1、 Section II Resdiong ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. answer the question after each text by choosing A,B,C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)Text 1Homework has never been terribly popular with students and even many parents, but in recent years it has
2、been particularly scorned. School districts across the country, most recently Los Angeles Unified, are revising their thinking on this educational ritual. Unfortunately, L.A. Unified has produced an inflexible policy which mandates that with the exception of some advanced courses, homework may no lo
3、nger count for more than 10% of a students academic grade.本段首句提出观点：家庭作业在近年来被诟病。第二句指出很多美国的学校在改变他们对家庭作业的看法。第三句转折指出洛杉矶联合分校出台政策，要求家庭作业占学生成绩比重不能超过百分之十。从考点设置来说，本段首句为主题句，第三句 Unfortunately 暗示作者并不认同洛杉矶联合分校的做法，这两句都是适合设置细节题的正确选项的。This rule is meant to address the difficulty that students from impoverished or c
4、haotic homes might have in completing their homework. But the policy is unclear and contradictory. Certainly, no homework should be assigned that students cannot do without expensive equipment. But if the district is essentially giving a pass to students who do not do their homework because of compl
5、icated family lives, it is going riskily close to the implication that standards need to be lowered for poor children。本段首句+第二句（转折）指出此项政策本意是解决困难家庭的学生无法完成作业的窘境，但是政策本身存在问题。第三句+第四句指出问题所在：这会造成对家庭贫困的学生的学业要求降低的问题。从考点设置来说，本段第四句的转折解释了作者在首段不认同此项政策的原因，属于重要考点结构。但是最终考官并没有选择这个转折结构设置考点，而是利用了本段首句，考察了联合分校设置此项政策的原因。可
6、以看出英语二阅读并非出现转折就一定设置考题，很可能转折只是做干扰项，具体的正确选项的位置还是要依靠题干定位点。District administrators say that homework will still be a pat of schooling: teachers are allowed to assign as much of it as they want. But with homework counting for no more than 10% of their grades, students can easily skip half their homework
7、and see very little difference on their report cards. Some students might do well on state tests without completing their homework, but what about the students who performed well on the tests and did their homework? It is quite possible that the homework helped. Yet rather than empowering teachers t
8、o find what works best for their students, the policy imposes a flat, across-the-board rule.本段首句+第二句（转折）进一步指出这项政策的问题：学生即使不做作业最终分数也不受影响。第三句+第四句分析了家庭作业的作用：最终成绩好的学生很可能是因为完成了作业。第五句转折继续解释这项政策的问题：会限制教师利用布置家庭作业的机会因材施教。从考点设置来说，本段第二句和第五句都带有转折，是对于此项政策的漏洞的描述，都属于重要考点结构，可以设置细节题的正确选项。At the same time, the policy
9、addresses none of the truly thorny questions about homework. If the district finds homework to be unimportant to its students academic achievement, it should move to reduce or eliminate the assignments, not make them count for almost nothing. Conversely, if homework does nothing to ensure that the h
10、omework students are not assigning more than they are willing to review and correct.本段首句承接上段进一步指出此政策的漏洞：没有解决真正棘手的问题。第二句+ 第三句利用对比结构指出此项政策的鸡肋：家庭作业无用就应该废除，有用就应该保留，而不是让其占 10%的成绩。最后一句继续提出其他尚未解决的漏洞：无法确定这 10%的作业是否对学生有意义，老师是否有精力批改等。从考点设置上说，本段第二句+第三句构成的对比结构是对首句“未解决的棘手问题”的解释，属于重要考点内容，可以设置细节题正确选项。The homework
11、rules should be put on hold while the school board, which is responsible for setting educational policy, looks into the matter and conducts public hearings. It is not too late for L.A. Unified to do homework right.本段给出作者的解决方案：新规暂缓实施，重新开听证会，希望联合分校能重新考虑这个规定的实施。从考点设置来说，本段明确给出作者对于新规的态度（否定），可以利用其设置作者观点题的
12、正确选项。21.It is implied in paragraph 1 that nowadays homework A is receiving more criticismBis no longer an educational ritualCis not required for advanced coursesDis gaining more preferences试题类型：推论题解题思路：通过题干定位到文章首段，考察的是家庭作业的相关内容。题干中的 nowadays 对应首句中转折后半句中的 In recent years，转折后大意是家庭作业在近年受到很多鄙视（scorned）。
13、正确选项应该是偏负面的，明显A 是正确的。A 中的 more criticism 可以对应原文的 scorned。干扰排除：选项 B 对应本段第二句，原文大意是类似洛杉矶地区的学校开始改变他们对这一教育惯例的看法（this educational ritual，暗指家庭作业），而选项 B 对原文进行了字面理解，曲解了原文的大意，可以排除。选项 C 对应首段第三句，原文大意是除了一些高级课程（advanced courses）以外不允许家庭作业比重超过 10%，因此选项 C 与原文矛盾了，可以排除。选项 D 与选项 A 明显为反义选项，自然也就与原文大意矛盾，可以排除。22.L.A.Unifie
14、d has made the rule about homework mainly because poor students Atend to have moderate expectations for their educationBhave asked for a different educational standardCmay have problems finishing their homeworkDhave voiced their complaints about homework试题类型：事实信息题解题思路：通过题干 poor students 定位到原文第二段首句中的
15、 students from the impoverished。题干考察的是洛杉矶联合校区制定有关家庭作业的规则是因为贫穷的学生？。第二段首句明确指出之所以制定此规则（rule）就是为了应对来自贫穷或者混乱家庭的学生无法完成作业的难题（address the difficulty in completing their homework），可以直接对应选项 C。干扰排除：选项 A（have moderate expectations）和选项 D（voiced their complaints）在定位段落都没有出现，属于无中生有的选项，可以直接排除。选项 B（different educatio
16、nal standard）对应原文第二段的最后一句话中（standards need to be lowered for poor children），看似是正确选项，但是原文意思是如果校方这么做会带来“贫穷学生降低标准”的后果，不等同于选项贫穷孩子要求（asked for）降低标准，因此可以排除。23.According to Paragraph 3,one problem with the policy is that it may Adiscourage students from doing homeworkBresult in students indifference to the
17、ir report cardsCundermine the authority of state testsDrestrict teachers power in education试题类型：事实信息题解题思路：通过题干定位到原文第三段，考察的是新政策可能带来的问题。第三段第二句转折指出因为家庭作业只占 10%比重，所以学生可能会逃避一半的家庭作业（easily skip half their homework），而不会在自己的成绩报告单上看出差别（see very little difference on their report cards），言下之意就是学生不会积极的去完成自己的家庭作业
18、，因此选项 A 是正确的。干扰排除：选项 B 同样对应转折当句，但是原文并未提及学生对于自己的成绩单是漠不关心的（indifference ），可以直接排除。选项 C（the authority of state tests）在原文并未提及，可以直接排除。选项 D 对应第三段的最后一句话（同样存在转折，而且从常识上考虑 D 也能说得通，因此是一个干扰性很强的选项）。原文利用 rather than 否定此举能够让老师去发掘什么作业更适合学生（不能因材施教），但是并不等同于会限制教师的权利，选项 D 混淆了原文的内容，可以排除。24. As mentioned in Paragraph 4, a
19、 key question unanswered about homework is whether_. A it should be eliminatedBit counts much in schoolingCit places extra burdens on teacherDit is important for grades试题类型：事实信息题解题思路：通过题干定位到原文第四段。题干考察的是有关家庭作业的一个未解的问题。第四段首句就提出还有很多重要的问题没有解决（addresses none of the truly thorny questions）。从总分的关系上说，下面就应该进
20、一步指出未解决问题是什么。第二句和第三句通过第三句开头的 conversely 构成对比关系，大意是如果不重要那就干脆别做（move to reduce or eliminate），如果重要，那就让其占更大的评分比重。因此可以看出，问题之一就是家庭作业对于教学究竟重要还是不重要。选项 B 是正确的。干扰排除：选项 A 和 D 正好分别出自第二句和第三句，只说到了问题的一半，并不如这么全面，可以直接排除。选项（extra burdens on teachers）在定位段中并没有出现，属于无中生有的选项，可以排除。25.A suitable title for this text could be
21、_AWrong Interpretation of an Educational PolicyBA Welcomed Policy for Poor StudentsCThorny Questions about HomeworkDA Faulty Approach to Homework试题类型：主旨题解题思路：主旨题往往和文章的首尾段关系最大。首段在背景明确的情况下很可能给出全文讨论的中心，通过本文第一段的阅读，明确讨论的中心就是洛杉矶联合校区关于家庭作业的一项新政策。而根据顺序原则，文章最后一段还没有被考察过，最后最后一句指出对于洛杉矶联合校区来说，正确处理家庭作业一事还为时不晚，言下之
22、意是作者认为文章前半部分提到的“减少家庭作业的在成绩单中的比重”这件事是做的不对的。因此选项 D 是符合文章大意的。干扰排除：选项 A 中的 Wrong Interpretation 意思是误解，原文讲的并不是误解了一个教育政策，而是教育政策本身是有问题的，因此 A 可以排除。选项 B 明确和作者的观点矛盾（本身作者就认为这个针对贫穷学生推出的政策有问题，welcomed 一词就不符合主旨了），可以直接排除。选项 C 只是对应了第四段的内容，无法概括全文，也可以快速排除。Text2Pretty in pink: adult women do not remember being so obse
23、ssed with the colour, yet it is pervasive in our young girls lives. It is not that pink is intrinsically bad, but it is such a tiny slice of the rainbow and, though it may celebrate girlhood in one way, it also repeatedly and firmly fuses girls identity to appearance. Then it presents that connectio
24、n, even among two-year-olds, between girls as not only innocent but as evidence of innocence. Looking around, I despaired at the singular lack of imagination about girls lives and interests。本段首句指出现象： 年轻女性迷恋粉色。第二句+第三句作者对其提出反驳：粉色会强化女孩身份和外表间的关联，让人觉得女孩就是天真的（实际是一种贬义的语义，作者认为女孩应该像彩虹一样有多重特征）。第四句作者直接支指出作者对这种
25、现象的失望。从考点设置来说，本段最后一句是对前两句内容的总结，明确了作者的态度，可以利用其设置作者观点题的正确选项。Girls attraction to pink may seem unavoidable, somehow encoded in their DNA, but according to Jo Paoletti, an associate professor of American Studies, it is not. Children were not colour-coded at all until the early 20th century: in the era b
26、efore domestic washing machines all babies wore white as a practical matter, since the only way of getting clothes clean was to boil them. Whats more, both boys and girls wore what were thought of as gender-neutral dresses.When nursery colours were introduced, pink was actually considered the more m
27、asculine colour, a pastel version of red, which was associated with strength. Blue, with its intimations of the Virgin Mary, constancy and faithfulness, symbolised femininity. It was not until the mid-1980s, when amplifying age and sex differences became a dominant childrens marketing strategy, that
28、 pink fully came into its own, when it began to seem inherently attractive to girls, part of what defined them as female, at least for the first few critical years。本段首句借用 Jo Paoletti 的观点，指出女孩对粉色的迷恋和基因无关。第二句+ 第三句指出过去的小孩衣着并没有明确的色彩区分，统一为白色。男女一般都穿中性色彩的衣服。第四句+第五句指出后来出现颜色区分后，男孩对应粉色而女孩对应蓝色。第六句顺接指出，知道 80 年代
29、后，粉色才逐渐变成女孩的主导色。从考点设置来说，本段首句为人物观点，属于重要考点结构。但是考官避开这个观点内容，在本段选择了“蓝色”作为出题点，主要考察了考生在长段落中利用题干定位的能力。I had not realised how profoundly marketing trends dictated our perception of what is natural to kins, including our core beliefs about their psychological development. Take the toddler. I assumed that phas
30、e was something experts developed after years of research into childrens behaviour: wrong. Turns out, according to Daniel Cook, a historian of childhood consumerism, it was popularised as a marketing trick by clothing manufactures in the 1930s。本段首句提出作者观点：市场营销对此有重要推动作用。第二句到第四句作者举例“学步期”这一概念其实是市场营销首段而非
31、专家的研究结构来证明自己的观点。从考点设置来说，本段首句+剩余内容为总分结构，首句观点为重点内容，对应本段的正确选项必然与“市场营销”这个点有关。Trade publications counselled department stores that, in order to increase sales, they should create a “third stepping stone” between infant wear and older kids clothes. It was only after “toddler”became a common shoppers term
32、that it evolved into a broadly accepted developmental stage. Splitting kids, or adults,into ever-tinier categories has proved a sure-fire way to boost profits. And one of the easiest ways to segment a market is to magnify gender differences or invent them where they did not previously exist。本段承接上段，对
33、市场营销的概念做了细化。首句+第二句指出商业周刊的建议：应该在“婴儿”和“大龄儿童”间创造“学步期”这一概念来扩大自己的产品线。第三句+第四句顺接做进一步解释：通过市场细分，创造出差异性，可以提高盈利。从考点设置来说，本段三四两句是对前两句内容的进一步清晰的解释，也是对上段”市场营销“的具体手段和目的的描述，从内容上说属于重要的考点，可以设置细节题的正确选项。26.By saying “it is.the rainbow“(Line 3, Para.1)，the author means pink_Ashould not be the sole representation of girlho
34、odBshould not be associated with girls innocenceCcannot explain girls lack of imaginationDcannot influence girls lives and interests试题类型：句意理解题解题思路：句义理解题主要从两方面入手：句子本身的大意和之前之后帮助解释说明的内容。本句 such a tiny slice 暗示作者认为粉色不过是彩虹当中的很小的一抹颜色，会不断的强化女孩身份和外表之间的关系（fuses girls identity to appearance），言下之意就是不应该让粉色代表女孩。
35、所以选项A 是正确的。通过前一句中的 pervasive 和本段最后一句中的 despair 也能看出，作者本身对于粉色就是女孩代言人这一看法表示不认同。干扰排除：首段第三句中指出女孩和天真之间是有直接关联的（but as evidence of innocence），因此可以直接排除 B 选项。选项 C 和 D 是出自本段最后一句的一个并列结构，一定要注意出现这种选项结构，往往两个选项都是不对的（原文中并列证明两个点的重要新一致，要么全对要么全错），而且题干内容并不能引申出这个意思（原文最后一句作者指出对女孩生活和兴趣的想象力的缺乏表示绝望），属于过度推论，可以排除。27.According
36、 to Paragraph 2, which of the following is true of colours?AColours are encoded in girls DNA。BBlue used to be regarded as the colour for girls。CPink used to be a neutral colour in symbolising genders。DWhite is preferred by babies。试题类型：事实信息题解题思路：通过题干定位到原文第二段。题干考察的是对于颜色的说法哪个选项是正确的。在没有更具体的定位点的情况下，只能通过选
37、项的定位来排除。原文第二段第五句 Blue, with its intimations of the Virgin Mary, constancy and faithfulness, symbolised femininity（蓝色代表坚贞和忠贞，被认为是女性的象征），直接对应选项 B。干扰排除：选项 A 对应本段首句的前半句，但是后半句中的 but 直接否定了这个观点（it is not）， A 可以排除。选项 C 的 neutral colour 在本段第三句中明确指出是白色，而不是粉色，C 可以排除。选项 D 对应原文第二句，原文只是提到婴儿穿白色的衣服，但是没有说婴儿都喜欢白色的衣服，
38、D 属于过度推论，可以排除。28.The author suggests that our perception of childrens psychological development was much influenced by_Athe marketing of products for childrenBthe observation of childrens natureCresearches into childrens behaviorDstudies of childhood consumption试题类型：事实信息题解题思路：通过题干 childrens psycholo
39、gical development 定位到原文第三段第一句。题干考察的是我们对于小孩的心里发育的理解受到什么因素的影响。原文第三段首句指出我并没有意识到市场营销趋势（marketing trends）对于我们理解小孩的心里发育的重大影响（how profoundly），言下之意是市场营销确实存在重大的影响。第三段第二句开始进行举例论证，指出“学步期”只是制造商的一个营销技巧（marketing trick），支持第一句。所以选项 A 是正确的。干扰排除：选项 B 对应第三段首句中的 what is natural to kins，原文并没指出我们对于小孩天性的观察对于小孩的心里发育很重要这个点
40、，所以可以直接排除。选项 C 和选项 D 分别对应本段的第三句和第四句内容，虽然两句中分别带有 childrens behavior 和 childhood consumerism，但是一个是作者的错误理解（以为学步期是专家经过儿童行为研究后得出的结论），另外一个只是对 historian 的限定内容，都无法解释题干信息，所以都可以排除。29.We may learn from Paragraph 4 that department stores were advised to_Afocus on infant wear and older kids clothesBattach equal
41、importance to different gendersCclassify consumers into smaller groupsDcreate some common shoppers terms试题类型：事实信息题解题思路：通过题干定位到原文第四段。department stores 出现在第四段首句。首句指出商业刊物建议百货商店，为了增大销量，应该在婴儿装和大童装之间增加“第三种手段（third stepping stone）”。本句作为观点并没有明确解释何为第三种手段。通过语篇分析，第三句带有比较关系，很可能设置正确选项。第三句承接首句明确指出将孩子或者成人进行进一步细分（S
42、plitting kids, or adults,into ever-tinier categories）可确保提高利润（a sure-fire way to boost profits）。因此选项 C 是正确的。干扰排除：选项 A 做法与原文明显是矛盾的（第三句明确要对各年龄段的人都做进一步的细分），可以直接排除。选项 B 的 different genders 在原文最后一句提到，但是原文意思是通过扩大性别差异可以增加销量，与 B 明显相反，可以排除。选项的 common shoppers terms 出现在本段第二句，等同于第一句中的 third stepping stone，并没有指明
43、到底是什么样的一种方式来帮助百货商店增加销量，因此也可以排除。30.It can be concluded that girls attraction to pink seems to be_A clearly explained by their inborn tendencyBfully understood by clothing manufacturersC mainly imposed by profit-driven businessmenDwell interpreted by psychological experts试题类型：事实信息题解题思路：本题带有全文结论性质，并没有明
44、确的定位点，按照顺序原则上一题已经将最后一段考察完毕，因此无法通过顺序要判断此题的正确选项可能出现的段落。这种情况下考生需要冷静应对，一般最后一题要么考察最后一段，要么就是考察全文主旨（在上一题已经考察完最后一段的情况下），因此本题正确选项极有可能是和主旨相关的内容。全文主旨是女孩之所以会如此的钟爱粉红色完全是因为制造商的市场营销（）的行为。在第二段开始一直到第四段内容中都有出现这个内容，因此选项自然就是正确的。干扰排除：选项明确被原文第二段首句后半句的转折否定，原文已经明确指出女孩喜欢红色和遗传等内在因素无关。选项与选项是矛盾的，制造商并不是真的了解女孩的喜好，而是被利益所驱使，所以可以快速
45、排除。选项对应第三段第二句中的 psychological，但是作者自己否定了这一观点，所以也可以排除。Text 3In 2010, a federal judge shook Americas biotech industry to its core. Companies had won patents for isolated DNA for decades-by 2005 some 20% of human genes were parented. But in March 2010 a judge ruled that genes were unpatentable. Executiv
46、es were violently agitated. The Biotechnology Industry Organisation (BIO)， a trade group, assured members that this was just a “preliminary step” in a longer battle. 本段前三句描述一事件：美国联邦法官认为基因是不能获得专利权的，二这是美国生物公司的核心竞争力。第四句+第五句给出行业面对这一判断的回应：CEO 坐立不安，而 BIO 表示会与此判决进行抗争。从考点设置来说，本段第二句的转折以及第四句的引号观点属于重要考点结构，适合设置
47、正确选项。On July 29th they were relieved, at least temporarily. A federal appeals court overturned the prior decision, ruling that Myriad Genetics could indeed hold patents to two genes that help forecast a womans risk of breast cancer. The chief executive of Myriad, a company in Utah,said the ruling wa
48、s a blessing to firms and patients alike. 本段描述此事件的专机。首句+第二句指出联邦上诉法院推翻了之前的判决，裁定 Myriad 可以保留两项基因专利。第三句指出公司 CEO 的观点，认为这对公司和病患都是福音。本段并未设计考题，主要是因为本段的事件描述和上段关联很大，都是围绕基因是否可获得专利展开，没有必要再次出题。But as companies continue their attempts at personalised medicine, the courts will remain rather busy. The Myriad case
49、itself is probably not over Critics make three main arguments against gene patents: a gene is a product of nature, so it may not be patented; gene patents suppress innovation rather than reward it; and patents monopolies restrict access to genetic tests such as Myriads. A growing number seem to agree.Last year a federal task-force urged reform for patents related to genetic tests. In October the Department of Just
