helps to develop the whole child 体能发育如何帮助孩子全面发展 Development Milestones 儿童发育发展的里程碑 The Science of Early Childhood Development 有关早期教育的科学 大脑的发育 大脑 发育：年龄愈小速度愈快 新生儿脑重 370克 6个月时为 700克（为成人脑重的一半） 2岁时为成人的 3/4 4岁时为出生时的 4倍，已经与成人接近 神经元的构成 脑神经细胞在婴儿出生后快速发育 刚出生时，婴儿大脑前部皮层的神经元 24个月大时，孩子大脑前部皮层的神经元联结看上去就像是一个
3、密密麻麻的灌木丛 大脑发育有关键期 早期经验对大脑发育具有重要作用 婴幼儿的大脑具有可塑性 婴儿的感知经验，是大脑发育不可缺少的条件 感知经验是大脑发育的重要条件 Persistent Stress Changes Brain Architecture 持续性压力改变大脑结构 Normal 正常 Toxic Stress 有害的压力 Typical Neuron Many connections 典型的神经元 很多连接 Damaged Neuron Fewer Connections 受损的神经元 连接较少 Prefrontal Cortex and Hippocampus 前额皮质和海马结构
4、 机会的窗口 -大脑的修剪过程 出生时 6岁时 14岁时 早期体验如何改变基因表达并塑造发育 丰富环境 标准环境 贫乏环境 三组老鼠在大脑皮层厚度，脑皮层蛋白质含量，脑皮层与大脑的比重，脑细胞的大小，神经纤维的多少，突触的数量、神经胶质细胞的数量以及与智力有关的脑化学物质等方面存在着明显的差异。 环境越丰富，玩耍得越充分，大脑的发育就越好 。 “丰富环境”组的老鼠脑容量增加了， 优势最为显著。 Human Brain Development 人类大脑生长 Neural Connections for Different Functions Develop Sequentially 主导不同功能
5、的脑神经连接按顺序形成、发展 Sensory Pathways 感官神经连接 (Vision , Hearing) （视觉，听觉） Language 语言 Higher Cognitive Function 更高级认知能力 Birth （ Months） （ Year） 出生 (月份 ) (年份 ) Rates of return to investment in human capital as function of age when the investment was initiated. The data were derived from a life cycle model of
6、 dynamic human capital accumulation with multiple periods and credit constraints. Investments were initially set to be equal across all ages. r represents the cost of the funds. Data are from Cunha et al(2005) 本图中显示当教育投资开始启动，在不同年龄的人力资本教育投资收益率。数据衍生于一个功能性人力资本的生命周期模型，以及各种时期和信贷约束的累计。本图的投资量被设定为在各个年龄段中持平。
7、“ r”显示资金的成本。数据来源于Cunha et al(2005) Return on Investment Over Time 不同时期教育投资回报 Rate of Return to Investment in Human Capital 人力资本教育投资收益率Opportunity Costs of Funds 资金的机会成本值 Pre-school programs 学前课程 Schooling 学校教育 Job-training 工作培训 School学龄期 Pre-school学龄前 Post-school学龄后 r 早期体验的时间和品质决定大脑的结构 The time and
8、quality of early experience combine to shape brain architecture . 早期教育效果 研究一：早教组和对照组智能分级比较 2岁时，早期教育组的智力发育指数比对照组高 8.7分。对照组中有 6.2智力低于正常。 早教组：正常新生儿 对照组：正常新生儿，家庭常规育儿 早期教育效果 研究二：早教组和对照组智力发育指数分级比较 1岁半时，早教组的智力发育指数比对照组 高 19.6分，非常优秀的比例增加了 6.7倍。 早教组：正常新生儿 对照组：正常新生儿，家庭常育儿 How kids learn? 孩子是如何学习的 Piagetian The
9、ory 皮亚杰理论 Swiss Psychologist Jean Piaget (1896-1980) believed children: Learn through experiences 通过体验学习 Should be the center of their learning 孩子应为其学习的中心 Have thinking that is far ahead of their language, reading or writing abilities 孩子拥有远超其表达能力的理解能力 Develop cognitive abilities at predictable stage
10、s 儿童在若干可预见阶段发展认知能力 儿童在若干可预见阶段发展认知能力 Children develop cognitive abilities at predictable stages: Sensorimotor Stage (Birth -2 Years)感知运动阶段 Preoperational Stage (2 6 Years) 前运思阶段 Concrete Operational Stage (6 12 Years) 具体运思阶段 Formal Operational Stage (12 Adult) 形式运思阶段 How kids learn? 儿童如何学习？ 多感官体验 : 视
11、觉 听觉 嗅觉 味觉 触觉 和成人相互作用 模仿能力 运动能力 Experience(Play) = Learn 体验 (游戏 ) = 学习 Concept One 概念一 Development & Education 发展和教育 Concept Two 概念二 Experience & Knowledge 体验和知识 授之以鱼，不如授之以渔 How physical development helps to develop the whole child 体能发育如何帮助孩子全面发展 Physical Development Definition 体能发展的定义 Physical Deve
12、lopment includes:体能发展包括 Physical Growth 生长发育 Gross Motor Skills 大动作的发展 Fine Motor Skills 精细动作的发展 Balance 平衡能力 Strength 力量 Agility 敏捷性 Flexibility 柔韧性 Physical Development helps the Cognitive Development Good physical development means more opportunity to explore which can lead to building neural con
13、nections that can affect little ones brain development. 体能发展可以帮助孩子更好的构建大脑突触的链接 Kids imagination is more on physical expression like pretending to be an animal or an airplane which stimulates their brain development and ability to think and imagine. 好的体能发展可以帮助孩子发展丰富的想象力 Solving little problems throug
14、h use of their body like how can I climb up the stairs or how can I go down from this castle, which stimulates thinking ability. 孩子通过运用自己的身体解决问题，可以帮助孩子发展思考能力 Physical development helps kid with good memory 体能的发展帮助孩子发展良好的记忆力。 Physical Development Helps the Emotional Development Self confidence and se
15、lf esteem are develop through physical achievements at this age. 自信、自尊的建立在早期教育阶段，要通过体能的发展建立 Physical achievements gives kids sense of achievement every time they finish to do a rotation like doing forward rolls bring sense of achievement to kids. 体能运动获得的成就感帮助孩子建立积极正面的自我形象 Physical Development Helps
16、the Social Development Kids interact with others through physical response, like an 8 month who is interacting with his parents may reply by moving his legs and arms to show his interest in engaging in this interactive play. 通过身体的接触，孩子同外界建立社交联系 They develop their social skills at an early age through games to practice turn-taking, to work together, learn to follow rules, cooperate with each other as a team. 孩子通过游戏学习秩序、遵从指令、团队合作
