1、名词一、名词的分类专有名词主要是指人名、地名或某类人或事物的名称，如 Beijing，China 等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，sadness 等。专有名词(Proper Nouns)抽象名词(Abstract Nouns) 不可数名词(Uncountable Nouns)物质名词(Material Nouns)普通名词(Common Nouns)集体名词(Collective Nouns)个体名词 (Individual Nouns) 可数名词(Countable Nouns)个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算，称为可数名词（Countable Nouns）
2、 ，物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算，称为不可数名词（Uncountable Nouns ） 。Proper Nouns： 指人名、地名及某些人和事物专有的名称Eg: Diana; Beijing; Americans; English; May; New Years Day注意：专有名词的第一个字母要大写Common Nouns：一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词1. Individual Nouns: 指作为个体而存在的人或东西可以指具体的人或物。Eg: aunts; a panda; apartments也可指抽象东西。Eg: a year; fairy tales; a dream
3、2. Collective Nouns: 表示若干个个体组成的集合体Eg: army; audience; crew; family; team; police; government; public集体名词有时作单数看待，有时作复数看。一般来说，视为整体时作单数看，突出它的成员时作复数看。His family _ not large. His family _ all music lovers. 有少数集体名词通常用作单数。Eg: The gang is being hunted by the police.Our company is sending him to work in Berl
4、in. 个别集体名词则多作复数看待。Eg: The police are looking for him. 3. Material Nouns: 指无法分为个体的物质。Eg: beer; cake; cloth; cotton; detergent; fur; ice; paint; paper; soil一般来说，物质名词是不可数的，因而没有复数形式。但有一些特殊情况：1) 有些物质名词可用作可数名词，表示“一份”、 “一杯” 、 “一种”Eg: Two strong black coffees, please. ( 两份) Three beers, please. (三杯) It was
5、a special tea. (一种)2)个别物质名词的复数形式可以表示特别的意义。Eg: rains （雨季） sands （沙滩） snows (积雪) waters(海域)4.Abstract Nouns:表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念Eg: education; love; policy; trust; nature; fashion; relief; silence; truth,etc.多数情况下，这种名词常用于单数形式，不加任何冠词。Eg: Hes learning French for fun.I wish you good luck.抽象名词转化为可数名词。Failur
6、e is the mother of success. (失败与成功在此为抽象概念)As a teacher , she is a success, but as a mother, she is a failure because she devotes little time to looking after her child. (成功者，失败者，可数 )二、名词的数不可数名词一般没有单复数之分，它包括抽象名词、物质名词和专有名词。例如：health, advice, glass, wood, English, America不可数名词作主语，谓语动词须用单数形式。可数名词有单、复数之分
7、。可数名词的复数形式有以下几种：情况 加法 例词一般情况 加-s brothers; schools以 s, x, ch, sh,结尾的词 加-es buses; watches; dishes以辅音y 结尾的词 去 y 加-ies ladies; countries以 f 或 fe 结尾的词 把 f/fe 改成 ves halves; leavesNotes:1. stomach - stomachs2. 以元音+y 或以专有名词+y 结尾的名词，直接在词尾加-s. Eg: boys; toys; Henrys3. 以-o 结尾的名词+ es 在课本中出现的有 hero, potato, t
8、omato；其余以-o 结尾的词+ s: (photo, piano, radio, bamboo ,zoo)4:以 f/fe 结尾只加-s 的词：proofs; gulfs; cliffs; roofs; serfs; beliefs; chiefshandkerchief（手帕，手绢）的复数形式两者都可以。不规则变化：变内部元音：foot-feet, tooth-teeth, goose-geese ,mouse-mice, man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen词尾加-en 或 ren：ox-oxen, child-childrenouse i
9、ce：mouse-mice; louse-lice（虱子）有些外来词的不规则复数形式：Eg: analysis-analyses; basis-bases; thesis-theses; crisis-crisescriterion-criteria; phenomenon-phenomena; medium-media单复数相同的情况：sheep; deer; means; fish; works; species; Chinese; Japanese以及由汉语音译表示度量衡、货币等单位的名词。 Eg: yuan, jiao, fen, jin, mu只有复数形式的情况：trousers(裤
10、子); glasses(眼镜); compasses(圆规) a pair ofthanks; clothes; remains; goods; people; cattle“某国人”的复数形式：单、复数相同 Chinese, Japanese, Swiss, 词尾加-s Africans, Asians, Canadians, Australians, Italians,变 man 为 men Englishman-Englishmen, Frenchman-Frenchmen但：German-Germans 复合名词的复数形式：1.一般将主体名词变为复数。father-in-law fat
11、hers-in-law, passer-bypassers-by, looker-onlookers-on, editor-in-chief editors-in-chief2.无主体名词的在词尾加复数。如：grown-ups, good-for-nothings（无用的人） ，go-betweens （中间人） ，look-outs（守望者）3.由 man, woman,构成的复合名词应将前后两个词都变成复数。 men-doctors, women-drivers, women-singersboyfriends, girlfriends, boy students, girl studen
12、ts有些名词可以兼作可数名词和不可数名词。beauty(美，美貌)-a beauty( 一个美人/ 物)danger(危险) a danger(一件危险的事/ 人)failure(失败) a failure(一件失败的事 /人) honour(光荣) an honour(带来荣誉的/ 或事)pity(遗憾) a pity(一件可惜的事)success(成功)a success(一件成功的事/人)surprise(惊奇) a surprise(一件令人吃惊的事)pleasure(乐趣) a pleasure(一件有趣的事)worry(担心 )a worry(一件令人担心的事 )experienc
13、e(经验 )an experience(一次经历)service(服务) a service(一个服务机构)英语中有许多对词，一个可数，一个不可数。a poem(一首诗) poetry(诗歌总称)a machine(一台机器) machinery(机器总称)a job(一件工作) work(工作)a laugh(一个笑声) laughter(笑声)a permit(许可证) permission(允许)a garment (一件衣裳) clothing(衣裳总称)a bag(case) (一件行李) luggage, baggage(行李)a loaf (一只面包) bread(面包)a ha
14、ir(一根头发) hair(头发 )几个名词的特殊用法 1. hairHis hair is white.（他的头发是白的。 ）He has a few grey hairs.（他有几根白的头发。 ）2. fruitThe fruit is sweet.He likes pears, peaches, grapes and other fruits.3. policeThe police are searching for the murderer.dozen, scoretwo (many, several) dozen pencils three dozen of them / these
15、 pencilsdozens of students two score of students scores of peopleword（消息，通知）, man（人类） ，前面不加冠词，也不用复数形式，谓语用单数。三、名词的格英语中的名词（代词）有三个格：主格、宾格、所有格。所有格表示所有关系，修饰另一名词，作定语，它有两种形式：一种是由名词词尾加s 构成，另一种是由介词 of 加名词构成，前者多用来表示有生命的东西，后者多用来表示无生命的东西。所有格的形式：1. 一般的名词所有格在后面加 s：Marys book2. 以 s 结尾的复数名词所有格在后面仅加：Teachers Day, th
16、e students reading-room3. 以 s 结尾的专有名词所有格：Engelss works 或 Engels works4. 复合名词的所有格是在其词尾加 s： his mother-in-laws photothe editor-in-chiefs opinion5. 如果一样东西为两人共有，则只在最后一个名词后加s, 如果是分别所有，则两个名词后都要加s：Tom and Marrys father, Toms and Marrys fathers6. 在表示“某人家” 、 “店铺”的所有格时，一般省略它所修饰的名词：at the doctors,at the barber
17、s, at Mr. Greens, at the tailors7. 有些表示时间、距离、国家、城市、团体、机构等无生命东西的名词，也可以加s 来构成所有格：todays newspaper ten minutes walk Chinas industry the stations waiting-room the earths surface a dollars worth8. 凡不能加 s 构成所有格的名词，都可以与 of 结成短语，来表示所有格关系。就是有生命的东西的名词也可如此，特别是当这个名词有较长的定语时：the door of our classroomDo you know t
18、he name of the girl standing at the gate?在表示所属物的名词前有冠词、数词、不定代词或指示代词时，常使用双重所有格，即“of 词组 +所有格 ”结构。这种结构带有一定的感情色彩，表示赞美、厌恶等。a friend of her mothers a few friends of Tomsthat book of Toms several classmates of his9. 一个名词所有格所修饰的词，如果前面已经提到，往往可以省略，避免前后重复。如：This is not my pen, but Marys.10. 名词原形直接作定语（不表示所有关系）r
19、oom number coffee cup shoe factory geography lesson colour film tooth brush power plant welcome party heart trouble food industry apple tree physics teacher 但：有的名词习惯于用复数作定语parents meeting(家长会) goods train(货车) sales department (销售部) sports meet(运动会) 名词所有格(The Possessive Case of Nouns) some patterns:1
20、.Ill take the risk for friendships sake. (为了友谊)2.She was at her wits end. （黔驴技穷）3.Now they could sing at their hearts content. （尽情地）4.We should get the children out of harms way. （不受损害）5.We had best keep them at arms length. （保持距离）6.For goodness sake, stop arguing. （看在上帝的份上）7.Jane got the moneys wor
21、th out of the coat. （很合算）1. The lion is considered the king of the forest as it is a(n) _ of courage and power. A. example B. sign C. mark D. symbol2. He dropped the _ and broke it.A. cup of coffee B. coffees cup C. cup for coffee D. coffee cup3. I need _ cloth, for Im going to make _ clothes.A. a l
22、ot of; many B. much; much C. many; many D. many; a lot4. He gained his _ by printing _ of famous writers.A. wealth; work B. wealths; works C. wealths; work D. wealth; works5. Many countries are increasing their use of natural gas, wind and other forms of _.A. energy B. source C. power D. material6.
23、Youll find this map of great _ in helping you to get round London.A. price B. cost C. value D. usefulness7. - Who did you spend last weekend with? - _. A. Palmers B. The Palmers C. The Palmers D. The Palmers8. My parents always let me have my own _ of living. A. way B. method C. manner D. fashion9.
24、The lion is considered the king of the forest as it is a(n) _ of courage and power. A. example B. sign C. mark D. symbol 10. We volunteered to collect money to help the _ of the earthquake. A. victims B. folks C. fellows D. villagers11. If you dont take away all your things from the desk, there wont
25、 be enough _ for my stationery. A. area B. place C. room D. surface12. It is widely accepted that young babies learn to do things because certain acts lead to _.A. rewards B. prizes C. awards D. results13. In the botanic garden we can find a(n) _ of plants that range from tall trees to small flowers
26、.A. species B. group C. amount D. variety14. - Can you shoot that bird at the top of the tree?- No, its out of _ .A. range B. reach C. control D. distance15. The life of London is made up of many different _. A. elements B. sections C. material D. realities16. For the sake of her daughters health, s
27、he decided to move to a warm _ . A. weather B. temperature C. season D. climate17. To regain their _ after an exhausting game, the players lay in the grass. A. force B. energy C. power D. health18. I saw Bob play the piano at Johns party and on that _ he was simply brilliant.A. scene B. circumstance
28、 C. occasion D. situation19. It cant be a(n) _ that four jewelry stores were robbed in one night. A. coincidence B. accident C. incident D. chance20. According to the recent research, heavy coffee drink and heart attack is not necessarily _ and effect. A. reason B. impact C. fact D. cause 21. - Im s
29、orry I stepped outside for a smoke. I was very tired.- There is no _ for this while you are on duty. A. reason B. excuse C. cause D. explanation22. The manager has got a good business _ so the company is doing well. A. idea B. sense C. thought D. thinking23. Dont leave matches or cigarettes on the t
30、able within _ of little children. A. hand B. reach C. space D. distance24. The environmentalists and wild goats _ on the vast grasslands was a good indication of the better environment. A. escape B. absence C. attendance D. appearance25. The village is far away from here indeed. Its _ walk A . a fou
31、r hour B. a four hours C. a four-hours D. a four hours26. I have read the material several times but it doesnt make any _ to me. A. meaning B. importance C. sense D. significance27. It is generally believed that teaching is _it is a science.A. an art much as B. much an art as C. as an art much as D.
32、 as much an art as28. The police are offering a _to anyone who can give information about the lost key. A. price B. prize C. reward D. money29. I keep medicines on the top shelf, out of the childrens .A. reach B. hand C. hold D. place30. At the meeting they discussed three different _ to the study o
33、f mathematics。 A. approaches B. means C. methods D. ways 31. Always read the _ on the bottle carefully and take the right amount of medicine. A. explanations B. instructions C. descriptions D. introductions32. You have been sitting on my hat and now it is badly out of_。 A. date B. shape C. order D.
34、balance33. To make members of a team perform better, the trainer first of all has to know their _ and weaknesses A. strengths B. benefits C. techniques D. values 34. The school advisers help you talk through your problem but they dont give you any direct _.A. solution B. target C. measure D. functio
35、n35. James took the magazines off the little table to make _ for the television.A. room B. area C. field D. position36. Those who suffer from headache will find they get _ from this medicine.A. relief B. safety C. defense D. shelter37. Last year the number of students who graduated with a driving li
36、cence reached 200,000, a (n) _ of 40,000 per year.A average B number C amount D quantity38. After the earthquake, tile first thing the local government did was to provide _for the homeless families.A. accommodation B. occupation C. equipment D. furniture 39. The doctor is skilled at treating heart t
37、rouble and never accepts any gift from his patients, so he has a very good_.A. expectation B. reputation C. contribution D. civilization40. This restaurant has become popular for its wide_ of foods that suit all tastes and pockets.A. division B. area C. range D. circle41. I havent seen Sara since sh
38、e was a girl，and she has changed beyond _ .A. hearing B. strength C. recognition D measure42. I found her sitting in the corner, reading _ newspaper, with _ in her eyes.A. a, tear B. a piece of, tears C. a, tears D. a piece of, tear43. Her father works as a _ in a hotel and her mother a _ in a priva
39、te company. A. cooker, typewriter B. cook, typist C. cooker, typist D. cook, typewriter44. “Why couldnt they meet us at five oclock?” “Because they were delayed by _.”A. heavy traffic B. heavy traffics C. crowded traffic D. crowded traffics45. In fact, _ one cause that leads to the problem. A. cattl
40、e is B. cattle are C. cattles are D. the cattles are46. By all _, you must try every _ to help him.A. mean, mean B. means, means C. means, mean D. mean, means47. Jim is _ person, and everyone is willing to be _ with him.A. so kind a, friends B. so a kind, friends C. so kind a, friend D. so a kind, f
41、riend48. We already have _ pencils, but we need two _ pens.A. dozen of, dozen B. dozens of, dozen C. dozens of, dozen D. dozens of, dozen of49. She raised her finger to her lips as _ for silence. A. an idea B. a mark C. a sign D. a word50. May I take your order now?” “Wed like three black _ and two
42、green _.”A. coffee, cups of teas B. coffees, teas C. cups of coffee, tea D. cup of coffees, teas51. Ten years had passed. I found she had _. A. a few white hairs B. a little white hair C. some white hair D. more fifty hair52. Hi, this way, please.OK.I sometimes have no sense of _ when I arrive at th
43、e crossroad.A. position B. direction C. situation D. condition53. Shelly had prepared carefully for her English examination so that she could be sure of passing it on her first _. A. intention B. attempt C. purpose D. desire 54. I didnt have to work all weekend I did it by _. A. chance B. choice C.
44、accident D. myself55. “Did you get _ to the party?” “Yes, I replied to it this morning.” A. an answer B. an invitation C. a question D. a letter56. I paid him 50 for the painting, but its true _ must be at least 500. A. price B. money C. value D. importance57. His letter was so confusing that I coul
45、d hardly make any _ of it.A. explanation B. meaning C. sense D. guess58. Youve just missed your _, and you will have to wait for the next round.A. chance B. turn C. time D. part 59. Li Lin is very bright and studies hard as well.Its no _ he always gets the first place in any examination.A. question
46、B. doubt C. problem D. wonder60. How can I use this washing machine?Well, just refer to the _.A. explanations B. expressions C. introductions D. directions61. Jim was late for two classes this morning. He said that he forgot both of the _.A. rooms number B. room number C. rooms numbers D. room numbers62. Hello, Id like to speak to Henry. Oh, which _? There are two _ in our office.A. Henrys, Henrys B. Henries, Henries C. Henr
