1、一中古英语时期 Beowulf is the oldest poem in the English language, and the most important specimen (范例、典范)of Anglo-Saxon literature, and also the oldest surviving epic in the English language. The romance is a popular literary form in the medieval period（中世纪）. It uses verse or prose to sing knightly advent
2、ures or other heroic deeds. Geoffrey Chaucer, one of the greatest English poets, whose masterpiece, The Canterbury Tales（ 坎特伯雷故事集 ） , was one of the most important influences on the development of English literature. Chaucer is considered as the father of English poetry and the founder of English re
3、alism.二文艺复兴 Renaissance Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries. It marks a transition(过渡) from the medieval to the modern world. It started in Italy with the flowering of painting, sculpture（雕塑） and literature, and then spread to the rest of Europe. Humanism is the
4、essence of Renaissance -Man is the measure of all things. This was Englands Golden Age in literature. Queen Elizabeth reigned over the country in this period. The real mainstream of the English Renaissance is the Elizabethan drama. The most famous dramatists in the Renaissance England are Christophe
5、r Marlowe and William Shakespeare. The greatest of the pioneers of English drama was Christopher Marlowe. Francis Bacon was the best known essayist of this period. “Of Studies” is the most popular of Bacons 58 essays. Thomas More Utopia Edmund SpenserThe Faerie Queene 相关练习 1. Which is the oldest poe
6、m in the English language? A. Utopia B. Faerie Queene C. Beowulf D. Hamlet 2. _ is the father of English poetry. A. Edmund Spenser B. William Shakespeare C. Francis Bacon D. Geoffrey Chaucer 3. _ is not a playwright during the Renaissance period on England. A. William Shakespeare B. Geoffrey Chaucer
7、 C. Christopher Marlowe D. Ben Johnson三莎士比亚 William Shakespeare “All the world s a stage, and all the men and women merely players.”William Shakespeare William Shakespeare is considered the greatest playwright in the world and the finest poet who has written in the English language. Shakespeare unde
8、rstood people more than any other writers. He could create characters that have meaning beyond the time and place of his plays. His four tragedies are Hamlet( 哈姆雷特 ), Othello( 奥赛罗 ), King Lear( 李尔王 ) and Macbeth( 麦克白 ). Shakespeares sonnets, 154 in number, are the only direct expression of the poets
9、 own feelings; Sonnet 18 deserves its fame because it is one of the most beautifully written verses in the English language 诗选 Sonnet 18 Shall I compare thee to a Summers day? Thou art more lovely and more temperate. Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, And Summers lease hath all too short
10、a date. （我怎能将你与夏日相比? /你比它更温和可爱： /动人的花蕾在五月咆哮的风中颤抖， /夏日的美好时光也绝不长久： ） Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines, And often is his gold complexion dimmd; And every fair from fair sometime declines, By chance, or natures changing course, untrimmd; （太阳的金色光芒虽然耀眼， /却常常以灰暗的面貌出现；/ 再美貌的物什都逃不过凋谢，/命运流转或无意间将其拆解；）
11、 But thy eternal Summer shall not fade, Nor lose possession of that fair thou owst Nor shall Death brag thou wanderst in his shade, When in eternal line to time thou growst. So long as men can breath or eyes can see, So long lives this, and this gives life to thee. （可你如夏日般不会褪色, /你的美貌也将永存; /死神无法夸耀你曾在
12、它的阴影中游荡, /伴随永恒的诗篇你将留存。/只要人类生生不息 我的诗句能被见证, /你就会在传承中得到永生！） 相关练习 1. Shakespeares greatest tragedies are the following works except _. A. Hamlet B. King Lear C. Romeo and Juliet D. Othello 2. The Essence of Renaissance, the most significant intellectual movement, was_. A. Geographical exploration B. Rel
13、igious reformation C. Publishing and translation D. Humanism. 3. In “Sonnet 18”, Shakespeare_. A. Meditate on the destructive power of time and eternal beauty by poetry. B. Satirize(讽刺) humans vanity. C. Predict(预测) the eternity of love. D. Eulogize(颂扬) the power of the beauty. 4. Which of the follo
14、wing statement best illustrates the theme of Shakespeares Sonnet 18? A. The speaker eulogizes the power of Nature. B. The speaker satirizes human vanity. C. The speaker praises the power of artistic creation. D. The speaker meditates on mans salvation. 5. The Renaissance refers to between 14th-mid-1
15、7th century, which was under the reign of Queen _and absolute monarchy in England reached its summit, and in which the real mainstream (真正的文学主流) was _. A. Victoria/poetry B. Elizabeth/ drama C. Mary/ novel D. James/ drama 6. _, the first of the great tragedies, is generally regarded as Shakespeares
16、most popular play on the stage, for it has the qualities of a “blood-and-thunder” thriller and a philosophical exploration of life and death. A. The Merchant of Venice B. Hamlet C. King Lear D. The Winters Tale四18 世纪英国文学 The 18th-century England is known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Rea
17、son. 17th century writer John Milton ranks as one of the greatest poets in the history of English literature. His masterpiece Paradise Lost (失乐园)was published in 1667. Later another epic poem Paradise Regained(复乐园), sequel to Paradise Lost, was published with the poetic drama Samson Agonistes(力士参孙).
18、 The mid-18th century was, however, predominated by a newly rising literary form, the modern English novel, which, contrary to the traditional romance of aristocrats, gives a realistic presentation of life of the common English people. Daniel Defoe is considered to be the father of the English novel
19、. His masterpiece is Robinson Crusoe. It is considered to be the first English novel Jonathan Swift is generally considered the greatest prose satirist(讽刺散文家) in English literature. His language is simple, clear and vigorous. He once asserted: “ Proper words in proper place, makes the true definitio
20、n of a style.” 他曾把文字风格定义成“ 恰到好处的词语用在恰到好处的地方 ” There are no ornaments in his writings. In simple, direct and precise prose, Swift is almost unsurpassed in English literature. Gullivers Travels, Jonathan Swifts best fictional work, contains four parts, each about one particular voyage during which Gul
21、liver has extraordinary adventures on some remote island after he has met with shipwreck or piracy or some other misfortune. 相关练习 1. In which of the following works can you find the proper names “Lilliput“, “Brobdingnag“, Houyhnhnm“ and “Yahoo”?A. The Pilgrims Progress B. The Farrie QueeneC. Gullive
22、rs Travels D. The School of Scandal2. _is a typical feature of Swifts writings.A. Elegant style B. Causal narrationC. Bitter satire D. Complicated sentence structure 3. The Houyhnhnms depicted by Jonathan Swift in Gullivers Travels are_.A. horses that are endowed with reason.B. pigmies that are endo
23、wed with admirable qualitiesC. giants that are superior in wisdom.D. Hairy, wild, low and despicable creatures, who resemble human beings not only in appearance but also in some other ways.五浪漫主义诗歌 （一）先驱：Robert Burns 罗伯特彭斯 ，William Blake 威廉布莱克 Robert Burns is a national poet of Scotland, a poet of pe
24、asants, his poems are written in Scottish dialect. A Red, Red Rose(红红的玫瑰) and Auld lang Syne are his most popular poems. To see a world in a grain of sand, /And a heaven in a wild flower, /Hold infinity in the palm of your hand, /And eternity in an hour. William Blake 一花一世界，一沙一天国， 君掌盛无边， 刹那含永劫。 （二）代
25、表诗人： 1. Escapist romanticists / Lake Poets(湖畔派诗人) (William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Robert Southey) 2. active romanticists /demonic group/Satanic school (撒旦派) (George Gordon Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley, John Keats) English Romanticism is generally said to have began in 1798 with the publ
26、ication of Wordsworth Beside the lake, beneath the trees, Fluttering and dancing in the breeze. Continuous as the stars that shine And twinkle on the milky way, They stretched in never-ending line Along the margin of a bay: Ten thousand saw I at a glance, Tossing their heads in sprightly dance. The
27、waves beside them danced, but they Out-did the sparkling waves in glee: A poet could not but be gay, In such a jocund company: I gazed-and gazed-but little thought What wealth the show to me had brought: For oft, when on my couch I lie In vacant or in pensive mood, They flash upon that inward eye Wh
28、ich is the bliss of solitude; And then my heart with pleasure fills, And dances with the daffodils. 我好似一朵孤独的流云， 高高地飘游在山谷之上， 突然我看到一大片鲜花， 是金色的水仙遍地开放。 它们开在湖畔，开在树下 它们随风嬉舞，随风飘荡 它们密集如银河的星星， 像群星在闪烁一片晶莹； 它们沿着海湾向前伸展， 通往远方仿佛无穷无尽； 一眼看去就有千朵万朵， 万花摇首舞得多么高兴。 粼粼湖波也在近旁欢跳， 却不如这水仙舞得轻俏； 诗人遇见这快乐的旅伴 又怎能不感到欢欣雀跃； 我久久凝视-却未领
29、悟 这景象所给予我的精神至宝。 后来多少次我郁郁独卧， 感到百无聊赖心灵空漠； 这景象便在脑海中闪现， 多少次安慰过我的寂寞 我的心又随水仙跳起舞来， 我的心又重新充满了欢乐 George Gordon Byron As a leading Romanticist, Byrons chief contribution is his creation of the “Byronic hero”, a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin. Such a hero appears first in Childe Harolds Pilgrim
30、age, and then further developed in later works such as the Oriented Tales, Manfred, and Don Juan in different guises. Don Juan(唐璜) is Byrons masterpiece, an epic satire. 诗选 She alks in eauty George Gordon Byron She walks in beauty like the night Of cloudless climes and starry skies And all thats bes
31、t of dark and bright Meets in her aspect and her eyes; Thus mellowd to that tender light Which Heaven to gaudy day denies. One shade the more one ray the less Had half impaird the nameless grace Which waves in every raven tress Or softly lightens oer her face Where thoughts serenely sweet express Ho
32、w pure how dear their dwelling-place. And on that cheek and oer that brow So soft so calm yet eloquent The smiles that win the tints that glow But tell of days in goodness spent， A mind at peace with all below A heart whose love is innocent. 她走在美的光彩中 ，像夜晚 皎洁无云而且繁星满天； 明与暗的最美妙的色泽 在她的仪容和秋波里呈现； 耀目的白天且嫌光
33、力强 它比那光亮柔和而幽暗。 增加或减少一分明与暗 就会损害这难言的美 美波动在她乌黑的发上， 或者散步淡淡的光辉； 在那脸庞，恬静的思绪 指明它的来处纯洁而珍贵。 呵，那额际，哪先验的面颊， 如此温和，平静， 而又脉脉含情， 那迷人的微笑，那容颜的光彩， 都在说明一善良的生命； 她的头脑安于世间的一切， 她的心充溢这真纯的爱情！ John Keats(墓志铭：Here lies one whose name was writ in water.) Keatss poetry describes the beauty of the natural world and art as the ve
34、hicle for his poetic imagination. his four great odes: “Ode on Melancholy,” 忧郁颂， “Ode on a Grecian Urn,” 希腊古瓮颂 ， “Ode to a Nightingale,” 夜莺颂 ， “Ode to Psyche;” 心灵颂 “Beauty is truth, truth beauty that is all” is quoted from his Ode on an Grecian Urn. Percy Bysshe Shelley Shelleys Ode To The West Wind
35、 (西风颂1819), To a skylark(1820), The Cloud are regarded as three of the most beautiful nature poems in English language. “If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?” is a famous sentence from his Ode To The West Wind.六奥斯丁 Jane Austen Austens main literary concern is about human beings in their person
36、al relationships. She is particularly preoccupied with the relationship between men four or five thousand a year. What a fine thing for our girls!” “How so? how can it affect them?” “My dear Mr. Bennet,“ replied his wife, “how can you be so tiresome! You must know that I am thinking of his marrying
37、one of them.”七The Victorian Period 维多利亚时代的小说 Chronologically the Victorian period roughly coincides with the reign of Queen Victoria over England from 1836 to 1901. In literature, the early Victorian age can be said to be the age of novel, or the age of critical realism. Among the famous novelists o
38、f the time were the critical realists like Charles Dickens, William Makepeace Thackery, Charlotte Bronte etc. In this period of intense class struggle appeared a new literary trend- -critical realism. English realism of the 19th century flourished in the forties and in the early fifties. The major c
39、ontribution made by the 19th century critical realists lies in their perfection of the novel. 90 年代哈代(Thomas Hardy)的一系列富有悲剧色彩的“威塞克斯”（Wessex）小说为维多利亚时期的小说划上一个圆满的句号（一）The Bront Sisters 勃朗特三姐妹 Charlotte Bronts masterpiece Jane Eyre简爱 is a first-person narrative of the title character. The success of the
40、 novel is also due to its introduction to the English novel the first governess heroine Jane Eyre. 选段翻译 “Do you think, because I am poor, obscure, plain, and little, I am soulless and heartless? You think wrong! And if God had gifted me with some beauty, and much wealth, I should have made it as har
41、d for you to leave me, as it is now for me to leave youit is my spirit that addresses your spirit; just as if both had passed through the grave, and we stood at Gods feet, equalas we are!” Emily Bront: Wuthering Heights, 呼啸山庄 Emily Bronte published only one novel, Wuthering Heights . But that single
42、 work has its place among the masterpieces of English literature 选段翻译 “My great miseries in this world have been Heathcliffs miseries, and I watched and felt each from the beginning: my great thought in living is himself. If all else perished(消失), and HE remained, I should still continue to be; and
43、if all else remained, and he were annihilated（摧毁）, the universe would turn to a mighty stranger: I should not seem a part of it. - My love for Linton is like the foliage（叶子） in the woods: time will change it, Im well aware, as winter changes the trees. My love for Heathcliff resembles the eternal ro
44、cks beneath: a source of little visible delight, but necessary. Nelly, I AM Heathcliff! Hes always, always in my mind: not as a pleasure, any more than I am always a pleasure to myself, but as my own being.” 相关练习 Who is the primary narrator of the novel?. Catherine . Heathcliff . Nelly . Lockwood （二
45、）狄更斯 Charles Dickens Dickens is one of the greatest critical realist writers of the Victorian Age. In A Tale of Two Cities Dickens takes the French Revolution as the background of his novel, and the “two cities” are Paris and London in the time of that revolution. Character-portrayal is the most dis
46、tinguishing feature of his works His best-depicted characters are those innocent, virtuous, persecuted, helpless child characters such as Oliver Twist, Little Nell, David Copperfield and Little Dorrit. Oliver Twist is famous for its vivid descriptions of the workhouse & life of the underworld in the
47、 19th-century London. David Copperfield is one of Dickenss best works. It was his own favorite. It is written in the first person and is the most autobiographical of all his books 选段翻译 “It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it w
48、as the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair, we had everything before us, we had nothing before us, we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way-in short, the period was so far like the present period, that some of its noisiest authorities insisted on its being received, for good or for evil, in the superlative d
