1、常用的前缀和后缀,部分国家(或地区) 、语言、国民及国籍表,洲名及常见缩写词一、常用的前缀和后缀1、常用前缀aero-:concerning the air of aircraftplane-aeroplane 飞机space-aerospace 航空空间anti-:against;opposite ofnuclear-antinuclear 反对核武器的matter-antimatter 反物质war-antiwar 反战的auto-:of or by oneselfbiography 传记 autobiography 自传criticism 批评-autocriticism 自我反省be-
2、:to treat as the stated thingfriend-befriend 以朋友的方式对待;照顾little-belittle 使显得微小,轻视、贬低bi-:two;twice;doublelingual-bilingual 双语的; 人cycle-bicyclebio-:concerning living thingschemistry-biochemistry 生化sphere-biosphere 生物圈by-,bye-:less importantproduce-by-produceway-byway 偏僻小路;学科的次要领域,冷门centi-:hundredth par
3、tgrade-centigrade 摄氏 meter-centimeter 厘米co-:together,withauthor-coauthor 合著者,合著exist-coexist 同时共存、和平共处col-:( used before l ) together,withlocation-collocation 排列,配置,词的搭配com-:( used before b,m,p ) together ,withpassion-compassion 怜悯、同情con-:together,withcentric-concentric 同一中心的、同轴federation-confederat
4、ion 结盟 同盟,联邦contra-:oppositediction-contradiction 矛盾、否定 反驳natural-contranatural 违背自然的cor-:( used before r ) together,withrelate-correlate 有相关性respond-correspond 相符合相一致,相当类似通信counter-:oppositeact-counteract 对抗、抵消attack-counterattack 反攻、反击cross-: across;going between the stated things and joining them
5、country-crosscountry 越野的breed-crossbreed 杂种,使杂交de-:showing an opposite;to remove ;to reducecode-decode 译码、解码、分析电子信号value-devalue 贬值,贬低dis-:not ;the opposite ofadvantage-disadvantage 不利、劣势、短处agree-disagree 不同意、不一致、不适合honest-dishonest 不诚实、不老实em-:( used before b,m,p ) to cause to becomebody-embody 表现、象
6、征;包括、包含power-empower 授权、准许en-:to cause to become;to makedanger-endanger 危及、使遭受危险large-enlarge 扩大、扩充 放大ex-:former ( and still living )minister-ex-minister v 辅助; 服侍,部长wife-ex-wife 前妻extra-:outside;beyondcurricular-extracurricular 学校课程以外的ordinary-extraordinary 奇怪;特别;额外,临时fore-:in advance,before;in or a
7、t the frontarm-forearm 前臂,预先武装warn-forewarn 预先警告;事先告知il-: ( used before l ) notlegal-illegal 非法 literate-illiterate 目不识丁、文盲的im-:( used before b ,m,p ) notmoral-immoral 不道德、邪恶;放荡的possible-impossible 不可能、办不到的;很难接受in-:notdirect-indirect 间接地,婉转的sensitive-insensitive 感觉迟钝,不友好的;麻木infra-:below in a range;b
8、eyondred-infrared 红外线的structureinfrastructure 基础设施,基础结构inter-:between ;amongchangeinterchange 互换、互易;交替变换nationalinternational 国际的intra-:inside,within;intocityintracity 市内的department-intra-departmentir-:(used before r)notregularirregular 不对称、不规则的;不定期的responsibleirresponsible 不负责kilo-:thousandgramkilo
9、gram 千克 meter-kilometer 千米macro-:large,esp. concerning a whole system rather thanparticular parts ofeconomicsmacroeconomics 宏观经济学structuremacrostructure 宏观结构mal-:bad or badlyfunctionmalfunction 故障,障碍treatmaltreat 虐待、滥用micro-: extremely smallcomputermicrocomputer 微机electronicsmicroelectronics 微电子学mid
10、-:middle daymidday 中午nightmidnight 午夜mini-:small;shortbusminibus 小汽车skirtminiskirt 超短裙mis-:bad or badly;wrong or wronglyfortunemisfortune 不幸,厄运;灾难、灾祸understandmisunderstand 误会 误解mono-:one;singleplanemonoplane 单翼机tonemonotone 单调的multi-:more than one;manypurposemultipurpose 多种用途的,多目标nationalmultinatio
11、nal 多国的,跨国公司non-:notresident-non(-)resident不住在某地的(指工作)不要求任职者住在工作地点的;不住在旅馆等中的sensenonsense 胡说,无聊的事物out-:outside; beyondlive-outlive 比(某人) 长寿; 活到(某事)已被遗忘dooroutdoor 户外的 露天over-:too much;above;additionalhead-overhead 离地面的; 头顶上的; 上空的, 架空的time-overtime 超出的时间; 额外的时间费poly-:manycentricpolycentric 多中心的syllab
12、icpolysyllabic 多音节的post-:later than;aftergraduatepostgraduate 研究生的,生warpostwar 战后的pre-:before;in advancepayprepay 预付warprewar 战前的,在战前pro-:in favor of,supportingAmerica-pro-Americaabortion-pro-abortion 早产pseudo-:not real;falsenamepseudonym 假名,化名;笔名sciencepseudoscience 伪科学re-: again;back to the former
13、 stateunitereunite 重聚,再联合usereuse 再用self-:by means of oneself or itself; of,to,with,for,or inoneself or itselfemployed-self-employedtaught-self-taughtsemi-: half;partlycirclesemicircle 半圆形finalsemifinal 半决赛step-: not by birth but through a parent who has remarried motherstepmother 继母childrenstepchil
14、dren 养子sub-:under , below;less important;part of the stated biggerwholedividesubdivide 再分,细分section-subsection 分部,分段,小部分,小单位,细分super-:more,larger ,greater than usual marketsupermarket 超市naturalsupernatural 超自然的,超自然的现象tele-:at or over a long distance;by or for televisioncommunicationtelecommunication
15、 电信screen-telescreentherm(o)-:concerning heatchemistry-thermochemistrymeterthermometer 温度计trans-: across, on or to the other side of ; betweenAtlantic-transatlantic 电视屏幕,荧光屏plant-transplant 移植tri-: three; three timesangular-triangular 三角cycle-tricycle 三轮车,机器三轮车ultra-: beyond; very, extremelymodern-u
16、ltramodern 超现代化的sound-ultrasound 超声,超声波un-: notcertain-uncertain 不确定的fortunate-unfortunate 不幸的,不幸的人under-: too little; belowdevelop-underdevelop(使)发展不完全,(使) 显影不足sea-undersea 海面下的uni-: one, singerform-uniform 制服,相同的,清一色的directional-unidirectional 单向的,单向性的vice-: next in the rank; belowchairman-vice-ch
17、airman 副委员长president-vice-president 副总统,副校长2.常用后缀(1)名词后缀-ability,-ibility 能力able-abilityflexible-flexibility 弹性,适应性,机动性,挠性-age 时期post-postage 邮费,邮资short-shortage 不足-alarrive-arrival 到达, 抵达 ;物refuse-refusal 拒绝-an,-ian,-arian 员;人library-librarianmusic-musician-ance, -enceappear-appearancerefer-referen
18、ce 人-ancy,-encyemerge-emergency 紧急情况expect-expectancy 期望-ant,-ent 人apply-applicant 申请求职人correspond-correspondent 通信员 记者-cyaccurate-accuratcy 精确的, 准确private- praivit privacy隐居, 独处私事, 隐私-domking-kingdom 国王,界,领域free-freedom 自由,自主权-ee 人employ-employee 雇工interview-interviewee 接受面谈者; 被接见者-er, -or,-ar 人pai
19、nt-painterbeg-beggar 乞丐-ery 行为;身份、制度brave-braveryslave-slavery 奴隶身份 制度-ese 人China-ChinaeseJapan-Japanese-ess 人actor-actresswaiter-waitress-ful 量hand-handful 一把 少数spoon-spoonful 一匙的量-hoodchild-childhoodman-manhood 成年, 成年期; 男子气概-ics 学科electron-electronicslinguist 言学家 -linguistics 语言学-ion,-ition,-ation
20、 物collect-collectionobserve-observation-ism 主义Marx-Marxismsocialist-socialism-ist 人psychiatry-psychiatristviolin-violinist-ity,-tycruel-cruelty 残忍 , 残酷pure-purity 纯, 纯洁, 纯正, 洁净-mentmove-movementretire-retirement 增加; 发展, 扩大-nessdark-darknesshappy-happiness-ologyclimateclimatology 气候学futurefuturology
21、未来学-ship 关系friendfriendship 友情、友谊scholar 学者scholarship 学问学识,奖学金-sion,-ssion 物decide-decisionexpand-expansion-thgrow-growth 增加; 发展, 扩大wide-width 宽度, 阔度, 广度-ure 状态closeclosure 停业、关闭exposeexposure 暴露曝光(2)动词前缀-endeep-deepen 变深, 加深fast-fasten 系紧, 拴牢-ifyclass-classify 分类; 归类simplesimplify 简化-ize,-ise 使 怎么
22、样modern-modernize / modernizepopular-popularize / popularize(3)形容词后缀-able,-ible 的suit-suitablequestion-questionable 可疑的; 有疑问的-alnature-naturalstructure-structural-an,-arian,-iansuburb-suburbanCanadaCanadian 人 的-ant,-ent 的differ-differentplease-pleasant-ary,-ory 的advise-advisorycustom-customary-ateco
23、nsider-consideratefortune-fortunate-en 的gold-goldenwood-wooden-ese 的 ,人China-ChineseJapan-Japanese-free 无的care-carefreeduty-duty-free-fulcare-carefulpain-painful-ic, -ical 的atomatomic 原子的psychologypsychological 心理学的-ish 的girl-girlish 女孩子(似)的, 少女的child-childish 孩子的, 孩子气的, 孩子所特有的-ivecreate-creative 创造
24、性的, 有创造力的support-supportive 支持的, 拥护的; 赞助的-less 无的hope-hopeless 不抱希望的, 绝望的pain-painless-likechild-childlike 孩子似的,天真烂漫的lady-ladylike 风度雍容如贵妇的,温雅的-ly 的manmanly 刚强的monthmonthly 一月的 月刊-ous,-ious 的danger-dangerouspoison-poisonous-sometire-tiresome 令人生厌的trouble-troublesome 引起麻烦的, 令人讨厌的, 令人烦恼的-ward 向的down-d
25、ownward 向下的, 往下的up-upward-y 的guilt-guilty 内疚的;有罪的noise-noisy 嘈杂的; 喧闹的(4)副词后缀-lyeasy-easily 容易地 , 不费力地heavy-heavily 严重地; 大量地-ward, -wardseast-eastward(s) 向东north-northward(s)-wise clock-clockwise 顺时针方向的other-otherwise 除此之外,否则二、部分国家(或地区) 、语言、国名及国籍表国家(或地区) 语言 国民 国籍America 美国 American AmericanAustralia
26、澳大利亚 Australian AustralianBrazil 巴西 Brazilian BrazilianBritain 英国人 English Briton BritishCanada 加拿大 Canadian CanadianChina 中国 Chinese ChineseEgypt 埃及 Egyptian EgyptianEngland 英国 English Englishman EnglishFrance 法国 French Frenchman FrenchGermany 德国 German German GermanGreece 希腊 Greek Greek GreekIndia
27、 印度 Indian IndianIreland 爱尔兰 Irish Irishman IrishIsrael 以色列 Israeli IsraeliItaly 意大利 Italian Italian ItalianJapan 日本 Japanese Japanese JapaneseThe Netherlands Dutch Dutchman DutchNew Zealand 新西兰 New ZealanderPortugal 葡萄牙 Portuguese Portuguese PortugueseRussia 俄国 Russian Russian RussianScotland 苏格兰 S
28、cottish Scotsman Scots, ScottishSpain 西班牙 Spanish Spaniard SpanishSweden 瑞典 Swedish Swedish SwedishSwitzerland 瑞士 Swiss SwissWales 威尔士 Welsh Welshman Welsh三、洲名名词Africa 非洲 America 美洲 Antarctica 南极洲 Asia 亚洲 Australia 澳洲 Europe 欧洲North America 北美洲 Oceania 大洋洲 South America 南美洲形容词African 非洲的 American 美洲
29、的 Antarctic 南极洲的 Asian 亚洲的 Australian 澳洲的 European 欧洲的 North American 北美洲的 Oceanic大洋洲的 South American 南美洲的 四、常见缩写词Jan. January 一月Feb. February 二月Mar. March 三月Apr April 四月May 五月Jun. June 六月Jul. July 七月Sep.,Sept. September 九月Oct. October 十月Nov. November 十一月Dec. December 十二月Mon. Monday 星期一Tues Tuesday
30、星期二Wed,Weds Wednesday 星期三Thurs Thursday 星期四Fri. Friday 星期五Sat. Saturday 星期六Sun. Sunday 星期日BC, B.C. before Christ 公元前BS, BScBachelor of Science 理科学士C Centigrade 摄氏度cc cubic centimeter 立方厘米CD compact disk 光盘,激光唱片cf. confer(=compare) 试比较;参看cm centimeter 厘米Co company 公司c/o care of 由转交cp. compare 比较dept.
31、 , Dept. Department 部,司,局,系Dr , Dr. doctor 博士;医生e.g. exempli gratia(=for example) 例如esp. Especially 尤其是et al. et alia(=and others) 以及其他等等etc. et cetera(=and the rest) 等等F Fahrenheit 华氏的ft Foot,feet 英尺g,gm gram 克GMT Greenwich Mean Time 格林威治时间hr,hr. hour 小时ID identification card 身份证i.e. id est( = that
32、 is) 那就是,即in. inch 英寸Inc. incorporated 股份有限的Jr. junior 小 (用于姓名后)kg,kg. kilogram 千克,公斤km,km. kilometer 千米,公里l,l. liter 升lb,lb. libra( = pound) 磅Ltd. limited 有限的, 股份有限m,m. meter 米MA Master of Arts 文科硕士MS,MSc Master of Science 理科硕士min. minute 分钟ml,ml. millimeter 毫升Mr,Mr. Mister 先生Mrs,Mrs. Mistress 夫人,太
33、太Ms,Ms. Mrs or Miss 女士Mt mount,mountain 峰,山No. Number 号码P page;parking 页,停车处par,para paragraph (文章的)段Ph.D,PhD philosophiae Doctor 博士pl. plural 复数PM,P.M. post meridiem( = afternoon) 下午,午后PRC Peoples Republic of China中华人民共和国Prof. Professor 教授PS postscript 附言Rd.,rd road 路sec. second 秒sing. singular 单数sq square 平方;广场st. street 街道sth something 某物,某事t,t. ton 吨tel. telephone 电话UK United Kingdom 英国UN United Nations 联合国US,U.S. United States ( of America)美国usu. usually 通常v,vs versus 对VIP very important person 重要人物vol. Volume 卷,册W,w watt 瓦特WC water closet 厕所