1、科技论文摘要英译技巧,张尚莲河北工业大学外国语学院2014年 9月16日,第一部分：科技英语论文写作中的要素,科技英语论文七要素,标题(Title),关键词(Keywords),摘要(Abstract),作者(Author),正文(引言Introduction，主体Body，结论Conclusion) .,致谢( Acknowledgements),参考文献( References),标题(Title)的具体要求,字数,不超过10个实词（EI） 不超过42个字符（美国医学会） 不超过12个单词（英国皇家数学学会）,内容,英语科技论文要展现论文的中心内容和重要论点，使读者能够从标题了解研究的核心
2、内容和重要观点。标题中必须包含论文的关键词，以便数据库检索系统进行检索和收录。,大小写格式 (different requirement),标题(Title)的具体要求,标题结构,名词短语为主（名词前置或后置定语）,中心词提前, 主谓结构,冠词,多数第一冠词省略（尤其是定冠词），题内冠词不可省略。 Eg. Detection of Leakage from the Gas System of Hydrogen-Cooled Generators,标题(Title)的具体要求,Nature: 15 September, 20141. Manufacture renewables to build
3、 energy security 2. Latest news Artificial spleen cleans up blood Invasive-species control: Bounty hunters Japanese woman is first recipient of next-generation stem cells,关注Nature 上的标题,关注Nature,作者(Author)的要求,作者姓名应按GT3/T 16159-1996汉语拼音正词法基本规则正确拼写,不要把名字缩写。,作者工作单位英译名要规范、统一，并与国际重要检索系统的用法一致。,作者单位应注明电子信箱。
4、,摘要(Abstract)的要求：内容,摘要(Abstract)的要求：措辞,摘要(Abstract)的要求：时态,摘要实例一,Pun Work Helps English Learners Get the Joke Abstract: Native speakers of a language learn word play as part of the language acquisition process, but learners of a new language rarely get that opportunity. English has an unusually large
5、 number of opportunities for humorous puns, based on the complex system of spellings, pronunciations, and meanings of English words. There are three main categories of English puns, and these are explained and illustrated, along with lesson plans for using puns in classroom with English language lea
6、rners. Suggested resources are included Source: Reading Teacher; Nov2011, Vol. 65 Issue 3, p197-202, 6p, 2 Charts,参考文献,引文数量 SCI收录论文平均引文数20篇以上引文质量 如果论文引用教材、手册和科普类期刊，EI Compendex 不予收录该论文。,世界上著名的三大检索工具,1.科学引文索引(Science Citation Index, SCI)是由美国科学信息研究所(ISI)1961年创办出版的引文数据库，其覆盖生命科学、临床医学、物理化学、农业、生物、兽医学、工程技术
7、等方面的综合性检索刊物，尤其能反映自然科学研究的学术水平，是目前国际上三大检索系统中最著名的一种。2.工程索引(EngineeringIndex，EI),1884年创刊，由美国工程信息公司出版，报道工程技术各学科的期刊、会议论文、科技报告等文献。3.科技会议录索引(Index to Scientific & TechnicalProceedings，ISTP)，也是由ISI出版，1978年创刊，报导世界上每年召开的科技会议的会议论文。,第二部分：科技论文摘要翻译中常见问题处理,信息冗余（Redundancy）,1)省略重复性的词,例1 不要在过冷、过热、灰尘过重或湿度过大的环境下使用这种微型计
8、算机。 Avoiding using this miniature computer in extreme cold, heat, dust, or humidity.例2 我们曾遇到过的情况,不是氧气设备出故障,就是引擎出故障,或者两者都出故障。 We had experienced oxygen and /or engine trouble.,信息冗余（Redundancy）,2)省略动词的情况,例1 大部分塑料都不容易传热和导电。 Most plastics do not readily conduct heat or electricity.例2 在计算速度和确定方向时,必须有高度的准
9、确性。 It was necessary to calculate speed and direction with a high degree of precision.例3 布尔表达式经过这样的简化后,去掉了那些不必要的门电路,从而减低了成本，缩小了体积,减轻了重量。 This reduction of Boolean expressions eliminates unnecessary gates, thereby saving cost, space and weight.,信息冗余（Redundancy）,3)省略同义词或近义词,例1 在高频条件下,积分时间越短,答案会接二连三地显示
10、出来,用户可能来不及把答案记录下来。 At high frequencies where the integration time is short, results will be displayed in rapid succession and possibly leave insufficient time for the user to record them.例2 由于对测量和控制各种用途的物理变量的需求与日俱增,仪表制造技术一定会突飞猛进地进一步发展。 Further development in instrumentation techniques is certain to
11、be very rapid because of the increasing demand for measurement and control of physical variables in a wide variety of applications.,信息冗余（Redundancy）,4)省略同义词或近义词,例3 屋顶需要加以特别考虑,以确保经受日晒雨淋和在有时被化学物质严重污染的大气中有足够的耐久性。 Roofs require special consideration to ensure adequate durability in relation to the expos
12、ure to sun and rain, and to an atmosphere sometime heavily polluted with chemicals.,信息冗余（Redundancy）,例1 氧化作用会使钢铁生锈。 Oxidation will make iron and steel rust.例2 应注意保证脉冲信号本身不出现不规则现象和中断现象。 Due care must be taken to ensure that the pulse signal itself shall show no irregularities and no interruptions.例3
13、这种加工方法需要的温度不是很高。 The temperature needed for this processing is not high.,5)省略表事物范畴的词,信息冗余（Redundancy）,6)省略泛指人称,例1逐渐地,人们实现了把微处理器用作为中央处理装置。 Gradually, the usefulness of microprocessor as central processing units was realized.例2 大家知道,电子是极微小的负电荷。 Electrons are known to be minute negative charges of elec
14、tricity.,信息冗余（Redundancy）,7)省略可说可不说的措辞,It is reported; In this paper it is believed that at a high temperature of 1500; It is possible that at the present moment definitely proved for the purpose of has the capability ofin order tosmaller in sizehas been found to increase,at 1500,信息冗余（Redundancy）,8)
15、增加冗余信息,例 当有杆腔进气,无杆腔排气时,环形活塞下降,迅速打开阀门,产生气流脉冲。When the compressed air is inhausted in the upper part of the circular cylinder and exhausted from the lower part of the circular cylinder, the circular pistol drops and valve is opened rapidly and produce the air,A:增译解释性成分,信息冗余（Redundancy）,8)增加冗余信息,所有的金属都
16、是晶体,换言之,他们的原子都是按一定的结构排列的。All metals are crystals. In other words, their atoms arranged themselves in patterns.,A：增加原文中虽无其词而有其意的词,信息冗余（Redundancy）,8)增加冗余信息,同性电荷相斥,异性电荷相吸。 Like charges repel each other while opposite charges attract,C:增补表逻辑关系词,信息冗余（Redundancy）,国内论文摘要改写示例一,摘要原文,下肢康复机器人膝关节动力学分析与PID控制康复训
17、练机器人技术是一种把机器人技术应用于康复训练的机电设备。下肢康复机器人是其中一种，在多环境运动平台的配合下，该机器人能模拟出正常人的步态，帮助病人按照正常的步态行走，形成良好的条件发射，进而不断刺激病人大脑中枢神经，达到行走康复目的。由于外骨骼服务对象的特殊性，对下肢康复机器人膝关节控制系统提出了更高的要求，通过建立下肢康复机器人膝关节动力学的数学模型解出其控制系统的传递函数，并在控制系统中加入PID控制器。通过MATLAB对下肢康复机器人膝关节控制系统进行仿真，使下肢康复机器人控制系统能够达到响应速度快和稳定性高的要求。 关键字：膝关节，动力学，PID控制，传递函数，仿真,国内论文摘要改写示
18、例一,摘要原译文,Lower limbs rehabilitative robot knee kinetics analysis and PID controlAbstract Rehabilitation training robot is a robot technology applied in rehabilitation training of mechanical and electrical equipment. Lower limbs rehabilitative robot is one of that, under the coordination of the envir
19、onmental movement platform, the robot can simulate the normal human gait, help the patient to normal gait, form the good conditions for launch, then continue to stimulate the patients brain central nervous system, achieve walking rehabilitation purpose. Because the exoskeleton particularity service
20、object, on the lower limbs,国内论文摘要改写示例一,摘要原译文,rehabilitative robot knee joint control system put forward higher requirements, Through the establishment of the lower limbs rehabilitative robot knee dynamics model for calculating the transfer function of the control system, and the control system with
21、PID controller. Through MATLAB on the lower limbs rehabilitative robot knee joint control system simulation, so that the lower limbs rehabilitative robot control system can achieve fast response speed and high stability requirements. Keywords: Knee joint ,Dynamics, PID controller, Transfer function,
22、 Simulation,国内论文摘要改写示例一,摘要修改译文,Abstract Rehabilitation training robot is applied in rehabilitation training of mechanical and electrical equipment. With the coordination of the environmental movement platform, lower limbs rehabilitative robot can simulate the normal human gait, help the patient to n
23、ormal gait, form the good conditions for launch, then continue to stimulate the patients brain central nervous system to achieve walking rehabilitation purpose. Because the exoskeleton will serve special object , the lower limbs,国内论文摘要改写示例一,摘要修改译文,rehabilitative robot knee joint control system has h
24、igher requirements. Establish the lower limbs rehabilitative robot knee dynamics model to calculate the transfer function of the control system, and the control system with PID controller. The simulation of the MATLAB on the lower limbs rehabilitative robot knee joint control system can make the low
25、er limbs rehabilitative robot control system achieve faster response and higher stability. Keywords: Knee joint ,Dynamics, PID controller, Transfer function, Simulation,尽量避免中国式英语 国内论文英语摘要改写示例二,原文：Wind power is a kind of inexhaustible and harmless energy source in the nature. Its application for prov
26、iding electric power becomes more and more nowadays. However, the wind power is not easy to control, because the change of the wind velocity will change the rotating speed of the wind turbine. Consequently, the output frequency and voltage of the alternator driven by it will also be varied. This is
27、unacceptable either to the consumers or to the parallel operation with an existing power system. For solving this problem, this paper presents a variable speed and constant frequency and magnitude when the wind turbine speed varies within certain limits. This is realized by using an eddy-current cou
28、pling between the wind turbine and the alternator and the existing current of the coupling can be automatically regulated by means of electric devices so as to keep the speed of the alternator practically constant. The features of this system are its compactness, reliability, fine regulation and eas
29、e of control. The experimental characteristics will be given and some exploratory viewpoints on the application of system to wind power generation will be presented.,INSPEC改写后：Proposes a variable speed, constant frequency and magnitude wind turbine realized by using an eddycurrent coupling between t
30、he wind turbine and its alternator. The current to the coupling can be automatically regulated by means of electric devices so as to keep the speed of the alternator practically constant. The features of the system are its compactness, reliability, fine regulation and ease of control. The experiment
31、al characteristics are given and some exploratory viewpoints on the application of this system to wind power generation are presented 英国INSPEC (Information Services in Physics, Electrotechnology, Computers and Control of the Institution of Electrical Engineers国际物理与工程情报服务部）,尽量避免中国式英语 国内论文英语摘要改写示例,尽量避
32、免中国式英语 国内论文英语摘要改写示例 二,修改前后论文对比：(1）原摘要前5句用单词84个，占全篇用词（189个）的45%，说的不过是人所共知的风力发电所具优点与困难，不是本文所专有、而是旁文也可通用的一般性概念，没有提到的必要，因此被INSPEC磁带文摘整段砍掉。其余也经删改，共剩85个单词，只留原摘要的45%。(2）INSPEC将原摘要第六句的开场套话For solving this problem, this paper 删去，并把谓语presents 换成Proposes; 取消由when 引出的状语从句；全句重新改写，使句意更加明确。(3）INSPEC将原摘要第七句中不传达任何信息
33、的主谓语this is 去掉，简化成由realized 引出的过去分词短语，并入上句，使得文字紧凑，不感拖沓。,尽量避免中国式英语 国内论文英语摘要改写示例 二,修改前后论文对比：(4）原摘要将主题词wind turbine 放在从句中，眉目不清，喧宾夺主；INSPEC把它移到篇首较为显眼的主句宾语位置；又将四个名词speed、frequency、magnitude 、wind和turbine连用，组成复合名词，使得结构谨严，文词简洁。(5）原摘要中the wind turbine and the alternator 的提法欠妥，因为两个名词处于并列地位，可以是彼此互不相关的事物。INSPE
34、C将后一个the 改为its，一下就点明了二者之间是从属配套关系。,尽量避免中国式英语 国内论文英语摘要改写示例 二,(6）在后随的并列句中，原摘要的主语the existing current of the coupling 被INSPEC删去existing，而且将介词of改为to，是极具匠心的。因为existing这个词在文意上并无必要，可以免去。介词用of 时，主语的含义是“联轴器的电流”，这种说法逻辑上是不严谨的。INSPEC改of为to后，词意变成“通到联轴器的电流”，这才合乎逻辑，是画龙点睛之笔。我们有时不甚注意把汉语说得规范些、准确些，导致译文很不符合英语特别讲究逻辑的要求，这
35、是值得重视的。(7）第二次提到前面说过的事物，用冠词the ，而不用this。 (8）原摘要最后两个谓语will be given 和will be presented 都用将来时，意思可能是表示“下面将说到”。可这里并不是论文的引言，而是全文的摘要，没有“下面”部分了，因此用将来时说不通。INSPEC改成现在时are是正确的。,策略：通过语料库进行匹配检索,搜索“语料天涯”：Just the Word americancorpus.org corpus.byu.edu/bnc,尽量避免中国式英语,JUST THE WORD 使用举例,结语：语感、语境、坚持,灵活多样地练习：精选科技论文范本，译成汉语，复译成英语，大家点评，善于总结。,普通英语学习是科技英语学习的永久源泉：两者词汇不同，语感相通。,英语学习是一场有心的持久战：多注重个性与方法之间的关系；多注重英语环境的营造。,“捷径”不符合认知规律，可能是个美丽的谎言。,谢谢！,
