1、ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW OF MINING IN PERSPECTIVE采矿环境的客观评论By: DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES发布者：能源和矿产资源部Environmental management for sustainable development is one alternative to overcome underdevelopment and high population growth rate. On the other hand, the implementation would require th
2、e processing of natural resources as an input to development will ultimately have an impact on its surrounding environment. 环境管理的可持续发展是克服经济不发达及人口高速增长问题的一个选择。另一方面，可持续发展的环境管理的实施需要对自然资源作出加工处理，这最终将会对周围环境产生影响。This happens when the implementation of development efforts are not based on achievement of obje
3、ctives and the nature of environment.当发展的努力不再以实现目标及环境性质为基础实施的时候，这种情况就会发生了。Law no.23 of 1997, impact is defined as the influence of human development activities on the environment. This is understandable because the purpose of these laws intended to protect the environment against unwise development.
4、1997年第 23号法律将影响定义为人类发展活动对环境产生的影响。这是可以理解的，因为制定这些法律的目的就是为了防止盲目发展从而实现对环境的保护。In the outlines of state policy (GBHN) of Republic of Indonesia states that sustainable development is a national policy. Sustainable development emphasizes on environment development which is a development concept in the utili
5、zation of natural resources and the environment for the purpose to monitor the balance of the environment and preserving its function and capabilities, so while providing great benefits for the development and welfare of the present generation, are also useful for future generations to come.印度尼西亚共和国
6、国家政策概述中陈述了可持续发展是一项基本国策。可持续发展强调对环境的发展，其发展观是利用自然资源和环境以监测环境的平衡，维护其功能和能力，因此当可持续发展为现代人的发展和福利提供很大的好处同时也有益于孙后代。One of the sectors that influence such development is the mining sector. Mining sector is a sector which derives from production activities usage of the natural resources.采矿部门是影响可持续发展的一个部门。他是源于利用自
7、然资源进行生产活动的部门。The mining sector should have the goals of development which are:采矿部门的发展目标如下：1. Increased investment in the expansion of mining employment and business opportunities.1 在矿业就业和商业机会增长的背景下增加投资；2. Increased production and added value of mining production.2 扩大生产规模及提升矿产品的价值；3. Transfer of tech
8、nology and workforce competence.3 技术转让及人员竞争力；4. Increased health and safety of mining.4 增进采矿的健康和安全；5. The decline of illegal mining activities.5 杜绝违规采矿活动。While development targets for the environmental sector are:环境部门发展的目标是：1. Controllable water quality through an integrated approach between the pol
9、icy of conservation land and sea areas.1 在土地保护政策和海域之间通过整合的方法实现可控的水质；2. Increasing public awareness of the importance of maintaining natural resources and the environment.2 增加公众对自然资源及环境保护重要性的意识。Without leaving sustainable development objectives and with reference to the objectives of sustainable deve
10、lopment, mining activities are expected to have negative and positive impacts on the environment. The entire action plan will be carried out in detailed consideration and assessment in the light of the benefits to the initiators, community and nation. 不舍弃可持续发展的目标并考虑到可持续发展目标，采矿活动对环境可能产生积极和消极的影响。根据对发起
11、者、集体及国家的利益的需要，整个行动规划将在周密考虑及评估的基础上的实施。Mining feasibility study can be described as:开采的可行性研究可以被描述成：Impacts that can arise as a result of mining activities:可行性研究环境可行性技术可行性经济可行性Feasibility StudyEnvironmental FeasibilityTechnical feasibilityEconomic feasibilityEnvironmentThe balance between environmental
12、 componentsDisturbed balanceEnvironment has limited capacity and carrying capacity, as well as the recovery from the incoming pollutant loadChanges that occur on one component of the environment, from both the result of natural events and human activitiesEnvironmental Pollution Environmental damage
13、Prevention / managementOperation Prevention采矿活动产生的影响：Characteristics of mining activities are:采矿活动具有如下特点： Underground在地下； Restricted in place on the earths surface局限于地球表层的某个地方； Progression stages运行步骤：- General survey综合评述；- Exploration探测；- Exploitation开采；- Post-Mining环境环境各因素间的平衡打乱平衡环境有有限能力和承载能力，同时具有从
14、传入的污染负荷中恢复的。源于自然事件和人类活动结果的环境因素的变化环境污染 环境损害 预防/ 管理操作 预防采矿作业后期； Non-renewable resources不可再生资源； Capital intensive, technology and risk资本密集、科技和风险； Can function as an activator of development起发展催化剂的作用； Can provide a large multiplier effect提供一个大的乘数效应； Very large financial risk较大的金融风险。Several laws and regu
15、lations governing the environment:适用于环境的法律法规如下：Government Regulation No.27 / 1999 regulates the Analysis of Environmental Impact (EIA)1999年第 27号政府规章对环境影响分析作了规定- Article 2 paragraph (1) Analysis of environmental impacts is part of the activities of business plans feasibility studies and / or activiti
16、es.第 2条第 1段环境影响分析是经营计划可行性研究活动和或活动的一部分。- Article 2 paragraph (2) EIA results are used as regional development planning materials.第 2条第 2段环境影响分析的结果被用作地区发展规划的材料。Environmental Protection settings after Environmental Act 1997 and Act No.32 of 20041997年环境法颁布后的环境保护及 2004年第 32号法案- Act 23 of 1997 on environm
17、ental management1997年第 23号环境管理法- Act 32 of 2004 on local government2004年第 32号地方政府法案Comment 中中中中1: 单词是不是拼写错误？- Government Regulation of 1999 on the EIA1999年政府规章之环境影响分析- Government Regulation 18/1999 jo 85/19991999年第 18号政府规章及 1999年第 85号政府规章- Government Regulation 25 of 2000 on the authority of governm
18、ent2000年第 25号政府规章之政府权力- Government Regulation No.75 of 2001 regarding the second change of government regulation No. 32 of 19692001年政府规章关于 1969年第 32号政府规章的第二次修订问题- Government Regulation no.82 of 2001 on water pollution control2001年第 82号政府规章之水污染控制- Decision of the Mining and Energy Minister 1453.K and
19、 1457.K year 20002000年矿产和能源部长 1453.K及 1457.K决策- Environment ministers decision No.40 of 2000 (the Regional EIA Commission UKL-UPL -Circular Directorate General of Geology and Mineral Resources no.972/40.01/DJG/2004)2000年第 40号环境部长决策（地区性的环境影响分析委员会 UKL-UPL -地址总局和第972/40.01/DJG/2004矿产资源）- Shared decisio
20、ns by the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources and the Head of State Finance No.1247.K/70/MEM/2002 - No.17 of 2002 on Guidelines mines inspector functional position and number of credit能源和矿产资源部长和国家财政部长共享 No.1247.K/70/MEM/2002 - No.17 of 2002关于指引矿山督查者的功能定位和信贷数量的决策。 - Regulation of the Minister of
21、 Energy and Mineral Resources No.18 year 2008 on the reclamation and mine closure2008年第 18号能源和矿产资源部长规章之开垦和闭矿Article 9 of Law No.23 of 1997Article 15 of Law NONo.23 of 1997Article 3 (4) of Government RegulationExternalities No.27 of 1999Article 11 (1) of Law No.32 of 2004Article 19 (1) of Law No.23 o
22、f 1997Article 8 (1) of YES Government RegulationNo.27 of 1999Article 9 (1) of Government RegulationNo.27 of 1999 NOYES NOArticle 10 (1) of Government RegulationNo.27 of 1999Current conditionsLaw no.23 of 1997 jo Government regulation No.27 of 1999 and the law 32 of 2004MiningVital impactEIACross Pro
23、vinceCross County / CityEnvironmental Management Efforts / Environmental Monitoring Efforts (UKL /UPL)EIA commission district / cityMembers:- Technical team provincial mining agencies- Department of Energy and mineral resources technical teamEIA commission provinceArticle 11 (2) of Government Regula
24、tion no.27 of 1999Members:- Technical team provincial mining agencies- Technical team county / cityEIA commission provinceArticle 11 (1) of Government Regulation no.27 of 1999Members:- Technical team county / city - Technical team provincial mining agenciesEnvironment Agency1997年第 23号法律第 9条否1997年第 2
25、3号法律第 15条 1999年第 27号政府规章第 3条第 4款外部效应 2004年第 32号法律第 11条第 1款 1997 年第 23号法律第19条第 1款1999年第 27号政府规章第 8条第 1款现状1997 第 23 号法案、1999 年第 27 号政府规章及 2004 年第 32 号法案采矿重要影响环境危害分析环境管理努力 / 环境监测努力(UKL /UPL)环境机构采矿重要影响是1 1999年第 27号政府 政府规章第 9条第 1款 否是否 1999年第 27号政府规章第 10条第 1款跨省跨县 / 市省环境影响评估委员会1999 年第 27 号政府规章第 11 条第 1款会员：
26、- 县/市技术组- 省环境机构技术组区/市环境评估委员会会员：:- 省环境机构技术组- 能源和矿产资源部技术组省环境影响评估委员会1999 年第 27 号政府规章第 11 条第 2款会员：- 省环境机构技术组- 县/市技术组Therefore environmental management should be:因此，环境管理应该：1. Wise and careful, because non-renewable and have an impact to the environment.1 因为不可再生及对环境的影响，环境管理应明智且慎重；2. Encourage mining activ
27、ities to do Better Mining Practices 2鼓励采矿活动做的更好；3. Develop a system of partnership3 发展合作关系网To anticipate the possibility of the unwanted consequences, any activity plan should be preceded by environmental survey, in this case Environment Impact Analysis (EIA).鉴于预见有害后果的可能性，任何活动计划应该在环境调查之后进行，这就是环境影响评估
28、（EIA） 。EVALUATION OF THE IMPACT OF MINING ON THE ENVIRONMENT采矿对环境的影响评估Significant impact evaluation EIA / Environmental Management Efforts / Environmental Monitoring Plan (UKL / UPL)PhysicalChemicalBiology- Changes in the landscape / topography- Changes in surface water flow patterns- The general de
29、cline in water quality (muddy and shallow)- Increased erosion of open pit- Decrease in surface water pH / acid mine water- Increased concentrations of heavy metals in waters- Increased levels of oil and grease in waters- Increasing concentrations of coli bacteria- Decrease in soil fertility- Disrupt
30、ion of wildlife habitat- Decrease in the number and types of flora and fauna of land and waters重大影响的评估 环境影响评估 / 环境管理努力 / 环境监测计划(UKL / UPL)物理的化学的生物学的社会经济和文化的- 景观/地势上的变化- 地表水流动形态的变化- 水质下降(淤泥和浅滩)- 露天矿的加速侵蚀- 地表水 pH 值/酸性矿水的下降- 水中重金属浓缩物的减少- 水中油脂等级的降低- 大肠杆菌浓聚物的增加- 土壤肥力的下降- 野生生物环境的破坏- 陆地和水中动植物群数量和种类的减少- 本地社
31、区对土地补偿问题的关注- 本地社区对就业机会问题的关注- 本地社区对文化冲击问题的关注- 本地社区对社会不平等问题的关注环境管理Social Economic and cultural- Local community concerns over the issue of land compensation- Local community concerns over the issue of employment opportunities- Local community concerns over the issue of cultural impact- Local community
32、 concerns over the issue of social inequalityENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENTEvaluation of environmental impact can also be distinguished in the Environment component affected, namely:受环境影响要素在环境影响评估中可作如下分类：1. Abiotic environmental components1 非生物的环境元素These abiotic environmental components include elements o
33、f physical and chemical environment in this regard include:就这一点而言，非生物的环境元素包括如下物理及化学环境元素：- Climate and air quality气候和空气质量- Physiography自然地理学- Hydrology水文地理学- Hydro oceanography, and 水利海洋学- Land development土地开发2. Biotic environmental componentsThese biology environmental components include elements of
34、 flora, fauna or the environment, whether living on land and who live in the waters2生物环境元素生物环境元素包括陆生和水生的植物群、动物群或环境，3. Cultural environmental componentsEnvironmental component of this culture includes socio-demography elements, socio-economic, socio-cultural and public health 3.文化环境元素文化环境元素包括社会人口统计学因
35、素、社会经济学、社会文化及公共卫生。The three components mentioned above are things that need handling or environmental management on every job or mining activities.在每一件工作或采矿活动中，上面提到的三个元素都需要治理或者环境管理。MINING ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT采矿环境管理There are several stages of mining environmental management are:采矿环境管理分为如下阶段：A. Pl
36、anning- Technical planning of a comprehensive mining and follow the standard- Determination of reserves through exploration study- Licensing (licensing stage, type of permit)- Feasibility Study- Mining environmental protection (EIA document)- Identify the potential for acid mine waterA. 规划综合开采的技术规划和
37、标准探测研究后储量的测定申请许可证（申请许可证的步骤及许可证的类型）可行性研究采矿的环境保护（环境影响评估文件）识别酸性矿水的潜能B. Operational- Applying the appropriate technology and mining and follow the technical standards based on affectivity and efficiency- Slope stability Pit / Ex pit Rock pile cap- Erosion and sedimentation control- Liquid waste manageme
38、nt and tailings- Management of hazardous waste and toxic materials- Acid mine water management- Reclamation Recovery function of land surface Prevent floods / landslidesB. 操作运用适宜技术采矿、在情感及效率的基础上遵守技术标准坡面稳定性矿井/场外岩石柱承台侵蚀及沉降控制液状废物的管理和尾桨危险废物及有毒物质的管理酸性矿水的管理开垦地表功能的恢复洪水/滑坡的预防C. Monitoring- Quality of mining
39、surface water runoff- Quality of recipient water bodies- Air Quality- Slope stability and erosion rates- Soil quality- Flora and fauna- The success of ex-mining land reclamation- Public perceptionC. 监测采矿地表水径流的质量受体的水体质量空气质量坡面稳定性及侵蚀率土质动植物群采矿前土地的成功开垦公众意识D. Mine Closure and Reclamation- Refilling the fo
40、rmer miningComment 中中中中2: 是不是拼写错了？- Stockpile outside the mining area- Former mining road- Sedimentation pond- Other supporting facilities- Re-vegetation Refilling the former mining Refilling outside the mining area- Post-mine reclamation through the mine closure planningD. 闭矿及开垦回填已采矿山采矿区外侧的堆积已采矿山的道
41、路沉降池其它的配套设施重新种植回填已采矿山矿区外部的回填闭矿规划之采矿后的土地开垦The estimated impacts arising from mining activities:采矿活动可能产生的影响：1. Landscape changes1 景观的变化2. Slope stability disturbance2 坡面稳定性扰动3. The decline of physical-chemical quality of water, soil, and ai3 水、土壤及 ai的理化质量的下降4. Land erosion increases4 土壤侵蚀的加大5. Disturb
42、ance of flora and fauna habitat5 对植物群栖息地的干扰6. Changes in land allotment6 土地分配上的变化7. Social unrest7 社会动荡To anticipate the emergence of environmental degradation, prevention efforts must be planned in all components, including:鉴于可能出现环境恶化的问题，各个部门需做好的预防工作规划如下：1. Government- Determination of legislation,
43、 preparation of technical guidelines, etc.- Improving human resources in various institution.- Counseling, guidance, training, socialization.- Monitoring and evaluation1 政府立法决策、技术指南的制备等等； 提高各部门的人力资源水平；咨询、指导、培训、社交；监测及评估。The task of government is:政府职责：Evaluating mining companies in carrying out the pr
44、ovisions / regulations, supervise the performance of mining companies in the implementation of effective and efficient mining.评估矿业公司对规定/法规的实施情况,并对矿业公司有效及高效的开采情况进行监督。2. Proponent (Obligations to be performed before, during and towards the end of activities)- Feasibility study (technical, economical,
45、environmental)- Plan activities based on the results of a detailed exploitation- Mine closure plan- Reporting2 建议人（活动前、活动中及活动接近尾声时义务的履行）可行性研究（技术、经济、环境）精细开采基础上的计划活动闭矿计划报告Liability initiator before, during, and towards the end of this activity manifested in the form of:- Technical Annual Work Plan and
46、 Environmental Management (RKTTL)- Field work implementation report quarterly and annually.- The land use for exploitation.- Every 5-year reclamation plan- Reclamation Guarantee- Report on the implementation of reclamation- Environmental incident response reports发起人在活动前、活动中及活动接近尾声时的责任形式：科技年工作计划及环境管理
47、(RKTTL)现场工作季度及年度报告的制定开采土地的使用5年一次的开垦计划开垦保证开垦计划的实施报告环境事件响应报告3. Community3社区In this case also the communitys role is expected among others are:- Understand and consider the benefits of investment- Participate in the maintenance and supervision in the framework of environmental protection在此种情况下，社区在其中的作用
48、是：了解及考虑投资收益；参与环境保护框架的维护及监管In addition, the government through the Minister of Environment issues a decree which regulate about guidelines for the management of cases of pollution complaints and / or destruction of the Environment (Decree of the Minister of Environment No. 19 of 2004). That way the p
49、ublic expected to be aware and participate to monitoring the environment around her.此外，政府应通过环境部长发布规范污染投诉和或破坏环境案件管理的指导方针（环境部长2004年第 19号令） 。那样，公众会期望了解及参与对周边环境的监督。Therefore, the government develops agency for Settling Complaints and Dispute upon the Environment under the Provincial and County / City Environment Management.因此,政府在省级、县/市环境管理下体制下设置环境投诉及争端解决机构。Environmental Management Efforts and Environmental Monitoring Plan (UKL-UPL) are environmental assessment of business plans / activities with a smaller scale. However, th
